Removal of Malachite Green by Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) Hydrogels: Analysis of Coulombic and Hydrogen Bond Donor–Acceptor Interactions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. MG Absorbance on Crosslinked Poly(AM-co-AA)
2.2. Ionic Interaction in the Poly(AM-co-AA)/MG Hydrogel
2.3. Effect of Initial Monomer Concentration on Equilibrium Swelling
2.4. Molecular Docking Analysis
2.4.1. Donor and Acceptor Sites to Build the Hydrogen Bond
2.4.2. Hydrogen Bonding Interaction
2.5. Discussion of the Results with Other Work and Effects of Other Parameters
2.5.1. Removal Percentage
2.5.2. pH Effect
2.5.3. Water Quality Effect
2.5.4. Temperature Effect and Recycling of the Hydrogel
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Preparation of Photochemically Crosslinked Copolymers
4.3. Study of the Swelling of the Copolymer Hydrogels in the MG Solution
4.4. Model Proposition and Software
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Copolymer Network | MG Removal (%) |
---|---|
Poly(AMC2-co-AA)/4 wt % HDDA | 96.4 |
Poly(AMC2-co-AA)/7 wt % HDDA | 95.7 |
Poly(AMC2-co-AA)/1 wt % HDDA | 95.5 |
Poly(AMC1-co-AA)/4 wt % HDDA | 93.1 |
Poly(AMC1-co-AA)/7 wt % HDDA | 91.0 |
Poly(AMC1-co-AA)/1 wt % HDDA | 89.0 |
Poly(AMC3-co-AA)/7 wt % HDDA | 85.3 |
Poly(AMC3-co-AA)/1 wt % HDDA | 84.5 |
Poly(AMC3-co-AA)/4 wt % HDDA | 83.7 |
Equilibrium Swelling (ES) (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Poly(AMC1-co-AA) | Poly(AMC2-co-AA) | Poly(AMC3-co-AA) | |
1 wt % HDDA | 96.5 | 89.1 | 97.9 |
4 wt % HDDA | 72.7 | 40.6 | 72.9 |
7 wt % HDDA | 67.6 | 20.1 | 51.9 |
Models | Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) | Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) | Rotatable Bond |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 16 | 7 | 121 |
Model 2 | 16 | 12 | 91 |
Model 3 | 16 | 16 | 50 |
MG | 0 | 2 | 6 |
Models | Hydrogen Bond | Distance (Å) |
---|---|---|
Model 1 | N……H | 4.19 |
6.25 | ||
6.50 | ||
6.20 | ||
Model 2 | N……H | 5.21 |
9.64 | ||
Model 3 | N……H | 3.74 |
4.65 | ||
6.29 |
Models | Mode | Affinity (kcal/mol) | Dist. from Rmsd l.b. (Å) |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | |||
1 | −4.9 | 0.000 | |
2 | −3.7 | 14.657 | |
3 | −3.5 | 14.084 | |
4 | −3.5 | 13.731 | |
5 | −3.4 | 6.865 | |
6 | −3.3 | 6.035 | |
7 | −3.3 | 9.936 | |
8 | −3.3 | 2.641 | |
9 | −3.2 | 12.364 | |
Model 2 | |||
1 | −4.2 | 0.000 | |
2 | −4.1 | 14.630 | |
3 | −4.1 | 21.335 | |
4 | −3.3 | 18.793 | |
5 | −3.2 | 5.862 | |
6 | −3.2 | 35.362 | |
7 | −3.2 | 7.697 | |
8 | −2.9 | 33.130 | |
9 | −2.7 | 31.404 | |
Model 3 | |||
1 | −4.3 | 0.000 | |
2 | −3.7 | 5.015 | |
3 | −3.4 | 12.720 | |
4 | −3.3 | 22.798 | |
5 | −3.2 | 14.812 | |
6 | −2.9 | 8.349 | |
7 | −2.9 | 15.384 | |
8 | −2.8 | 17.327 | |
9 | −2.7 | 22.691 |
Copolymer Network * | Solution AM (mg/mL) | Darocur 1173 (wt %) | HDDA (wt %) |
---|---|---|---|
PAMC1-co-AA | 134 | 0.5 | 1 |
4 | |||
7 | |||
PAMC2-co-AA | 100 | 0.5 | 1 |
4 | |||
7 | |||
PAMC3-co-AA | 67 | 0.5 | 1 |
4 | |||
7 |
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Hamri, S.; Bouzi, B.; Lerari, D.; Dergal, F.; Bouchaour, T.; Bachari, K.; Bouberka, Z.; Maschke, U. Removal of Malachite Green by Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) Hydrogels: Analysis of Coulombic and Hydrogen Bond Donor–Acceptor Interactions. Gels 2023, 9, 946. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9120946
Hamri S, Bouzi B, Lerari D, Dergal F, Bouchaour T, Bachari K, Bouberka Z, Maschke U. Removal of Malachite Green by Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) Hydrogels: Analysis of Coulombic and Hydrogen Bond Donor–Acceptor Interactions. Gels. 2023; 9(12):946. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9120946
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamri, Salah, Bouchra Bouzi, Djahida Lerari, Fayçal Dergal, Tewfik Bouchaour, Khaldoun Bachari, Zohra Bouberka, and Ulrich Maschke. 2023. "Removal of Malachite Green by Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) Hydrogels: Analysis of Coulombic and Hydrogen Bond Donor–Acceptor Interactions" Gels 9, no. 12: 946. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9120946