In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Potential Coupled with Molecular Docking Simulation of the Dynamic Fermentation Characteristics of Marine-Derived Bacterium Halomonas saccharevitans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Strain and Cultural Conditions
2.2. Fermentation and Extraction of H.S-AB2 Crude Extract
2.3. Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) Analysis
2.4. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
2.5. Evaluating of Biological Activity
2.5.1. Antibacterial Assay
2.5.2. Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
2.5.3. Antifungal Activity
2.5.4. Determination of the Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC)
2.5.5. MTT Cytotoxicity Assay
2.5.6. Antioxidant Assay
2.6. Theoretical Validation of Antioxidant Potential
Molecular Docking
2.7. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis
2.8. Time Kill Kinetics
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Strain Condition and Activation
3.2. Assessment of Each Solvent’s Biological Activity
3.2.1. Antibacterial Activity
3.2.2. Time–Kill Kinetics Assay
3.2.3. Antifungal Activity
3.2.4. Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
3.2.5. Cytotoxicity Activity
3.2.6. Antioxidant Activity
3.3. Molecular Docking of Identified Compounds
3.4. Identification of Potentially Bioactive Fractions by GC–MS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tested Fractions | MIC and MFC Values (μg/mL) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli | P. aeruginosa | S. aureus | B. subtilis | A. niger | C. albicans | |
n-hexane 100% | 4.1± 0.024 | 5.1 ± 0.11 | 5.3 ± 0.16 | 4.1 ± 0.20 | 3.3 ± 0.01 | 6.5 ± 0.25 |
n-hexane:EtOAc (50:50) | 13.2 ± 0.11 | 8.4 ± 0.11 | 5.9 ± 0.19 | 5.6 ± 0.15 | 6.7 ± 0.33 | 11.4 ± 1.30 |
EtOAc 100% | 9.8 ± 0.13 | 11.9 ± 0.14 | 7.6 ± 0.21 | 7.8 ± 0.33 | 5.5 ± 0.12 | 10.6 ± 0.42 |
DCM 100% | 8.2 ± 0.15 | 8.1 ± 0.22 | 6.1 ± 0.29 | 6.1 ± 0.29 | 4.7 ± 0.30 | 10.2 ± 1.65 |
DCM:MeOH (50:50) | 7.5 ± 0.14 | 4.5 ± 0.12 | 5.1 ± 0.25 | 5.5 ± 0.12 | 8.8 ± 0.02 | 9.8 ± 0.01 |
MeOH 100% | 3.5 ± 0.02 | 6.5 ± 0.03 | 4.3 ± 0.01 | 4.1 ± 0.11 | 4.2 ± 0.18 | 7.6 ± 0.21 |
Concentration (mg/mL) | Scavenging Activity (Inhibition%) | Ascorbic Acid (Inhibition%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Hexane Extract (100%) | Methanolic Extract (100%) | ||
1 | 12.32 ± 0.10 | 21.87 ± 0.85 | 10.64 ± 0.11 |
2 | 40.05 ± 0.22 | 47.89 ± 0.94 | 21.56 ± 0.22 |
3 | 54.71 ± 0.38 | 63.92 ± 1.05 | 32.81 ± 0.40 |
4 | 69.8 ± 0.50 | 73.06 ± 1.20 | 40.00 ± 0.55 |
5 | 75.02 ± 0.48 | 80.33 ± 1.10 | 49.78 ± 0.75 |
6 | 81.04 ± 0.56 | 89.28 ± 0.85 | 61.23 ± 0.80 |
7 | 88.1 ± 1.11 | 93.23 ± 1.33 | 78.95 ± 1.12 |
8 | 92.91 ± 1.25 | 98.25 ± 1.45 | 88.23 ± 1.5 |
Poc ID | Area (SA) Å2 | Volume (SA) Å3 |
---|---|---|
1 | 17,711.840 | 9434.812 |
2 | 8.830 | 4.313 |
3 | 0.948 | 0.373 |
4 | 0.873 | 0.294 |
Seq. | PubChem ID | Compound | Score (kcal/mol) | RMSD (Å) | Receptor Interaction | Bond Distance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7311 | Phenol, 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl) | −9.2 | 1.2 | Lys179/H-donor | 3.49 |
2 | 1017 | 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid | −8.5 | 2.4 | Ala83/H-donor | 2.88 |
3 | 7362 | 2-Furancarboxaldehyde | −6.3 | 1.5 | Ser185/pi-H Arg184/H-acceptor | 4.42 3.22 |
4 | 237332 | 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | −7 | 0.4 | Arg184/pi-Hydrogen Lys179/H-acceptor His-181/ H-donor | 3.56 3.15 3.48 |
5 | 54670067 | Ascorbic acid | −9.5 | 1.2 | Ala83/H-donor Ser81/H-donor | 3.24 2.95 |
Molecule | 2D | 3D |
---|---|---|
Phenol, 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl) | ||
