Mediterranean Biodiversity

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Agriculture agriculture	3.3	4.9	2011	20.2 Days	CHF 2600
Agronomy agronomy	3.3	6.2	2011	15.5 Days	CHF 2600
Forests forests	2.4	4.4	2010	16.9 Days	CHF 2600
Gastronomy gastronomy	-	-	2023	15.0 days *	CHF 1000
Grasses grasses	-	-	2022	15.0 days *	CHF 1000
Horticulturae horticulturae	3.1	3.5	2015	14.8 Days	CHF 2200
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	20 Days	CHF 2400

15 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessReview

Solina: An Example of Ancient Wheat Suitable for the Protection of Agrobiodiversity and Agricultural Workers’ Health

by Eva Masciarelli, Marco Di Luigi, Riccardo De Flaviis, Claudio Beni, Marco Di Santo, Donato Silveri, Fabiola De Amicis, Orietta Menna and Laura Casorri

Agronomy 2024, 14(12), 2821; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122821 - 27 Nov 2024

Viewed by 409

Abstract

Solina is an ancient common wheat that has been cultivated in Abruzzo since the 16th century. It is a variety of wheat typical of mountain and marginal areas with peculiar organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. In this review, a collection of experimental and empirical [...] Read more.

Solina is an ancient common wheat that has been cultivated in Abruzzo since the 16th century. It is a variety of wheat typical of mountain and marginal areas with peculiar organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. In this review, a collection of experimental and empirical data analyses on its agronomic, environmental, historical, gastronomic, and cultural characteristics was carried out to propose its possible use in sustainable agriculture. The observed data suggest that Solina represents an ancient wheat variety that could be used as an alternative to modern wheat, following the European Directive 128/2009 on the sustainable use of pesticides. The natural resistance of this ancient wheat to the typical climatic conditions of the territory in which it grows allows for the non-use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Therefore, Solina has all the characteristics to respond to consumer demands, paying greater attention to environmental protection, preserving biodiversity, and safeguarding the health of farm workers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

25 pages, 6473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Birds as Cultural Ambassadors: Bridging Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity Conservation in Wetland Planning

by Michela Ingaramo, Anna Rita Bernadette Cammerino, Vincenzo Rizzi, Maurizio Gioiosa and Massimo Monteleone

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10286; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310286 - 24 Nov 2024

Viewed by 756

Abstract

Coastal wetlands deliver essential ecosystem services, including cultural services, which provide non-material benefits such as recreation, education, and spiritual enrichment that are crucial for human well-being. This study investigates the cultural ecosystem services provided by a 40 ha coastal wetland in the Gulf [...] Read more.

Coastal wetlands deliver essential ecosystem services, including cultural services, which provide non-material benefits such as recreation, education, and spiritual enrichment that are crucial for human well-being. This study investigates the cultural ecosystem services provided by a 40 ha coastal wetland in the Gulf of Manfredonia, southern Italy, within the Gargano National Park. By integrating an ecological survey of the bird community with a social survey of visitors to the King’s Lagoon Nature Reserve, the content of tailored planning strategies and management tools for the conservation of wetland biodiversity was developed. An ecological analysis of the bird community was carried out on the assumption that it could be representative of the total biodiversity observed in the wetland. On the other hand, a questionnaire was used to collect information from visitors to the reserve, highlighting the aspects of the wetland that they found most interesting and attractive according to their judgement and beliefs, and thus targeting a specific set of cultural ecological services. The two approaches were then combined to develop a comprehensive strategy. The bird community analysis led to the identification of the mixed biotope category (a combination of wetlands, aquatic/riparian ecosystems, semi-natural vegetated areas, and meadows together with agricultural areas) as the reference biotope for prioritizing wetland management. The Ardeidae family was chosen as a bird flagship group because of its high visibility, ease of identification, attractiveness to visitors, wide local distribution, and fairly constant presence in the study area throughout the year. Flagship species have a dual function: to guide conservation measures and actions by wetland managers, and to attract the interest, curiosity and active participation of potential visitors to the wetland. Based on the results, a list of guidelines for improving the birds’ habitats and providing them with resources (feeding, breeding, shelter, roosting, etc.) has been proposed. The aim of these measures is to optimize the presence and abundance of Ardeidae as flagship species, thereby preserving the biodiversity heritage in general and increasing the provision of cultural ecosystem services in the wetland. The resulting dynamic interplay ensures that both natural and cultural resources are fully and appropriately valued, protected, and maintained for the benefit of present and future generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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14 pages, 2746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vineyard Edges Increase Bird Richness and Abundance and Conservation Opportunities in Central Chile

by Andrés Muñoz-Sáez

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2098; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122098 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 494

Abstract

Agricultural landscapes significantly impact biodiversity, particularly within vineyard ecosystems where the configuration of native vegetation and vineyard edges plays a pivotal role. This study investigated the structure of bird communities across vineyards, their edges, and adjacent native vegetation, utilizing generalized linear mixed models [...] Read more.

