Shaping the Future of Horticulture: Innovative Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, and Robotic Automation Through a Bibliometric Lens

Abstract

This study conducts a bibliometric and content analysis based on publications indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection, aiming to map the evolution and key themes in horticultural research in the context of technological innovation and sustainability. The results reveal a strong orientation toward digitalization and automation, particularly through the integration of artificial intelligence, mechatronic systems, and sensor-based monitoring in crop management. In the field of biotechnology, keywords such as gene expression, genetic diversity, and micropropagation reflect a sustained research interest in improving crop resilience and disease resistance through genetic and in vitro propagation techniques. Furthermore, concepts such as environmental control, soilless culture, energy efficiency, and co-generation highlight the focus on optimizing growing conditions and integrating renewable energy sources into protected horticultural systems. The geographical distribution of studies highlights increased academic output in countries like India and regions of sub-Saharan Africa, reflecting a global interest in transferring advanced technologies to vulnerable areas. Moreover, collaboration networks are dominated by leading institutions such as Wageningen University, which act as hubs for knowledge diffusion. The findings suggest that future research should prioritize the development of durable, energy-efficient horticultural technologies adapted to various agro-climatic zones. It is recommended that policymakers and stakeholders support interdisciplinary research initiatives, promote knowledge transfer mechanisms, and ensure equitable access to innovation for smallholder farmers and emerging economies.

1. Introduction

Agriculture has seen remarkable technological advances over the past century that have fundamentally transformed the way food is produced. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, from 1961 to 2020, global agricultural output increased nearly fourfold, while the global population grew 2.6 times. This resulted in a 53% increase in agricultural output per capita, indicating substantial improvements in productivity [1].

The development and widespread adoption of mechanization, new chemical inputs, improved varieties, and, more recently, digital technologies have allowed agricultural productivity to increase at an unprecedented pace [2,3]. As a result, global food production has managed to outpace population growth: for example, in the second half of the 20th century, although the world’s population more than doubled, cereal production tripled, while the area under cultivation increased by only ~30% [4]. This continued technological progress has been essential for ensuring food security and reducing hunger worldwide [5,6,7].

The mechanization and industrialization of agriculture were the first major technological transformations, allowing for increased efficiency by replacing manual labor with motorized farm machinery [8,9,10]. In the United States, agricultural production doubled between 1950 and 2000, while the agricultural labor force was significantly reduced [11]. In parallel, industrialization brought the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, intensifying production [5]. The Green Revolution of the 1960s–1970s reinforced these advances through the introduction of high-yielding crop varieties, expanded irrigation and support policies, leading to a tripling of cereal production between 1960 and 2000 [12,13,14]. However, this intensification also generated environmental problems such as soil degradation and water pollution [15].

Advances in biotechnology, in particular genetically modified organisms (GMOs), have brought a new technological leap. The adoption of GMO crops, such as Bt cotton, has led to yield increases and reduced pesticide use [16]. The development of genome-editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, offers promising solutions for climate-resilient varieties. Although advances in biotechnology, particularly through genetically modified organisms (GMOs), have contributed significantly to yield increases, pest resistance, and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides, their adoption is not without challenges. One major limitation lies in the regulatory restrictions and public skepticism surrounding GMO cultivation in many regions, particularly in the European Union. Ethical concerns, potential impacts on biodiversity, and the long-term environmental effects of transgenic crops continue to be debated [17]. Moreover, the costs associated with the development and patenting of genetically modified seeds often restrict access for smallholder farmers, exacerbating inequality in agricultural systems. Therefore, while tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 present promising avenues for developing climate-resilient and high-yielding horticultural varieties, their implementation must be accompanied by transparent risk assessments, inclusive policy frameworks, and equitable access to ensure long-term sustainability and public acceptance [18].

Since the 2000s, precision agriculture and digitization have become priorities, relying on GPS systems, sensors, and Big Data to optimize resource use [19,20]. IoT technologies and artificial intelligence enable real-time monitoring and customized application of agricultural inputs, enhancing both productivity and sustainability (

Table 1. Major agricultural revolutions and their impact on horticultural development.

