Ensiling of High-Moisture Plant By-Products: Fermentation Quality, Nutritional Values, and Animal Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Dry Matter and Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Contents in Various HMPBs
3. Absorbents’ Effects on HMPBs Silage Fermentation and Nutrient Utilization by Ruminants
4. HMPBs as Silage Additives
5. Silage Additives on the Fermentation Characteristics and Aerobic Stability of HMBP Silage
5.1. Chemical Additives
By-Products | Chemical/Feed | Response | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fermentation | Aerobic Stability | |||
Sugar beet pulp | Kem | Increased LA, reduced AA and ethanol | ND | [52] |
Sugar beet pulp | Sodium formate/formic acid | Increased NFE | Improved | [64] |
Sugar beet pulp | Konsil | Restricted | Improved | [55] |
Sugar beet pulp | Formalin, sodium, and propionic acid | Restricted | Improved | [57] |
Sugar beet pulp | Corn steep liquor | Increased effluent production | ND | [48] |
Citrus pulp | Sorbic acid | Reduced silage DM losses, improved silage fermentation, and reduced ethanol production | ND | [21] |
Citrus pulp | Urea | Increased ammonia-N and gas production | NS | [21] |
Citrus pulp | Urea | Restricted | ND | [30] |
Tomato pomace | Alkali | Increased pH | ND | [60] |
Tomato pomace | Formic acid | Improved silage fermentation | ND | [19] |
Brewer’s grain | Formic acid | Increased AA and DM losses | ND | [51] |
Sugarcane bagasse | Alkali | Reduced pH | Improved | [62] |
Banana waste | Urea | Increased pH, VFA, and NH3-N | Impaired | [34] |
Grape pomace | Urea | Reduced IVOMD | ND | [59] |
5.2. Microbial Inoculants
By-Products | Microbial Type | Response | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fermentation | Nutrients | Aerobic Stability | |||
Citrus | Enzyme (ZADO®: Mixture of cellulase, xylanase, α-amylase, and protease). | Increased LA and ethanol | Improved CP + ME | ND | [8] |
Citrus | LAB + enzyme (Lalsil: Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Natuzyme Plus: mixture of cellulase, xylanase, β-qlucanase, α-amylase, pectinase, phytase, proteases, and lipase). | Increased LA and reduced pH | Improved ME + OMD | ND | [68] |
Citrus | LAB (Propionic acid-producing bacteria). | Reduced LA | ND | Poor | [66] |
Brewer’s grain | LAB (Mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, and Pediococcus pentosaceus and fermentation extract from Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, and Bacillus subtilis. | Increased LA and AA, reduced pH, BA and NH3-N | NS | ND | [67] |
Yakon | LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum). | Reduced pH and NH3-N | Increased ruminal methane | ND | [44] |
Sugar beet pulp | LAB (Maize All: mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactic, and Lactobacillus salivarius + α-amylase. Sil All: mixture of Enterococcus faecuim, Pediococcus acidilactic, and Lactobacillus salivarius + of cellulase, hemicellulose, Pentosanase, and amylase). | Improved | Reduced in vitro gas production | ND | [24] |
Sugar beet pulp | LAB (Lalsil fresh: Lactobacillus plantarum). | Reduced pH and NH3-N, increased LA | Reduced fiber IVDMD improved | ND | [31] |
Sugar cane bagasse | Enzyme (Cellulase). | Increased LA and reduced pH | Increased degradation of DM and fiber | ND | [73] |
Mulberry pomace | LAB (Mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus). | Reduced pH and increased LA | Increased gas production | ND | [25] |
Potato pulp | LAB (Lalsil fresh: Lactobacillus buchneri and Bonsilage forte: Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus lactis, Pediococcus acidilactici). | Increased AA | Digestibility not affected | Improved | [71] |
Potato pulp | LAB/enzyme (Novozyme: fibrolytic enzyme containing cellulose from Trichoderma reesei). | Reduced pH and increased LA | Reduced fiber | Impaired | [72] |
Potato pulp | LAB (Silosolve: Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus buchneri). | Reduced pH and increased LA | Improved DM and CP degradability | ND | [77] |
Avocado pulp | LAB/enzyme (Emsilage: Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus buchneri. Sil-All: Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pendiococcus pentosaceus, and Propionibacterium acidipropionici). | Increased LA and pH not affected | Reduced fiber and DM, improved degradability | Impaired | [23] |