Agricultural landscapes significantly impact biodiversity, particularly within vineyard ecosystems where the configuration of native vegetation and vineyard edges plays a pivotal role. This study investigated the structure of bird communities across vineyards, their edges, and adjacent native vegetation, utilizing generalized linear mixed models to analyze the influence of surrounding land covers at varying scales of 100 m and 1000 m radii across these three landscape types on bird richness and abundance and functional groups. The results highlight that native vegetation is crucial for supporting endemic bird species, with 41% of all observed species found across all three habitat types and a significant 66.7% shared between native vegetation and edge habitats. In particular, insectivores and carnivores, key to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision, showed higher abundances in areas with extensive native vegetation, underscoring its vital role in maintaining ecological functions. Edges not only enhanced the general bird richness and abundance but also served as crucial habitats for granivores and omnivores, influencing ecosystem dynamics through changes in the trophic guild community structure. These findings underscore the importance of conserving native vegetation within vineyard landscapes to foster a diverse avian community that contributes to enhancing ecosystem services. These results provide an opportunity to intensify restoration initiatives on vineyard edges and enhance our understanding of how certain species adapt to agriculture. This can be considered a vital nature-based solution for sustainable agriculture, promoting biodiversity conservation alongside productive agroecological practices in vineyard ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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19 pages, 1705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agronomic and Phytochemical Characterization of Chickpea Local Genetic Resources for the Agroecological Transition and Sustainable Food Systems

by Lara Abou Chehade, Silvia Tavarini, Maria Francesca Bozzini, Gilbert Koskey, Lisa Caturegli, Daniele Antichi and Luciana G. Angelini

Agronomy 2024, 14(10), 2229; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102229 - 27 Sep 2024

Viewed by 607

Abstract

Legume crops play a key role in hastening both the agroecological and protein transition and improving the sustainability of cropping systems. Among legumes, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a valuable source of protein, fibers, and nutraceutical compounds, providing important agri-environmental effects. Nevertheless, [...] Read more.

Legume crops play a key role in hastening both the agroecological and protein transition and improving the sustainability of cropping systems. Among legumes, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a valuable source of protein, fibers, and nutraceutical compounds, providing important agri-environmental effects. Nevertheless, few studies have explored the effect of genetic characteristics on production and quality traits in chickpea. Chickpea landraces seem particularly interesting for their positive agronomic and quality characteristics, opening the door for innovation in sustainable food systems. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize two chickpea Tuscan landraces (Rugoso della Maremma and Cappuccio della Valtiberina) in comparison with widely distributed commercial chickpea varieties (Ares, Maragià, Pascià, Principe, Reale, Sultano, and Vittoria). Our findings highlighted positive agronomic traits of landraces in terms of seed yield and yield components, demonstrating performance that is either superior or comparable to commercial varieties. Notably, Cappuccio della Valtiberina showed the highest 1000-seed weight (425.50 g), followed by Maragià (432.92 g), Principe (392.32 g), and Reale (382.79 g), and the highest harvest index (0.55), similar to Reale (0.55). Overall, landraces achieved 18.75% higher yields than commercial varieties. Regarding chickpea quality, landraces exhibited profiles comparable to those of commercial genotypes in terms of protein and oil content, as well as nutraceuticals. Interestingly, the two landraces had the most favorable ω-6/ω-3 ratios (Cappuccio della Valtiberina, 12.45; Rugoso della Maremma, 13.71) among the genotypes except for Maragià (11.78), indicating better nutritional quality compared to commercial varieties (>14.00). These results demonstrated that landraces could offer promising prospects for future chickpea breeding programs, aiding in the selection of genotypes capable of adapting to changing growing conditions and supporting the development of sustainable food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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20 pages, 3883 KiB

Open AccessReview

Barley History and Breeding in Spain

by Fernando Martínez-Moreno, Ignacio Solís and Ernesto Igartua

Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101674 - 25 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1304

Abstract

Barley has been and continues to be a crucial field crop in Spain, with approximately 2.4 million hectares planted annually and a production ranging 7–10 million tons. It is a crop well adapted to shallow soils and the harsh winters of the high [...] Read more.