Revolution	Time Period	Key Developments	Impacts
Neolithic Agricultural Revolution	~12,000 years ago	Domestication of plants and animals, sedentary communities	Increased food production, social hierarchies, health issues
Arab Agricultural Revolution	8th to 13th centuries	Introduction of new crops (e.g., rice, cotton, citrus), improved irrigation techniques, crop rotation, agricultural manuals	Diversified diets, boosted trade, spread of knowledge, transformation of Mediterranean agriculture
British Agricultural Revolution	Late 18th–early 19th century	Enclosure, crop rotation, mechanization	Increased productivity, rural depopulation, commercial agriculture
Green Revolution	Mid-20th century	High-yield crops, chemical fertilizers, mechanization	Increased food production, environmental degradation, socio-economic issues
Digital and Technological Revolution	Current Era	IoT, AI, ICT in farming, precision agriculture	Enhanced efficiency, reduced environmental impacts, data privacy challenges
Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture	Emerging Trends	Organic farming, agroforestry, ecological intensification	Improved soil health, climate resilience, economic benefits

Source: own processing.

) [21,22].

Automation and robotics in agriculture represent the most recent technological advances in the field and are included in the concept of Agriculture 4.0, which aims to develop autonomous machines and robots capable of performing complex tasks with minimal human intervention [23,24,25]. Autonomous tractors and drones, equipped with GPS autopilot systems, have demonstrated efficiency in agricultural work through precision and reduced need for human operators [26]. Research in agricultural robotics has also led to the development of prototype robots that can weed, pick fruit, and even milk cows, combining sensors and decision algorithms to improve performance [27,28,29,30]. In addition, current research is focused on creating collaborative systems of small-scale robots that communicate with each other and collaborate to accomplish tasks [31,32]. Although a full automation of agriculture is unlikely in the near future, current technologies considerably reduce the amount of physical and monotonous labor, boosting the attractiveness of the agricultural sector for new generations [33,34,35].

In parallel with the development of robotics, technological progress in agriculture has led to significant increases in productivity [36]. Through the use of advanced technologies, yields of agricultural crops have increased substantially, helping to reduce hunger and improve access to more affordable food [37,38]. Technological progress has also improved resource use efficiency, and the total factor productivity (TFP) indicator shows that much higher yields are now being obtained from the same resources [39]. Precision agriculture, through the use of sensors and other modern technologies, allows farmers to reduce resource use, which contributes to the economic sustainability of farms [40]. Innovative technologies, such as genetically modified crops, have also reduced the need for chemical pesticides, with benefits for biodiversity and farmers’ health [41,42,43,44].

However, technologies have not only had positive effects. The agricultural intensification associated with the Green Revolution has also had environmental costs, including soil degradation and water pollution, and the inappropriate use of technologies has led to long-term declines in productivity [45]. Thus, the current emphasis is on “sustainable intensification”, which aims to increase production in a way that conserves natural resources [46,47]. Precision agriculture, integrated pest management, and plant breeding for nutrient efficiency are just some of the technological solutions that contribute to reducing the ecological footprint of agriculture while maintaining productive performance [48].

Technological progress in agriculture has revolutionized the sector, but significant challenges remain, such as slowing yield growth and the impact of climate change on productivity [49]. Also, differences in access to technology between large and smallholder farms in developing countries can deepen rural inequalities, underscoring the need for support for technology transfer [50]. Agriculture of the future must be both productive and environmentally sustainable, including innovations such as extreme climate-resilient crops and the use of artificial intelligence for organic farming [51,52]. Alternative solutions, such as vertical farms and high-tech urban agriculture, can offer new ways to increase food production while reducing dependence on extensive land. To ensure sustainable technological progress, continued investment in research and development, together with interdisciplinary collaboration and responsible supportive policies, is essential [53].

