Caraway Nanoemulsion Gel: A Potential Antibacterial Treatment against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Droplet Size, PDI, and Zeta Potential
2.2. Particle Shape Analysis of Caraway Nanoemulsion by TEM
2.3. Encapsulation Efficiency
2.4. Evaluation of Gels
2.5. In Vitro Drug Release Study
2.6. Cytotoxicity Study
2.7. Antibacterial Effects
2.8. Stability Study
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of Nanoemulsion of Caraway
4.2. Characterization of Nanoemulsion
Droplet Size, Polydispersity Index (PDI), and Zeta Potential (ZP)
4.3. Particle Shape Analysis of a Caraway Nanoemulsion by TEM
4.4. Percent Encapsulation Efficiency (%EE)
4.5. Incorporation of Nanoemulsion into Carbopol Gels
4.6. Evaluation of Gels
4.7. In Vitro Drug Release and Kinetics Study
4.8. Cytotoxicity Study
4.9. Antibacterial Activity
4.10. Stability Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Singh, S.; Numan, A.; Cinti, S. Point-of-Care for Evaluating Antimicrobial Resistance through the Adoption of Functional Materials. Anal. Chem. 2022, 94, 26–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, S.; Numan, A.; Somaily, H.H.; Gorain, B.; Ranjan, S.; Rilla, K.; Siddique, H.R.; Kesharwani, P. Nano-enabled strategies to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2021, 129, 112384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGowan, J.E. Antimicrobial resistance in hospital organisms and its relation to antibiotic use. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1983, 5, 1033–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tacconelli, E.; Carrara, E.; Savoldi, A.; Harbarth, S.; Mendelson, M.; Monnet, D.L.; Pulcini, C.; Kahlmeter, G.; Kluytmans, J.; Carmeli, Y.; et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: The WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2018, 18, 318–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, M.; Tse, M.W.; Weller, J.; Chen, J.; Blainey, P.C. The future of antibiotics begins with discovering new combinations. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2021, 1496, 82–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azam, F.; Alqarni, M.H.; Alnasser, S.M.; Alam, P.; Jawaid, T.; Kamal, M.; Khan, S.; Alam, A. Formulation, In Vitro and In Silico Evaluations of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) Essential Oil Emulgel with Improved Antimicrobial Effects. Gels 2023, 9, 111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nejati, H.; Farahpour, M.R.; Nagadehi, M.N. Topical Rosemary officinalis essential oil improves wound healing against disseminated Candida albicans infection in rat model. Comp. Clin. Path. 2015, 24, 1377–1383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Omarizadeh, K.; Farahpour, M.R.; Alipour, M. Topical Administration of an Ointment Prepared From Satureja sahendica Essential Oil Accelerated Infected Full-Thickness Wound Healing by Modulating Inflammatory Response in a Mouse Model. Wounds 2021, 33, 321–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alam, A.; Alqarni, M.H.; Foudah, A.I.; Raish, M.; Salkini, M.A. Babchi Oil-Based Nanoemulsion Hydrogel for the Management of Psoriasis: A Novel Energy Economic Approach Employing Biosurfactants. Gels 2022, 8, 761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alam, A.; Foudah, A.I.; Alqarni, M.H.; Yusufoglu, H.S. Microwave-assisted and chemically tailored chlorogenic acid-functionalized silver nanoparticles of Citrus sinensis in gel matrix aiding QbD design for the treatment of acne. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2023, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seidler-Łożykowska, K.; Kędzia, B.; Karpińska, E.; Bocianowski, J. Microbiological activity of caraway (Carum carvi L.) essential oil obtained from different origin. Acta Sci. Agron. 2013, 35, 495–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Showraki, A.; Emamghoreishi, M.; Oftadegan, S. Anticonvulsant effect of the aqueous extract and essential oil of Carum carvi L. seeds in a pentylenetetrazol model of seizure in mice. Iran. J. Med. Sci. 2016, 41, 200–208. [Google Scholar]
- Tazehjani, D.A.J.; Farahpour, M.R.; Hamishehkar, H. Effectiveness of topical caraway essential oil loaded into nanostructured lipid carrier as a promising platform for the treatment of infected wounds. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2021, 610, 125748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anupam, K.S.; Doli, R.D.; Mukesh, K. Carum carvi-An important medicinal plant. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 2016, 8, 529–533. [Google Scholar]