Barley has been and continues to be a crucial field crop in Spain, with approximately 2.4 million hectares planted annually and a production ranging 7–10 million tons. It is a crop well adapted to shallow soils and the harsh winters of the high central plains of the country. Traditionally, animal feed has been the main use for this crop, while an important brewing industry developed throughout the 20th century. This article reviews the most important milestones of this crop in Spain, including its uses, historical yield, barley price, and barley–wheat price relationship. With respect to the collection of Spanish landraces currently preserved in the CRF (Plant Genetic Resources Center) seed bank, two main genetic groups distributed in northern and southern Spain were distinguished. The landraces of both groups are mostly six-row and winter types, but they differ in vernalization requirements, which are lower in southern landraces. The trends in barley production, the most planted cultivars in Spain over the last 70 years, and the past and present-day breeding programs in the country are also reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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22 pages, 2347 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

The Conservation Varieties Regime: Its Past, Present and Future in the Protection and Commercialisation of Vegetable Landraces in Europe

by Adriano Didonna, Riccardo Bocci, Massimiliano Renna and Pietro Santamaria

Horticulturae 2024, 10(8), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080877 - 19 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1716

Abstract

In 1998, the European Union aimed to make the official Common European Catalogue of Plant Varieties more flexible and to mitigate the decline of agricultural biodiversity in European rural areas by introducing the Conservation Varieties Regime (CVR): a set of rules pertaining to [...] Read more.

In 1998, the European Union aimed to make the official Common European Catalogue of Plant Varieties more flexible and to mitigate the decline of agricultural biodiversity in European rural areas by introducing the Conservation Varieties Regime (CVR): a set of rules pertaining to local and/or traditional varieties cultivated in specific regions that are at risk of genetic erosion. This initiative was intended to permit the sale of those varieties that do not fully meet the distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) criteria required for the registration of standard varieties in the Common European Catalogue. In this review, we examine the impact of establishing the CVR 25 years after its first definition. As of the date of data collection, 191 conservation varieties were registered throughout Europe, representing only 0.88% of the total number of varieties included in the Common Catalogue. The most important countries are Spain, Italy and Croatia, which have, respectively, 57, 43 and 26 conservation varieties. The case study from Italy highlights that the CVR is poorly structured and is characterised by the initiatives of individual entities that take it upon themselves to protect and/or promote specific vegetable varieties. In this review, we discuss such data in relation to the protection and commercialisation of vegetable landraces in Europe. Overall, the CVR has failed to promote and enforce a dedicated market for all those varieties excluded from registration in the Common Catalogue due to DUS requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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17 pages, 12383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Forest Management on Beetle (Coleoptera) Communities in Beech Forests (Fagus sylvatica) in the Apennines of Central Italy (Tuscany)

by Francesco Parisi, Adriano Mazziotta, Gherardo Chirici, Giovanni D’amico, Elia Vangi, Saverio Francini and Davide Travaglini

Forests 2024, 15(7), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071085 - 22 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1571

Abstract

In European mountains most beech forest areas have been managed for timber production. This practice has reduced the availability of biomass for the whole forest-dwelling species assemblage and of deadwood for the saproxylic community. Despite most of Italy’s beech stands having a long [...] Read more.

In European mountains most beech forest areas have been managed for timber production. This practice has reduced the availability of biomass for the whole forest-dwelling species assemblage and of deadwood for the saproxylic community. Despite most of Italy’s beech stands having a long history of management, its effects on forest species remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we studied beetle abundance and diversity in five beech-dominated forests with increasing management intensity in central Italy’s Apennines (Tuscany). We assessed if forests with similar management intensity exhibited comparable patterns in beetle diversity, abundance, and commonness versus rarity. Three forests were managed with even-aged shelterwood; one was managed with continuous cover forestry; and one was old-growth. We found 25 beetle families and 195 species across all sites with similar total abundance and richness. However, the representation of the most abundant families varied among sampling sites (ANOVA test: always significant for the total abundance of the most abundant families: F ≥ 2.77, d.f. = 4, p ≤ 0.038). The old-growth forest harbored more threatened species than managed sites. Saproxylic assemblages were similar between the recently cut site and the old-growth forest, and between shelterwood and continuous cover sites. While the similarity gradient among the whole species assemblages reflected geographical proximity, the similarity gradient among saproxylic assemblages reflected the successional proximity among forest management systems. Our research underscores the effects of management on beetle diversity, offering insights for sustainable forestry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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30 pages, 4394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wild Edible Plant Species in the ‘King’s Lagoon’ Coastal Wetland: Survey, Collection, Mapping and Ecological Characterization

by Anna Rita Bernadette Cammerino, Lorenzo Piacquadio, Michela Ingaramo, Maurizio Gioiosa and Massimo Monteleone

Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060632 - 12 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1046

Abstract

Wild edible plants, botanically defined as phytoalimurgical species, have historically been a useful source of food to cope with recurrent famines and poor farming conditions. If properly identified, harvested, transformed and promoted, alimurgical plants could further enhance the wellbeing of rural and urban [...] Read more.

