The Conservation Varieties Regime: Its Past, Present and Future in the Protection and Commercialisation of Vegetable Landraces in Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
3.1. The European CC and CVR Scenario
3.2. The Evolution of the CVR in Europe
3.3. Case Study: Analysis of Italian CVR Registrations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Waiver | Legislative Indication |
---|---|
Conservation Varieties (CVR) |
|
Varieties developed for growing under particular conditions (VDPC) |
|
References
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Species List (UPOV Name) | No. of Conservation Varieties (CVR) | No. of Conservation Varieties (CVR) (%) | No. of Varieties (CC) | No. of Varieties (CC) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | 36 | 18.85% | 1224 | 5.67% |
Solanum lycopersicum L. | 35 | 18.32% | 4202 | 19.46% |
Capsicum annuum L. | 28 | 14.66% | 2517 | 11.66% |
Allium cepa L. var. cepa | 15 | 7.85% | 956 | 4.43% |
Allium sativum L. | 9 | 4.71% | 144 | 0.67% |
Brassica oleracea L. convar. capitata (L.) Alef. var. alba DC. | 8 | 4.19% | 620 | 2.87% |
Brassica rapa L. var. rapa (L.) Thell. | 8 | 4.19% | 122 | 0.56% |
Lactuca sativa L. | 8 | 4.19% | 2243 | 10.39% |
Pisum sativum L. | 6 | 3.14% | 618 | 2.86% |
Vicia faba L. var. major Harz | 5 | 2.62% | 117 | 0.54% |
Allium porrum L. | 3 | 1.57% | 161 | 0.75% |
Cucumis melo L. | 3 | 1.57% | 1007 | 4.66% |
Cucurbita pepo L. | 3 | 1.57% | 682 | 3.16% |
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. flavescens DC. f. crispa | 2 | 1.05% | 77 | 0.36% |
Cichorium intybus L. | 2 | 1.05% | 60 | 0.28% |
Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi | 2 | 1.05% | 110 | 0.51% |
Cucumis sativus L. | 2 | 1.05% | 1195 | 5.53% |
Cynara cardunculus L. | 2 | 1.05% | 83 | 0.38% |
Solanum melongena L. | 2 | 1.05% | 389 | 1.80% |
Others | 12 | 6.00% | 5066 | 23.46% |
Country | No. of Conservation Varieties (CVR) | No. of Conservation Varieties (CVR) (%) | No. of Varieties (CC) | No. of Varieties (CC) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spain | 57 | 29.84% | 1992 | 9.23% |
Italy | 43 | 22.51% | 1909 | 8.84% |
Croatia | 26 | 13.61% | 62 | 0.29% |
Hungary | 13 | 6.81% | 1298 | 6.01% |
Slovenia | 10 | 5.24% | 135 | 0.63% |
France | 8 | 4.19% | 2880 | 13.34% |
Germany | 6 | 3.14% | 621 | 2.88% |
Sweden | 6 | 3.14% | 63 | 0.29% |
Belgium | 4 | 2.09% | 299 | 1.38% |
… | … | … | … | … |
Netherlands | 1 | 0.52% | 8552 | 39.61% |
… | … | … | … | … |
Others | 14 | 7.33% | 3782 | 17.51% |
Registration Date | N° of CVR Registrations | N° of CVR Registrations (Progressive) |
---|---|---|
2006 | 1 | 1 |
2007 | 0 | 1 |
2008 | 1 | 2 |
2009 | 0 | 2 |
2010 | 10 | 12 |
2011 | 7 | 19 |
2012 | 7 | 26 |
2013 | 11 | 37 |
2014 | 15 | 52 |
2015 | 31 | 83 |
2016 | 19 | 102 |
2017 | 21 | 123 |
2018 | 14 | 137 |
2019 | 12 | 149 |
2020 | 10 | 159 |
2021 | 23 | 182 |
2022 | 9 | 191 |
Exceptions | Restrictions |
---|---|
Free registration in the National Registers and not subject to any official examination if the information submitted in the application is sufficient | Conservation-variety seeds may only be marketed if they are produced and sold in the area of origin (with exemptions) |
Adoption of specific DUS criteria | The number of seeds marketed must not exceed the limits set by the regulations |
Exceptions to the varietal denomination scheme governed by Regulation 637/2009/EC | Obligation for producers to notify the relevant administration (region or autonomous province) of the quantity of seeds marketed |
Exceptions to the minimum requirements for varietal purity | Requirement to demonstrate historical connection to the area of origin and degree of genetic erosion to apply for registration |