However, the development of technologies in agriculture has not only had positive effects but has also led to a number of adverse environmental consequences, such as soil degradation, water pollution, and reduced biodiversity. These pose important challenges for the sustainability of modern horticultural systems. Furthermore, environmental conditions, in particular temperature and humidity, play a key role in determining crop productivity, influencing physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient uptake [54]. At the same time, these climatic variations affect the composition and properties of plant lignocellulosic polymers—such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin—with a direct impact on plant resistance to stress and their valorization in bio-economic industries [55].

Although technological advances have been discussed in the general context of agriculture, it is essential to mention that horticulture, as a vital sub-domain of agriculture focused on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and ornamental and aromatic plants [56], has been directly and significantly influenced by these innovations in the development of the agricultural sector. The close link between agriculture and horticulture means that technological advances observed in agriculture are integrated and adapted in horticultural practices, considering the specificities of this sector, such as labor intensity, precision requirements, seasonality, and biological diversity [57]. Thus, the present study focuses on the impact of new emerging technologies on the horticultural sector, analyzing how they contribute to its transformation into a sustainable and innovative context.

The aim of this paper is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of research in horticultural technologies to assess research trends, key authors, and collaborative networks in the sector. This will provide a clear view of technological advances, main research themes, and the development of the field over time.

Thus, the main research questions are:

RQ1. How has the number of scientific papers dedicated to the application of technologies (artificial intelligence, robotics, and innovative technologies) in horticulture evolved over time?

RQ2. What are the main concepts and research themes related to horticultural technologies identified through keyword map analysis?

RQ3. Who are the most published and cited authors in the field of technology (AI, robotics, innovative technologies) in horticulture, and what role do they play in collaborative networks?

RQ4. How is research distributed among the major institutions, and which academic centers have the greatest impact on the application of advanced technologies in horticulture?

RQ5. Which countries contribute the most to research in digitized and sustainable horticulture, and how are international collaborations in this field structured?

The study focuses on the bibliometric analysis of the term “technology in horticulture”, a topic that has been insufficiently investigated in the specialized literature, although emerging technological advances have a significant impact on this sector. Technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and robotics are profoundly transforming the way in which horticultural processes are managed, but there is a considerable gap in research exploring their application. Through this analysis, the study aims to identify emerging trends in the field and to deepen the understanding of the existing gaps in applied research in horticulture. The main justification for this approach lies in the significant impact of innovative technologies on increasing productivity and sustainability of the horticultural sector, an essential aspect for the future of this branch. The distinct contribution of the study lies in providing a detailed picture of the evolution of research in this field and identifying emerging technological directions that can shape the future of horticulture. Finally, through the analysis carried out, the study contributes to the foundation of future research, providing an integrated vision of collaboration networks and topics of major interest.

The study is structured as follows: Section 2 presents the materials and methods used to conduct the bibliometric analysis. Section 3 reports the results obtained from the analysis, including key observations derived from the thematic mapping. Section 4 offers a discussion on the evolution of research in this area and the influence of technological advances on the horticultural sector. Section 5 provides a review of the relevant literature, highlighting the main emerging trends in applied technologies in horticulture, such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and other innovative solutions. Finally, Section 6 summarizes the conclusions of the study, outlining the main findings and identifying future research pathways.

2. Materials and Methods

Bibliometric analysis was used to identify the main research directions and connections between relevant concepts in horticultural technology. This quantitative method allows us to assess the impact of scientific literature, highlighting the most influential papers, authors, and institutions, as well as the relationships between them [58,59].

Bibliographic data were collected exclusively from the Web of Science database due to the accuracy and high quality of its metadata and the rigorous criteria for the selection of publications. Web of Science is recognized for its extensive coverage of prestigious journals, eliminating the risk of including sources of questionable quality, which ensures the relevance and reliability of the results of the bibliometric analysis [60,61].