Wild edible plants, botanically defined as phytoalimurgical species, have historically been a useful source of food to cope with recurrent famines and poor farming conditions. If properly identified, harvested, transformed and promoted, alimurgical plants could further enhance the wellbeing of rural and urban communities and the multifunctional productivity of agriculture. The research aimed to survey alimurgical species in a wetland, map their location, detect their spatial richness, and develop a monitoring plan for ongoing vegetation succession. The study area is the King’s Lagoon, a wetland that has recently undergone a radical restoration of its natural layout. A satellite image was used to create a land cover map and interpret the relationship between plant species and land cover. The survey provided a snapshot of the wetland’s current ecosystem status and used botanical analysis and ecological indices to investigate biodiversity levels. The alpha, beta and gamma levels of biodiversity were explored and interpreted through the statistical processing of a comprehensive dataset of species occurrence and abundance, together with the calculation of Shannon’s, Simpson’s and Jaccard’s indices. It was observed that biodiversity in the wetland is developing gradually following restoration and is expected to increase over time as successional stages take hold. Biodiversity is more pronounced along the banks of the canals and watercourses connecting the basins and open ponds, while it is less pronounced in areas where the soil has been disturbed by previous excavations. Salicornia spp., Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima and Suaeda vera were identified as the most common and interesting species found in the study area. The potential for cultivation of some of the halophyte species that were monitored was also highlighted, with particular reference to the selection of the most commercially interesting species, the best species associations and intercropping practices in a wetland context, which must always prioritize the conservation of wild biodiversity. The spring surveys should be repeated in the coming years in order to accurately trace the dynamics of the ecological succession of this particular ecosystem, once it has returned to its natural development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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17 pages, 4023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Requirements, Genetic Diversity and Population History of the Juniperus sabina L. Varieties in Europe and Asia

by Katarzyna A. Jadwiszczak, Małgorzata Mazur, Agnieszka Bona, Katarzyna Marcysiak and Adam Boratyński

Forests 2024, 15(5), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15050866 - 15 May 2024

Viewed by 1096

Abstract

Trees and shrubs belonging to the genus Juniperus L. are pivotal species in arid and semiarid ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere. However, unfavourable phenomena are observed in their populations due to global warming. We aimed to investigate the soil requirements, genetic diversity and [...] Read more.

Trees and shrubs belonging to the genus Juniperus L. are pivotal species in arid and semiarid ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere. However, unfavourable phenomena are observed in their populations due to global warming. We aimed to investigate the soil requirements, genetic diversity and population history of Juniperus sabina L. from Europe, Georgia, and Kyrgyzstan. Genetic resources were evaluated in 16 populations using nuclear microsatellites, while past demographic events were described based on the chloroplast DNA haplotypes. Seven chemical parameters in 36 soil samples from the European range of J. sabina were compared. In the studied area, three distinct phylogenetic lineages corresponding to different varieties of J. sabina, namely var. sabina, var. balkanensis, and the Asian variety, were revealed. Unimodal mismatch distributions and significantly negative Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs parameters indicated that the sabina and balkanensis varieties underwent a population expansion. Microsatellite variation was moderate, potentially influenced by inbreeding, clonal propagation, and limited gene flow between populations. Bayesian clustering revealed five genetic groups. Compared to var. sabina, the balkanensis variety occupies areas with significantly higher potassium content in the soil, which probably mitigates the adverse effects of drought in its localities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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25 pages, 3372 KiB

Open AccessReview

Treasures of Italian Microbial Culture Collections: An Overview of Preserved Biological Resources, Offered Services and Know-How, and Management

by Marino Moretti, Jacopo Tartaglia, Gian Paolo Accotto, Maria Serena Beato, Valentina Bernini, Annamaria Bevivino, Maria Beatrice Boniotti, Marilena Budroni, Pietro Buzzini, Stefania Carrara, Federica Cerino, Clementina Elvezia Cocuzza, Roberta Comunian, Sofia Cosentino, Antonio d‘Acierno, Paola De Dea, Laura Garzoli, Maria Gullo, Silvia Lampis, Antonio Moretti, Alda Natale, Giancarlo Perrone, Anna Maria Persiani, Iolanda Perugini, Monica Pitti, Annarita Poli, Antonino Pollio, Anna Reale, Annamaria Ricciardi, Cristiana Sbrana, Laura Selbmann, Luca Settanni, Solveig Tosi, Benedetta Turchetti, Paola Visconti, Mirca Zotti and Giovanna Cristina Varese Show full author list Hide full author list

Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3777; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093777 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2505

Abstract

Microorganisms, microbiomes, and their products (e.g., enzymes, metabolites, antibiotics, etc.) are key players in the functioning of both natural and anthropized Earth ecosystems; they can be exploited for both research purposes and biotechnological applications, including fighting the big challenges of our era, such [...] Read more.