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid | ||
2-Furancarboxaldehyde | ||
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | ||
Ascorbic acid (docked) | ||
Protein | Compound | Pose | Procedure and Score | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | PB1 | PB3 | PB4 | GB1 | GB2 | GB5 | GB6 | ||
Cytochrome c peroxidase | Phenol, 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl) | −0.98 | −9.64 | −10.98 | −14.08 | −13.13 | −14.05 | −13.95 | |
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid | 4.71 | −5.01 | −4.1 | −7.01 | −6.06 | −6.26 | −7.94 | ||
2-Furancarboxaldehyde | 1.73 | −0.19 | −2.75 | −5.26 | −4.01 | −3.98 | −1.28 | ||
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | −1.49 | −5.58 | −6.36 | −8.34 | −7.86 | −8.36 | −7.97 | ||
Ascorbic acid | 8.8 | 1.67 | 2.52 | −3.15 | −2.48 | −2.6 | −1.84 |
ELE | VDW | INT | GAS | PBSUR/GBSUR | PBCAL/GB | PBSOL/GBSOL | PBELE/GBELE | PBTOT/GBTOT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−15.91 | −12.34 | 0 | −28.25 | −11.59 | 18.06 | 27.27 | 2.15 | −0.98 |
No. | Compounds | Chemical Formula | Molecular Weight | RT (min) | Match Factor | Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hexane extract (100%) | ||||||
1 | 1-Nonadecene | C19H38 | 266 | 15.22 | 841 | 5.03 |
2 | Phenol, 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl) | C14H22O | 206 | 16.30 | 975 | 56.33 |
3 | 1-Hexadecanol | C16H34O | 242 | 18.34 | 844 | 4.36 |
4 | 1-Eicosene | C20H40 | 280 | 21.22 | 814 | 4.86 |
5 | Heptacos-1-ene | C27H54 | 378 | 23.84 | 822 | 2.62 |
6 | 17-Pentatriacontene | C35H70 | 490 | 26.26 | 671 | 1.91 |
7 | 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid | C24H38O4 | 390 | 30.69 | 916 | 14.77 |
8 | Hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane | C36H30O3Si3 | 594 | 41.21 | 706 | 2.10 |
Methanolic extract (100%) | ||||||
1 | -2-Furancarboxaldehyde | C5H4O2 | 96 | 4.81 | 940 | 12.52 |
2 | 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- | C6H6O2 | 110 | 7.34 | 918 | 3.10 |
3 | Methyl 2-furoate | C6H6O3 | 126 | 10.04 | 900 | 5.50 |
4 | Hepta-2,4-dienoic acid, methyl ester | C8H12O2 | 140 | 11.54 | 676 | 1.85 |
5 | 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | C6H6O3 | 126 | 14.18 | 932 | 59.44 |
6 | Oleic acid | C18H34O2 | 282 | 25.17 | 845 | 3.19 |
7 | Methyl 5,13-docosadienoate | C23H42O2 | 350 | 29.31 | 755 | 0.66 |
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Mohamed, H.; Abdrabo, M.A.A.; Hassan, S.W.M.; Ibrahim, H.A.H.; Awad, M.F.; Abdul-Raouf, U.M.; Song, Y. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Potential Coupled with Molecular Docking Simulation of the Dynamic Fermentation Characteristics of Marine-Derived Bacterium Halomonas saccharevitans. Fermentation 2024, 10, 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10080433
Mohamed H, Abdrabo MAA, Hassan SWM, Ibrahim HAH, Awad MF, Abdul-Raouf UM, Song Y. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Potential Coupled with Molecular Docking Simulation of the Dynamic Fermentation Characteristics of Marine-Derived Bacterium Halomonas saccharevitans. Fermentation. 2024; 10(8):433. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10080433
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed, Hassan, Mohamed A. A. Abdrabo, Sahar W. M. Hassan, Hassan A. H. Ibrahim, Mohmed F. Awad, Usama M. Abdul-Raouf, and Yuanda Song. 2024. "In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Potential Coupled with Molecular Docking Simulation of the Dynamic Fermentation Characteristics of Marine-Derived Bacterium Halomonas saccharevitans" Fermentation 10, no. 8: 433. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10080433