Official inspections carried out retrospectively and through surveys | |
Exemption from demonstration of possession of the requirements and professional knowledge of (i) mechanical production/selection techniques and (ii) seed- and plant-health regulations concerning the seed categories for which authorisation to produce is requested | |
Right to direct local sales and right to free trade within the “National network of biodiversity of agricultural and food interest” |
Species | Number of CVR Registrations | Number of CVR Registrations (%) |
---|---|---|
Allium cepa L. var. cepa | 5 | 11.63 |
Allium porrum L. | 1 | 2.33 |
Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers. | 1 | 2.33 |
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. flavescens DC. f. crispa | 2 | 4.65 |
Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L. | 1 | 2.33 |
Brassica oleracea L. var. palmifolia DC. | 1 | 2.33 |
Capsicum annuum L. | 3 | 6.98 |
Cichorium endivia L. | 1 | 2.33 |
Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi | 1 | 2.33 |
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne | 1 | 2.33 |
Cucurbita pepo L. | 1 | 2.33 |
Cynara cardunculus L. | 2 | 4.65 |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | 18 | 41.86 |
Pisum sativum L. | 1 | 2.33 |
Solanum lycopersicum L. | 4 | 9.30 |
Name | Type of Maintainer | N° of Varieties Being Maintained | Region |
---|---|---|---|
AZIENDA AGRARIA SPERIMENTALE STUARD S.C.R.L. | Private (with connection to public research programme) | 1 | Emilia-Romagna |
COMITATO CUSTODI DELLA BIODIVERSITA DI ALGHERO (CCBA) “LO REVELLI” | Committee, consortium or association | 2 | Sardinia |
CONSORZIO PER LA TUTELA DEL FAGIOLO DI LAMON | Committee, consortium or association | 5 | Veneto |
CONSORZIO PRODUTTORI CIPOLLA DI VOGHERA | Committee, consortium or association | 1 | Lombardy |
CRAB—CENTRO DI RIFERIMENTO PER L’AGRICOLTURA BIOLOGICA | Public | 1 | Piedmont |
CRESO—CONSORZIO RICERCA E SVILUPPO PER L’ORTIFRUTTICOLTURA PIEMONTESE | Committee, consortium or association | 6 | Piedmont |
DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE AGRARIE, FORESTALI E ALIMENTARI UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI TORINO | Public | 1 | Piedmont |
GARGINI SEMENTI DI ALESSANDRO GARGINI & GIULIO GODI SNC | Seed company | 21 | Tuscany |
Not available | Not available | 5 | Lombardy (2), Tuscany (1), Sardinia (1), Sicily (1) |
Species | Conservation Variety | IT Region (1) | Available Area for Conservation Variety (ha) (2) | Cultivated Area for Species (ha) (3) | Available Area for Conservation Variety (%) (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allium cepa L. var. cepa | Dorata di Voghera | Lombardy | 40 | 333 | 12.01% |
Allium cepa L. var. cepa | Rossa di Breme | Lombardy | 40 | 333 | 12.01% |
Allium cepa L. var. cepa | Mitja Valmella | Sardinia | 40 | 122 | 32.79% |
Allium cepa L. var. cepa | Rossa a fiasco | Tuscany | 40 | 187 | 21.39% |
Allium cepa L. var. cepa | Rossa massese | Tuscany | 40 | 187 | 21.39% |
Allium porrum L. | Di Cervere | Piedmont | 20 | 47 | 42.55% |
Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers. | Dorato Rissone | Piedmont | 10 | 18 | 55.56% |
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. Vulgaris var. flavescens DC. f. crispa | Livornese da taglio | Tuscany | 20 | 186 | 10.75% |
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. Vulgaris var. flavescens DC. f. crispa | Verde da taglio lucchese | Tuscany | 20 | 186 | 10.75% |
Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L. | Colatronxo | Sardinia | 40 | 24 | >100.00% |
Brassica oleracea L. var. palmifolia DC. | Braschetta | Tuscany | 40 | 74 | 54.05% |
Capsicum annuum L. | Corno di Carmagnola | Piedmont | 40 | 119 | 33.61% |