Microorganisms, microbiomes, and their products (e.g., enzymes, metabolites, antibiotics, etc.) are key players in the functioning of both natural and anthropized Earth ecosystems; they can be exploited for both research purposes and biotechnological applications, including fighting the big challenges of our era, such as climate change. Culture collections (CCs) and microbial Biological Resource Centres (mBRCs) are repositories of microorganisms that investigate and safeguard biodiversity and facilitate the scientific and industrial communities’ access to microbial strains and related know-how by providing external users with skills and services. Considering this, CCs and mBRCs are pivotal institutions for the valorisation of microorganisms, the safeguarding of life, and the fostering of excellent bioscience. The aim of this review is to present the state-of-the-art of Italian CCs and mBRCs, highlighting strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities. Italy is, indeed, a hotspot of microbial biodiversity with a high rate of endemism and incredible potential, not only for the food and beverage sector (i.e., “Made in Italy” products), where microorganisms can have a beneficial or a spoiling function, but also to guarantee environmental sustainability and foster the bioeconomy through the design of new bioprocesses and products. However, weaknesses, such as the lack of management rules in accordance with international quality standards, are also analysed and ways of overcoming them are discussed. In this context, an overview is given of the Joint Research Unit MIRRI-IT and the European-funded SUS-MIRRI.IT project, which aims to improve the management and sustainability of Italian microbial collections, and serves as a starting point for an innovative revolution in the context of CCs and mBRCs worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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13 pages, 5201 KiB

Open AccessReview

Traditional Foods as a Way to Preserve the Genetic Diversity of the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in Tunisia

by Olfa Saddoud Debbabi, Mounira Ben Slimane, Rym Bouhlal Ben Hadj Alouane, Cinzia Montemurro, Hager Snoussi and Monica Marilena Miazzi

Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040423 - 22 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1701

Abstract

Tunisia has a long tradition of viticulture, and the grapevine is used for a variety of traditional foods. The country has many plant-based dishes, which may have different compositions and names depending on the region of origin. Unfortunately, over the years, traditional preparations [...] Read more.

Tunisia has a long tradition of viticulture, and the grapevine is used for a variety of traditional foods. The country has many plant-based dishes, which may have different compositions and names depending on the region of origin. Unfortunately, over the years, traditional preparations are no longer as popular as they used to be, due to both changing lifestyles and the introduction of new crops and foods. For example, the use of grapevine in traditional dishes has declined as traditions have been lost and habits have changed in favor of new, ready-to-eat foods. The close link between grapevine, culture and territory requires an appropriate evaluation and characterization of traditional foods in order to enhance and extend their use, ensure their sustainability and preserve the varieties used to produce them. This review analyzes the use of local grapevine varieties in different traditional dishes as a means to preserve an invaluable natural and cultural resource and heritage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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17 pages, 5221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Francesco Parisi, Giovanni D’Amico, Elia Vangi, Gherardo Chirici, Saverio Francini, Claudia Cocozza, Francesca Giannetti, Guglielmo Londi, Susanna Nocentini, Costanza Borghi and Davide Travaglini

Forests 2024, 15(4), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15040660 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1782

Abstract

The quantification of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) and multi-taxon biodiversity is pivotal to the implementation of forest conservation policies, which are crucial under the current climate change scenarios. We assessed the capacity of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data to quantify biodiversity indices related to [...] Read more.

The quantification of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) and multi-taxon biodiversity is pivotal to the implementation of forest conservation policies, which are crucial under the current climate change scenarios. We assessed the capacity of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data to quantify biodiversity indices related to both forest beetle and bird communities and TreMs, calculating the species richness and types of saproxylic and epixylic TreMs using the Shannon index. As biodiversity predictors, 240 ALS-derived metrics were calculated: 214 were point-cloud based, 14 were pixel-level from the canopy height model, and 12 were RGB spectral statistics. We used the random forests algorithm to predict species richness and the Shannon diversity index, using the field plot measures as dependent variables and the ALS-derived metrics as predictors for each taxon and TreMs type. The final models were used to produce wall-to-wall maps of biodiversity indices. The Shannon index produced the best performance for each group considered, with a mean difference of −6.7%. Likewise, the highest R² was for the Shannon index (0.17, against 0.14 for richness). Our results confirm the importance of ALS data in assessing forest biodiversity indicators that are relevant for monitoring forest habitats. The proposed method supports the quantification and monitoring of the measures needed to implement better forest stands and multi-taxon biodiversity conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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14 pages, 4247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Agrobiodiversity: Designing an In Vitro Screening Protocol for Solanum lycopersicum L. and Solanum pimpinellifolium L. to Explore Responses to Salinity Stress