Using the specialized software VOSviewer (version 1.6.18), a bibliometric analysis will be performed. VOSviewer is a program designed to create, visualize, and explore maps based on network data. According to the VOSviewer manual, this software allows the construction of maps either directly from the adjacency matrix of a network or by using co-authorship, co-appearance, citation, bibliographic linkage, or co-citation networks. These maps can represent scientific publications, journals, researchers, organizations, countries, or keywords, with data extracted from sources such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, or RIS files [62].

This approach allows for the analysis of keywords, authors, institutions, and countries, facilitating the identification of the most used concepts, the most cited authors, and the main research centers. Furthermore, bibliometric analysis provides information about the popularity of a publication among researchers and assesses the reputation of its authors [63]. As emphasized by Zupic and Čater [64], this method supports the realization of systematic literature reviews, guiding researchers to influential studies and allowing an objective mapping of a research field.

For the bibliometric analysis, the data were selected from the Web of Science database due to its rigorous nature, selective indexing, and extensive coverage of high-quality scientific literature. Web of Science is internationally recognized for its high standards of publication selection, which ensures a high degree of relevance and scientific validity of the sources included in the analysis [65,66].

In the first step (Figure 1), a search of the Web of Science Core Collection was conducted using the keywords “technology in horticulture” within the “Topic” field, which yielded a total of 1269 documents relevant to the subject. However, no boolean operators (such as AND, OR, or NOT) or additional related terms were included to broaden or refine the query. An advantage of this approach is that it provides a focused dataset centered on the exact phrase entered, thereby minimizing the inclusion of irrelevant results.

To narrow the analysis to relevant scientific fields, a filter was applied based on the related Web of Science categories. The major fields included in the analysis were agricultural sciences (horticulture, agronomy, plant sciences, agricultural engineering), environmental sciences, biotechnology, agricultural economics, applied engineering, and other related fields. The most representative categories (Figure 2), according to the number of papers identified, are Horticulture (419), Agronomy (203), Plant Sciences (180), Multidisciplinary Agriculture (128), and Environmental Sciences (105). After applying this filter, the dataset was reduced to 949 papers, which were used for bibliometric analysis.

It is important to note that a temporal filter was not applied, meaning that the analysis includes all documents indexed in the Web of Science database from 1979 to the present. This decision was intentional, as the aim of the study is to observe the evolution and progression of technological advancements in the field of horticulture over time. By including the full temporal range, it is possible to capture both the early developments and the more recent innovations, thus offering a comprehensive overview of how technology has been integrated and adapted within the horticultural sector. Excluding older documents through a time restriction might have led to the omission of foundational studies or historical trends that provide essential context for understanding current research directions. At the same time, by examining the entire timeline, one can better identify emerging trends, detect shifts in research focus, and evaluate the long-term trajectory of technological applications in horticulture.

Subsequently, the documents were categorized (Figure 3) according to publication type, the majority being scientific articles (478), followed by conference proceedings (365) and literature reviews (109). Other document types identified include book chapters (27), editorial materials (9), early access articles (4), and abstracts of scientific meetings (4), as well as proofreads, data papers, and scientific letters, each with only one associated document.

This rigorous selection allowed a detailed bibliometric analysis of the existing literature on applied technologies in horticulture, facilitating the identification of the most relevant trends, authors and institutions in this field. The following bibliometric maps are produced: keyword map, author map, most cited authors map, institutional map and country map.

3. Results

To answer RQ1, the evolution of the number of scientific documents on technology in horticulture between 1979 and 2025 will be analyzed, identifying trends and publication patterns over this period. The evolution of research in applied horticultural technologies reflects a significant increase in scientific and technological interest over the last decades. Analyzing publication trends from 1990–2025, a gradual transformation of this field can be observed, with a marked acceleration of research activities in recent years (Figure 4).

In the period 1990–2000, the number of publications was limited, suggesting that the technologies applied in horticulture were still in the early stages of development and implementation. Interest in the field was relatively low, and research was mainly focused on fundamental and exploratory studies.

From 2000 to 2010, research activity started to gradually increase, with a moderate number of papers published. This period marked the beginning of the integration of emerging technologies in horticulture, in particular in automation and improved resource efficiency. However, research remained largely limited to traditional applications.