Capsicum annuum L. | Cuneo | Piedmont | 40 | 119 | 33.61% |
Capsicum annuum L. | Quadrato di Carmagnola | Piedmont | 40 | 119 | 33.61% |
Cichorium endivia L. | Tardiva lucchese | Tuscany | 10 | 39 | 25.64% |
Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi | Del Marzocco | Tuscany | 40 | 178 | 22.47% |
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne | Cappello da prete mantovana | Lombardy | 40 | n.a. | n.a. |
Cucurbita pepo L. | Mora pisana | Tuscany | 20 | 386 | 5.18% |
Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus (L.) Hayek | Gobbo di Nizza Monferrato | Piedmont | 40 | n.a. | n.a. |
Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus (L.) Hayek | Pieno inerme lucchese | Tuscany | 40 | 657 | 6.09% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Bianco di Bagnasco | Piedmont | 40 | 984 | 4.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Gioghedda | Sardinia | 40 | 87 | 45.98% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Aquila | Tuscany | 40 | 306 | 13.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Diecimino | Tuscany | 40 | 306 | 13.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Fico di Gallicano | Tuscany | 40 | 306 | 13.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Garfagnino | Tuscany | 40 | 306 | 13.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Giallorino della Garfagnana | Tuscany | 40 | 306 | 13.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Malato | Tuscany | 40 | 306 | 13.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Mascherino | Tuscany | 40 | 306 | 13.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Rosso di Lucca | Tuscany | 40 | 306 | 13.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Schiaccione di Pietrasanta | Tuscany | 40 | 306 | 13.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Stortino di Lucca | Tuscany | 40 | 306 | 13.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Zolfino | Tuscany | 40 | 306 | 13.07% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Calonega | Veneto | 40 | 958 | 4.18% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Canalino | Veneto | 40 | 958 | 4.18% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Spagnolit | Veneto | 40 | 958 | 4.18% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Spagnolit nano | Veneto | 40 | 958 | 4.18% |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Spagnolo | Veneto | 40 | 958 | 4.18% |
Pisum sativum L. | Quarantin di Casalborgone | Piedmont | 40 | 444 | 9.01% |
Solanum lycopersicum L. | Riccio di Parma | Emilia Romagna | 40 | 25,505 | 0.16% |
Solanum lycopersicum L. | Pizzutello dell’Agro Ericino | Sicily | 40 | 12,525 | 0.32% |
Solanum lycopersicum L. | Canestrino di Lucca | Tuscany | 40 | 2714 | 1.47% |
Solanum lycopersicum L. | Pisanello | Tuscany | 40 | 2714 | 1.47% |
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Didonna, A.; Bocci, R.; Renna, M.; Santamaria, P. The Conservation Varieties Regime: Its Past, Present and Future in the Protection and Commercialisation of Vegetable Landraces in Europe. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080877
Didonna A, Bocci R, Renna M, Santamaria P. The Conservation Varieties Regime: Its Past, Present and Future in the Protection and Commercialisation of Vegetable Landraces in Europe. Horticulturae. 2024; 10(8):877. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080877
Chicago/Turabian StyleDidonna, Adriano, Riccardo Bocci, Massimiliano Renna, and Pietro Santamaria. 2024. "The Conservation Varieties Regime: Its Past, Present and Future in the Protection and Commercialisation of Vegetable Landraces in Europe" Horticulturae 10, no. 8: 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080877