by Susanna Cialli, Alice Trivellini, Giulia Carmassi, Luca Incrocci and Anna Mensuali

Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040322 - 27 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1088

Abstract

The foremost cause behind worldwide crop losses is attributed to abiotic stresses. Among them, salinity is a major concern for agriculture and is expected to play an increasingly important role as rising food demands and climate changes will inevitably lead to the greater [...] Read more.

The foremost cause behind worldwide crop losses is attributed to abiotic stresses. Among them, salinity is a major concern for agriculture and is expected to play an increasingly important role as rising food demands and climate changes will inevitably lead to the greater use of marginal lands and poor-quality irrigation water. Tomato is a moderately salinity-sensitive crop which is widely used in the presence of poor-quality irrigation water without manifesting yield reduction. However, the excessive accumulation of salts can reduce photosynthetic efficiency, unbalance nutrient assimilation, reduce growth, and reduce product quality. This study was undertaken to explore the response of some varieties of Solanum lycopersicum that could be used as model systems to evaluate the performance of wild tomato ecotypes in future studies to identify genetic resources that respond adequately to climate change in the Mediterranean area. Tomato seedlings were raised in vitro on plates with sucrose-free agarized medium containing increasing concentrations of sea salt. The autotrophic conditions enabled a response resembling the plant’s behavior in vivo. The obtained results identified an interesting variety that can be used as a model for modern cultivars and concentrations, from which the behavior of some Solanum spp. can be further investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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14 pages, 3406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Glimpse into the Genetic Heritage of the Olive Tree in Malta

by Monica Marilena Miazzi, Antonella Pasqualone, Marion Zammit-Mangion, Michele Antonio Savoia, Valentina Fanelli, Silvia Procino, Susanna Gadaleta, Francesco Luigi Aurelio and Cinzia Montemurro

Agriculture 2024, 14(3), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14030495 - 18 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1651

Abstract

The genetic diversity of the ancient autochthonous olive trees on the Maltese islands and the relationship with the wild forms growing in marginal areas of the island (57 samples), as well as with the most widespread cultivars in the Mediterranean region (150 references), [...] Read more.

The genetic diversity of the ancient autochthonous olive trees on the Maltese islands and the relationship with the wild forms growing in marginal areas of the island (57 samples), as well as with the most widespread cultivars in the Mediterranean region (150 references), were investigated by genetic analysis with 10 SSR markers. The analysis revealed a high genetic diversity of Maltese germplasm, totaling 84 alleles and a Shannon information index (I) of 1.08. All samples from the upper and the lower part of the crown of the Bidni trees belonged to the same genotype, suggesting that there was no secondary top-grafting of the branches. The Bidni trees showed close relationships with the local wild germplasm, suggesting that the oleaster population played a role in the selection of the Bidni variety. Genetic similarities were also found between Maltese cultivars and several Italian varieties including accessions putatively resistant to the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which has recently emerged in the Apulia region (Italy) and has caused severe epidemics on olive trees over the last decade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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14 pages, 3214 KiB

Open AccessReview

Verticillium Species as an Ecofriendly Alternative to Manage the Invasive Tree Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

by Claudia Pisuttu

Forests 2024, 15(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030462 - 1 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1309

Abstract

Environmental pollution, unintended harm to beneficial organisms, and the development of herbicide resistance among weeds are the main consequences of the massive and consistent use of chemical herbicides in recent decades. The growing need for alternative solutions has been reinforced by restrictive policies, [...] Read more.