- Dajani, E.Z.; Shahwan, T.G.; Dajani, N.E. Overview of the preclinical pharmacological properties of Nigella sativa (Black seeds): A complementary drug with historical and clinical significance. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2016, 67, 801–817. [Google Scholar]
- Khalil, N.; Ashour, M.; Fikry, S.; Singab, A.N.; Salama, O. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of selected Apiaceous fruits. Future J. Pharm. Sci. 2018, 4, 88–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Rovira, D. Dictionary of Flavors; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Kong, I.; Degraeve, P.; Pui, L.P. Polysaccharide-Based Edible Films Incorporated with Essential Oil Nanoemulsions: Physico-Chemical, Mechanical Properties and Its Application in Food Preservation—A Review. Foods 2022, 11, 555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hromiš, N.M.; Lazić, V.L.; Markov, S.L.; Vaštag, Ž.G.; Popović, S.Z.; Šuput, D.Z.; Džinić, N.R.; Velićanski, A.S.; Popović, L.M. Optimization of chitosan biofilm properties by addition of caraway essential oil and beeswax. J. Food Eng. 2015, 158, 86–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Qu, Q.; Xiong, R.; Tang, H.; Huang, C. Encapsulated Microstructures of Beneficial Functional Lipids and Their Applications in Foods and Biomedicines. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2022, 70, 8165–8187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knowles, A. Recent developments of safer formulations of agrochemicals. Environmentalist 2008, 28, 35–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santos, P.D.D.F.; Rubio, F.T.V.; da Silva, M.P.; Pinho, L.S.; Favaro-Trindade, C.S. Microencapsulation of carotenoid-rich materials: A review. Food Res. Int. 2021, 147, 110571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, J.; Zhou, L.; Miao, J.; Yu, W.; Zou, L.; Zhou, W.; Liu, C.; Liu, W. Effect of Cinnamon Essential Oil Nanoemulsion Combined with Ascorbic Acid on Enzymatic Browning of Cloudy Apple Juice. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2020, 13, 860–870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammadifar, M.; Aarabi, M.H.; Aghighi, F.; Kazemi, M.; Vakili, Z.; Memarzadeh, M.R.; Talaei, S.A. Anti-osteoarthritis potential of peppermint and rosemary essential oils in a nanoemulsion form: Behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological evidence. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 2021, 21, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chu, Y.; Gao, C.C.; Liu, X.; Zhang, N.; Xu, T.; Feng, X.; Yang, Y.; Shen, X.; Tang, X. Improvement of storage quality of strawberries by pullulan coatings incorporated with cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion. LWT 2020, 122, 109054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Özogul, Y.; Özogul, F.; Kulawik, P. The antimicrobial effect of grapefruit peel essential oil and its nanoemulsion on fish spoilage bacteria and food-borne pathogens. LWT 2021, 136, 110362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chuesiang, P.; Sanguandeekul, R.; Siripatrawan, U. Enhancing effect of nanoemulsion on antimicrobial activity of cinnamon essential oil against foodborne pathogens in refrigerated Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) fillets. Food Control 2021, 122, 107782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarkar, A.; Goh, K.K.T.; Singh, H. Colloidal stability and interactions of milk-protein-stabilized emulsions in an artificial saliva. Food Hydrocoll. 2009, 23, 1270–1278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sriprablom, J.; Luangpituksa, P.; Wongkongkatep, J.; Pongtharangkul, T.; Suphantharika, M. Influence of pH and ionic strength on the physical and rheological properties and stability of whey protein stabilized o/w emulsions containing xanthan gum. J. Food Eng. 2019, 242, 141–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salvia-Trujillo, L.; Qian, C.; Martín-Belloso, O.; McClements, D.J. Influence of particle size on lipid digestion and β-carotene bioaccessibility in emulsions and nanoemulsions. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 1472–1480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Tabor, R.; Eastoe, J.; Li, X.; Heenan, R.K.; Dong, J. Formation and stability of nanoemulsions with mixed ionic-nonionic surfactants. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 9772–9778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.; Feng, F.; Zhang, H. Emulsion electrospinning: Fundamentals, food applications and prospects. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 80, 175–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- São Pedro, A.; Santo, I.E.; Silva, C.V.; Detoni, C.; Albuquerque, E. The use of nanotechnology as an approach for essential oil-based formulations with antimicrobial activity. Curr. Res. Technol. Educ. Top. Appl. Microbiol. Microb. Biotechnol. 2013, 2, 1364–1374. [Google Scholar]