Between 2011 and 2020, there was a significant expansion in research with a steady increase in the number of publications. This coincides with a rapid transformation of the horticulture sector, as new technologies such as the use of big data, artificial intelligence, and precision solutions have started to play a key role in crop management. Increased interest in developing green and sustainable solutions has been another driver of this growth.

Between 2021 and 2025, the number of publications peaked, highlighting a significant acceleration of research in the field. The rapid increase in publications in 2023 and 2024 suggests a consolidation of investment in cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence applied to crop management and the use of advanced sensors for real-time monitoring of environmental factors. This trend reflects the deepening integration of digital technologies in agricultural processes, in line with the need for a more efficient and sustainable horticulture sector.

Thus, analysis of the evolution of research on horticultural technologies shows accelerated growth and significant diversification over the last two decades. These dynamics underline the importance of technological innovation in the development of a sustainable and high-performing horticulture sector, able to respond to the challenges of climate change and efficient management of natural resources.

An examination of the ten most highly cited publications in the field of technological applications in horticulture reveals foundational and trend-setting contributions that have helped shape current research directions (

Table 2. List of most cited papers.

No	Authors Names	Title of the Paper	Year of Publication	Number of Citations	Journal Name	JIF Quartile
1	Pretty, J., Toulmin, C., and Williams, S. [67]	Sustainable intensification in African agriculture	2011	674	International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability	Q1
2	L.P. Canellas, D.J. Dantas, N.O. Aguiar, L.E.P. Peres, A. Zsögön, F.L. Olivares, L.B. Dobbss, A.R. Façanha, A. Nebbioso, A. Piccolo [68]	Probing the hormonal activity of fractionated molecular humic components in tomato auxin mutants	2011	597	Annals of Applied Biology	Q2
3	Massa, G. D., Kim, H., Wheeler, R. M., and Mitchell, C. A. [69]	Plant Productivity in Response to LED Lighting	2008	583	HortScience	Q2
4	Bantis, F.; Smirnakou, S.; Ouzounis, T.; Koukounaras, A.; Ntagkas, N.; Radoglou, K. [70]	Current Status and Recent Achievements in the Field of Horticulture with the Use of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)	2018	265	Scientia Horticulturae	Q1
5	Ouzounis T, Fretté X, Ottosen CO, Rosenqvist E. [71]	Spectral effects of LEDs on chlorophyll fluorescence and pigmentation in Phalaenopsis ‘Vivien’ and ‘Purple Star’	2015	261	Physiologia Plantarum	Q1
6	Eigenbrod, C., Gruda, N. [72]	Urban vegetable for food security in cities	2015	247	Agronomy for Sustainable Development	Q1
7	Benyoussef Bisbis, M.; Gruda, N.; Blanke, M. [73]	Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Vegetable Production and Product Quality—A Review	2018	241	Journal of Cleaner Production	Q1
8	Neven, D.; Odera, M.M.; Reardon, T.; Wang, H. Kenyan [74]	Supermarkets, Emerging Middle-Class Horticultural Farmers, and Employment Impacts on the Rural Poor	2009	160	World Development	Q1
9	Ramachandra, T.V.; Bachamanda, S. [75]	Environmental Audit of Municipal Solid Waste Management	2007	153	International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management	Q4
10	Page, G.; Ridoutt, B.; Bellotti, B. [76]	Carbon and water footprint tradeoffs in fresh tomato production	2012	152	Journal of Cleaner Production	Q1

Source: own processing, data processed in the VOSviewer program.

). The top-cited study by Pretty et al. [67] discusses sustainable intensification in African agriculture, reflecting early concern for combining productivity with environmental care. Similarly, the work by Canellas et al. [68] focuses on the biochemical mechanisms in tomato plants, offering molecular-level insights into horticultural innovation.

A significant portion of the most cited papers explores the impact of LED lighting on plant physiology and productivity [69,70,71], underlining the relevance of energy-efficient technologies in controlled environment agriculture. These studies emphasize the role of light spectrum manipulation in optimizing photosynthesis, pigment accumulation, and overall crop quality.