Environmental pollution, unintended harm to beneficial organisms, and the development of herbicide resistance among weeds are the main consequences of the massive and consistent use of chemical herbicides in recent decades. The growing need for alternative solutions has been reinforced by restrictive policies, leading to a search for natural herbicidal candidates. Mycoherbicides, formulations containing plant pathogenic fungi, are viewed as promising substitutes for chemical herbicides. In the case of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, one of the worst invasive alien tree species in the world, Verticillium-based mycoherbicides offer a viable method for control, inducing a lethal wilt disease and leading plants to death within a few years. The demonstrated significant effectiveness enables addressing challenges posed by other—conventional—approaches. The current analysis matches key internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) of Verticillium Nees isolates as environmentally-friendly control agents against the invasive A. altissima, by listing each singularly and then crossing them among the categories, drawing from the collaborative efforts of American, Austrian, and Italian research teams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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11 pages, 2405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adapting American Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Varieties to Mediterranean Sustainable Agriculture: A Trellis Height Exploration

by Roberto Marceddu, Alessandra Carrubba, Vincenzo Alfeo, Alessandro Alessi and Mauro Sarno

Horticulturae 2024, 10(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020181 - 16 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1436

Abstract

In recent years, Italy’s craft beer industry has seen remarkable growth, fostering the local production of key ingredients, notably hops. However, a research gap exists in exploring open-field hop productivity in typical Mediterranean climates using low-trellis systems. This study addressed this gap by [...] Read more.

In recent years, Italy’s craft beer industry has seen remarkable growth, fostering the local production of key ingredients, notably hops. However, a research gap exists in exploring open-field hop productivity in typical Mediterranean climates using low-trellis systems. This study addressed this gap by evaluating the productive performances of “Cascade” and “Chinook” hop varieties on “V” trellis systems at different heights (2.60, 3.60, and 4.60 m above ground) in inner Sicily’s Mediterranean climate and soil conditions. The results highlighted the significant impact of trellis height on various parameters, with Cascade displaying exceptional adaptability to low-trellis farming. Key factors like stem and leaf weight emerged as crucial drivers of cone yield, emphasizing their significance in hop cultivation. The distinct responses of Cascade and Chinook varieties to varying trellis heights underscored the need for tailored approaches, offering valuable insights for optimizing hop cultivation practices in semi-arid climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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13 pages, 2728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity of Crithmum maritimum L. from Salento Coastal Area: A Suitable Species for Domestication

by Rita Accogli, Eliana Nutricati, Luigi De Bellis, Massimiliano Renna, Andrea Luvisi and Carmine Negro

Horticulturae 2024, 10(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010081 - 14 Jan 2024

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Abstract

Crithmum maritimum L., known as sea fennel, is an aromatic halophyte typical of the cliffs and coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Their phytochemicals have been of great interest in the food and pharmaceutical industry. In this work, we analyzed, [...] Read more.

Crithmum maritimum L., known as sea fennel, is an aromatic halophyte typical of the cliffs and coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Their phytochemicals have been of great interest in the food and pharmaceutical industry. In this work, we analyzed, by SPME/gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, the chemical variability of C. maritimum accessions in terms of volatile organic compounds. C. maritimum seeds were collected from different coastal sites in Salento, Southern Apulia, Italy, and subsequently cultivated ex situ. Several volatile compounds produced by C. maritimum leaves were detected, and, among them, D-limonene was found to be emitted at high levels by plants of all accessions representing the main compound, while other monoterpenes were produced at low levels. Moreover, the phenylpropene volatiles dillapiol and apiol (designated together as (dill)apiol) were emitted at variable amounts with different accessions. The correlation among groups based on volatile compounds has been analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis, which has revealed three main groups based on (dill)apiol presence and its total amount in the cultivated plants of different geographic origins, confirming intraspecies biodiversity. Moreover, we have evaluated the seed germination and seedling development of C. maritimum in controlled conditions. We found no dormancy and a high germination rate for all samples analyzed. The chemo-diversity evidenced in cultivated plants obtained from seeds collected at different locations on the Salento peninsula is probably related to variations in climate resulting from different exposures along the coast. These findings highlighted the importance of C.maritimum as a suitable candidate for cultivation because it can tolerate harsh conditions/stresses and also has a possible use besides food and pharmaceuticals and for the restoration of coastal environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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12 pages, 1535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Fruit Quality and Biochemical Traits of Rosehip (R. canina) Ecotypes in the Aegean Region of Türkiye

by Halil Ibrahim Sagbas

Horticulturae 2023, 9(12), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121292 - 30 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1284

Abstract

Rosehip is a valuable fruit species in particular for rural populations. In this study, fruit quality parameters of 15 wild grown rosehip ecotypes naturally obtained from seeds in the Aegean Region of Türkiye were determined. The fruit weight, fruit firmness, fruit flesh ratio, [...] Read more.