Grape pomace | LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum). | Reduced pH and increased LA | - | Improved | [78] |
Grape pomace | LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri). | Reduced pH and polyphenol | Reduced fiber | Improved | [46] |
6. Effects of Dietary Addition of Silages from HMPBs on Animal Growth Performance and Products
By-Product | Inclusion Rate | Animal Response | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal | Growth Performance | Milk/Carcass | |||
Spearmint | - | Steers | Poor | ND | [101] |
Carnation | - | Goats | Improved DMI | ND | [102] |
Sugar beet | - | Cows | Reduced DMI | ND | [79] |
Sugar beet | 20% | Sheep | Improved OMD | NS | [79] |
Potato waste | 15% | Cows | NS | Increased milk vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid | [99] |
Pineapple pulp | 20% | Sheep | Performance unaffected | ND | [22] |
Pine apple pulp | - | Sheep | Improved in situ disappearance of DM and CP | Improved degradability | [90] |
Pineapple pulp | - | Sheep | Improved nutrient digestibility | Improved warm and cold carcass yield | [91] |
Pineapple pulp | 25% | Cattle | Improved DM, CP, and ADG intake | ND | [77] |
Pineapple pulp | 62% | Cows | Improved nutrient intake | Increased milk yield and composition | [89] |
Tomato pomace | Alfalfa hay | Sheep | Reduced OM and CP digestibility | ND | [88] |
Tomato pomace | 50% Berseen hay | Goats | Improved nutrient digestibility | Improved milk yield and milk fat content | [87] |
Tomato pomace + Apple pomace | 30% | Cows | Improved OM and DM digestibility | ND | [86] |
Tomato pomace | - | Cows | Nutrient digestibility unaffected | Milk production and composition unaffected | [105] |
Tomato pomace | Alfalfa hay | Sheep | Reduced OM and CP digestibility | ND | [88] |
Apple pomace | - | Sheep | Reduced DM and CP degradability | ND | [82] |
Grape pomace | - | Sheep | Reduced DMI and weight gains | Reduced carcass fat | [93] |
Citrus | - | Sheep | NS | Reduced carcass fat content | [81] |
Citrus | - | Heifers | Improved LWG and FE | ND | [8] |
Brewer’s grains | - | Heifers | Improved FE | ND | [28] |
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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By-Products | Scientific Name | CP | DM | WSC | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Molasses sugar beet pulp | Beta vulgaris | 108–114 | 100–270 | 248–252 | [12,13] |
Cassava pulp | Manihot esculenta | 196 | 188 | - | [14] |
Potato pulp | Solanum tuberosum | 85 | 188 | 33.5 | [15] |
Avocado pulp | Persea americana | 78–147 | 119–186 | 15.3–62 | [16,17] |
Tomato pomace | Solanum lycopersicum | 195–198 | 61–269 | 509 | [18,19,20] |
Citrus pulp | Citrus X sinensis | 69–92 | 170 | 246–412 | [1,21] |
Grape pulp | Vitis | 122 | 421 | 19 | [16] |
Pineapple wastes | Ananas comosus | 60 | 129 | 40 | [22] |
Apple pomace | Malus domestica | 22 | 180 | 125 | [23] |
Peach pomace | Prunus persica | 74 | 59 | 259 | [24] |
Pomegranate pulp | Punica granatum | 79 | 200 | 175 | [16] |
Mulberry pomace | Morus | 198 | 270 | 156 | [25] |
Ripe banana wastes | Musa | 60 | 213 | 505 | [26] |
Sea buckthorn pomace | Hippophae | 74 | 518 | 411 | [27] |
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Nkosi, B.D.; Malebana, I.M.M.; Rios, S.Á.; Nkukwana, T.T.; Meeske, R. Ensiling of High-Moisture Plant By-Products: Fermentation Quality, Nutritional Values, and Animal Performance. Fermentation 2024, 10, 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10080426
Nkosi BD, Malebana IMM, Rios SÁ, Nkukwana TT, Meeske R. Ensiling of High-Moisture Plant By-Products: Fermentation Quality, Nutritional Values, and Animal Performance. Fermentation. 2024; 10(8):426. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10080426
Chicago/Turabian StyleNkosi, Bhutikini D., Ingrid M. M. Malebana, Sergio Á. Rios, Thobela T. Nkukwana, and Robin Meeske. 2024. "Ensiling of High-Moisture Plant By-Products: Fermentation Quality, Nutritional Values, and Animal Performance" Fermentation 10, no. 8: 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10080426