- Laddha, U.D.; Mahajan, H.S. An insight to ocular in situ gelling systems. Int. J. Adv. Pharm. 2017, 6, 31–40. [Google Scholar]
- Rizi, K.; Green, R.J.; Donaldson, M.X.; Williams, A.C. Using pH abnormalities in diseased skin to trigger and target topical therapy. Pharm. Res. 2011, 28, 2589–2598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sawant, A.A.; Mohite, S.K. Formulation and Evaluation of Itraconazole Emulgel for Topical Drug Delivery. Asian J. Pharm. Technol. 2015, 5, 91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouyahya, A.; Mechchate, H.; Benali, T.; Ghchime, R.; Charfi, S.; Balahbib, A.; Burkov, P.; Shariati, M.A.; Lorenzo, J.M.; Omari, N. El Health benefits and pharmacological properties of carvone. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alam, A.; Foudah, A.I.; Salkini, M.A.; Raish, M. Herbal Fennel Essential Oil Nanogel: Formulation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Gels 2022, 8, 736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, Z.; Chen, S.; Zhou, Y.; Ullah, S.; Liang, H. Rational construction of citrus essential oil nanoemulsion with robust stability and high antimicrobial activity based on combination of emulsifiers. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2022, 80, 103110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Porras, M.; Solans, C.; González, C.; Gutiérrez, J.M. Properties of water-in-oil (W/O) nano-emulsions prepared by a low-energy emulsification method. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2008, 324, 181–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zielińska, A.; Martins-Gomes, C.; Ferreira, N.R.; Silva, A.M.; Nowak, I.; Souto, E.B. Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity of citral: Optimization of citral-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) using experimental factorial design and LUMiSizer®. Int. J. Pharm. 2018, 553, 428–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, H.; Lu, X.; He, K. In situ transmission electron microscopy and artificial intelligence enabled data analytics for energy materials. J. Energy Chem. 2022, 68, 454–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alam, A.; Jawaid, T.; Alsanad, S.M.; Kamal, M.; Rawat, P.; Singh, V.; Alam, P.; Alam, P. Solubility Enhancement, Formulation Development, and Antibacterial Activity of Xanthan-Gum-Stabilized Colloidal Gold Nanogel of Hesperidin against Proteus vulgaris. Gels 2022, 8, 655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dantas, M.G.B.; Reis, S.A.G.B.; Damasceno, C.M.D.; Rolim, L.A.; Rolim-Neto, P.J.; Carvalho, F.O.; Quintans-Junior, L.J.; Da Silva Almeida, J.R.G. Development and Evaluation of Stability of a Gel Formulation Containing the Monoterpene Borneol. Sci. World J. 2016, 2016, 7394685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alam, A.; Jawaid, T.; Alsanad, S.M.; Kamal, M.; Balaha, M.F. Composition, Antibacterial Efficacy, and Anticancer Activity of Essential Oil Extracted from Psidium guajava (L.) Leaves. Plants 2023, 12, 246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Formulation | Zero Order | Higuchi | First Order | Kors–Peppas | Hixson–Crowell |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bare caraway essential oil | 0.893 | 0.8832 | 0.9032 | 0.6593 | 0.8991 |
Caraway nanogel | 0.9523 | 0.9395 | 0.9401 | 0.7502 | 0.9532 |
Sample | E-coli (mg/mL) | S. aureus (mg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |
Bare caraway essential oil | 1.56 | 3.125 | 1.56 | 3.125 |
Caraway nanogel | 0.78 | 1.56 | 0.78 | 1.56 |
Nanogel | NA | NA |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Alqarni, M.H.; Foudah, A.I.; Aodah, A.H.; Alkholifi, F.K.; Salkini, M.A.; Alam, A. Caraway Nanoemulsion Gel: A Potential Antibacterial Treatment against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Gels 2023, 9, 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9030193
Alqarni MH, Foudah AI, Aodah AH, Alkholifi FK, Salkini MA, Alam A. Caraway Nanoemulsion Gel: A Potential Antibacterial Treatment against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Gels. 2023; 9(3):193. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9030193
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlqarni, Mohammed H., Ahmed I. Foudah, Alhussain H. Aodah, Faisal K. Alkholifi, Mohammad Ayman Salkini, and Aftab Alam. 2023. "Caraway Nanoemulsion Gel: A Potential Antibacterial Treatment against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus" Gels 9, no. 3: 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9030193