Rosehip is a valuable fruit species in particular for rural populations. In this study, fruit quality parameters of 15 wild grown rosehip ecotypes naturally obtained from seeds in the Aegean Region of Türkiye were determined. The fruit weight, fruit firmness, fruit flesh ratio, fruit shape index, fruit skin color (chroma), soluble solid content, vitamin C, total phenolic, total carotenoid, total anthocyanin, total flavonoid and antioxidant capacity were investigated. The results showed great diversity among ecotypes. The fruit weight, fruit firmness, fruit flesh ratio, fruit shape index, fruit skin color (chroma) and soluble solid content were between 2.28 and 3.29 g, 4.70 and 7.12 N, 69.34 and 81.67%, 0.97 and 1.07, 53.04 and 60.71 and 18.87 and 21.28%, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity was found to be 15.78–28.17 mg AAE/g in a DPPH assay. The vitamin C content of rosehip fruits was measured as 507–621 mg/100 g. Among ecotypes, A-15 gave the biggest fruits, A-1 had the highest soluble solid content and A-13 had the highest vitamin C content. These results suggested that some ecotypes showed more potent bioactive properties than other ecotypes, mainly related to the variations in the antioxidant capacity and bioactive content between ecotypes. Overall, this study provides additional insight into investigating the genotype exhibition of multifunctional bioactive properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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9 pages, 2199 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

First Report on the Occurrence of Cucurbitacins in an Italian Melon Landrace (Cucumis melo L.)

by Onofrio Davide Palmitessa, Andrea Castellaneta, Annalisa Somma, Adriano Didonna, Massimiliano Renna, Ilario Losito, Cosima Damiana Calvano, Tommaso R. I. Cataldi and Pietro Santamaria

Horticulturae 2023, 9(11), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111206 - 6 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2034

Abstract

Scopatizzo, belonging to the Cucumis melo L., is a local variety of Apulia (Southern Italy), which is consumed as unripe melon as an alternative of cucumber due to its better-quality profile and for the absence of cucurbitacins. The latter are tetracyclic triterpenes synthesized [...] Read more.

Scopatizzo, belonging to the Cucumis melo L., is a local variety of Apulia (Southern Italy), which is consumed as unripe melon as an alternative of cucumber due to its better-quality profile and for the absence of cucurbitacins. The latter are tetracyclic triterpenes synthesized by some Cucurbitaceae species, known to confer an unpleasant taste to fruits and cause health problems. Following the discovery of Scopatizzo fruits with bitter taste, cucurbitacins were searched for in their ethanolic extract. Flow injection analysis with detection performed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry provided evidence for the presence of at least four cucurbitacins, which were absent in typical, sweet-tasting fruits. Further insight into this discovery will be required in the near future to assess if the detection of cucurbitacins may mark the appearance of genotypes whose fruits have features not compatible with commercialization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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15 pages, 5733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Algerian Fig Trees: Botanical and Morphometric Leaf Characterization

by Fahima Abdelkader, Ziane Laiadi, Susana Boso, José-Luis Santiago, Pilar Gago and María-Carmen Martínez

Horticulturae 2023, 9(5), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9050612 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4800

Abstract

Leaf morphology in plants is very important in the evaluation of intraspecific variation. Indeed, the leaves of the fig tree (Ficus carica L.) present a great diversity of shape and size. The present study consists of the botanical, morphological, and morphometric characterization [...] Read more.

Leaf morphology in plants is very important in the evaluation of intraspecific variation. Indeed, the leaves of the fig tree (Ficus carica L.) present a great diversity of shape and size. The present study consists of the botanical, morphological, and morphometric characterization of the leaves of 26 local fig tree varieties cultivated in different areas of Bejaia (northeast Algeria). Our results indicate that the morphological parameters of the leaves allowed a good differentiation of the studied cultivars according to the descriptors (UPOV) among varieties and independent of their growing environment. Moreover, the method of morphometric description proposed in this paper allows the differentiation of varieties and the comparison among them in an objective way and by simple mathematical methods. This method demonstrates the existence of a very high percentage of polymorphisms within the studied varieties, but also their classification according to the number of lobes, the depth of the lateral sinuses, and the degree of openness of the angles performed by the main veins of the leaves. The Azougagh variety is characterized by wider angles, and, on the contrary, the Tassahlit variety has the least-open angles. None of the studied varieties presented “entire” leaves. The majority presented leaves with five lobes. The varieties Tilizwith, Tazarzourth, Avarkan, Tamkarkourth, and Inconnu B differed clearly from the rest by showing leaves with seven lobes and deep lateral sinuses. In contrast, the varieties Zarika, Baccor Blanc, Avarkan Lisse, and Avgaiti presented leaves with only three lobes. This is the first work on fig tree characterization using morphometric methods, which are shown to be complementary to the UPOV code and efficient in separating even the closed varieties. It will be interesting to extend these studies to larger scales and areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)

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