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Article

Concentration Monitoring of Highly-Diluted Crude Oil-In-Water Emulsions by Ultrasonic Backscattering Sensors

by
Carlos A. B. Reyna
1,*,
Ediguer E. Franco
2,
Santiago Laín
2,3,*,
Timoteo F. de Oliveira
1,
Marcos S. G. Tsuzuki
1 and
Flávio Buiochi
1
1
Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
2
Engineering Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali 760030, Colombia
3
Hydrogen & Power-to-X Department, Centro Ibérico de Investigación en Almacenamiento Energético CIIAE, 10004 Cáceres, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fluids 2025, 10(5), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10050108
Submission received: 27 March 2025 / Revised: 19 April 2025 / Accepted: 23 April 2025 / Published: 25 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modeling and Experimental Studies of Two-Phase Flows, 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

This work deals with the feasibility of ultrasonic monitoring of the crude oil content in highly diluted crude oil-in-water emulsions, common mixtures obtained in the coalescence process of the petroleum industry. The measurement principle is the determination of the time of flight using the reflected pulses from a set of scatterers located in the near field of commercial transducers of 5 and 10 MHz. Dispersers consist of two rows of metal wires tensioned in front of the transducer using a specially designed mechanical part. The resulting assembly is a probe that can be introduced into a tank or pipe to perform the measurement. Experiments with crude oil-in-water emulsions with concentrations from 10 to 2000 ppm (parts per million) at a temperature of 20 °C were carried out. The results show that the small changes in the propagation velocity resulting from changes in concentration and temperature can be detected by the developed ultrasonic sensor. This opens up the possibility of determining the oil content in the emulsion by means of a calibration approach. The main motivation is the development of techniques for real-time monitoring of crude oil content in the wastewater produced in the petroleum industry.
Keywords: ultrasonic transducer; backscattering; crude oil-in-water microemulsion; concentration ultrasonic transducer; backscattering; crude oil-in-water microemulsion; concentration

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MDPI and ACS Style

Reyna, C.A.B.; Franco, E.E.; Laín, S.; de Oliveira, T.F.; Tsuzuki, M.S.G.; Buiochi, F. Concentration Monitoring of Highly-Diluted Crude Oil-In-Water Emulsions by Ultrasonic Backscattering Sensors. Fluids 2025, 10, 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10050108

AMA Style

Reyna CAB, Franco EE, Laín S, de Oliveira TF, Tsuzuki MSG, Buiochi F. Concentration Monitoring of Highly-Diluted Crude Oil-In-Water Emulsions by Ultrasonic Backscattering Sensors. Fluids. 2025; 10(5):108. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10050108

Chicago/Turabian Style

Reyna, Carlos A. B., Ediguer E. Franco, Santiago Laín, Timoteo F. de Oliveira, Marcos S. G. Tsuzuki, and Flávio Buiochi. 2025. "Concentration Monitoring of Highly-Diluted Crude Oil-In-Water Emulsions by Ultrasonic Backscattering Sensors" Fluids 10, no. 5: 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10050108

APA Style

Reyna, C. A. B., Franco, E. E., Laín, S., de Oliveira, T. F., Tsuzuki, M. S. G., & Buiochi, F. (2025). Concentration Monitoring of Highly-Diluted Crude Oil-In-Water Emulsions by Ultrasonic Backscattering Sensors. Fluids, 10(5), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10050108

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