Urban horticulture and food security are also prominent themes, as shown in the work of Eigenbrod and Gruda [72], while the impacts of climate change on vegetable production and quality are rigorously reviewed by Bisbis et al. [73]. Neven et al. [74] bring a socioeconomic perspective, analyzing the role of emerging horticultural markets and their implications for rural development.

Environmental concerns are also addressed in the studies by Ramachandra and Bachamanda [75], who conducted an environmental audit on waste management, and by Page [76], who investigated carbon and water trade-offs in tomato production systems.

Most of these studies were published in high-impact journals (Q1), demonstrating the scientific community’s recognition of the importance of integrating technological, environmental, and socio-economic dimensions in horticulture.

3.1. Co-Compete Network Analysis of Keywords

To answer RQ2, a keyword map analysis will be conducted to identify the main concepts and research themes in technology horticulture, providing a clear overview of the current research directions. The keyword co-occurrence map analysis highlights the main thematic areas and research groups in the horticultural technology literature. This analysis reveals five distinct clusters, each focusing on specific aspects of technological innovation and applicability in horticulture.

First, the orange cluster focuses on technology adoption in agriculture, including terms such as “horticulture”, “technology adoption”, “agricultural technologies”, “sub-Saharan Africa”, “conservation”, and “landscape”. This group reflects the growing interest in the impact of technologies on agricultural sustainability and efficiency, especially in vulnerable regions, where new technologies can significantly contribute to improving agricultural production (Figure 5).

Second, the green cluster focuses on biotechnology and genetic diversity, with the key term’s “quality”, “gene expression”, “genetic diversity”, “micropropagation”, and “horticultural crops”. This field covers innovations related to plant growth and propagation, suggesting a strong direction towards the improvement of horticultural species and the development of more resistant and productive varieties.

Next, the blue cluster is oriented towards the optimization of production through innovative cultivation methods, including terms such as “soilless culture”, “closed greenhouse”, “photosynthesis”, “plant-growth led”, and “artificial light”. This research category emphasizes the integration of advanced technologies for energy efficiency and increased productivity, which demonstrates the importance of controlled growth systems in horticulture.

Likewise, the red cluster focuses on plant biology and metabolic processes, with terms such as “germination”, “gene”, “seed-germination”, “ethylene”, and “shelf-life”. This theme intersects with biotechnology and studies on the improvement of the quality of horticultural plants, emphasizing the importance of genetic and physiological mechanisms involved in their development and conservation.

Finally, the light green cluster reflects the importance of education and training in agricultural technologies, highlighting terms such as “distance education”, “technology-mediated instruction”, and “training”. This suggests a growing recognition of the need for specialized training for the adoption and implementation of new technologies in horticulture, thus facilitating an effective transition to sustainable and innovative practices.

3.2. Co-Citation Based Author Network Structure

To answer RQ3, the most published and cited authors in the field of technology horticulture will be examined, identifying their role in advancing research and their involvement in collaborative networks.

The analysis of the co-citation map of authors reveals the existence of several well-defined clusters, each reflecting distinct research directions in the field of mechanized horticulture. The red cluster, centered on Apolloni, Elisa, outlines an active network of researchers, indicating a high frequency of citations and collaborations. The yellow cluster, dominated by Singh, B., suggests a specialization in advanced technologies applied in horticulture. The blue cluster, represented by authors such as Elings, A. and De Gelder, A., highlights an orientation towards mechanization and automation. The green cluster, centered on Blok, C. and Beerling, E.A.M., indicates a focus on agricultural sustainability and eco-friendly technologies. In addition, the orange cluster, in which Escola, Alexandre occupies a prominent position, signals an intense activity in the field of digitalization of agriculture (Figure 6).

In terms of individual author impact, Singh, B., Apolloni, E., Mitchell, C.A., Blok, C., and Kanematsu, Y. stand out with high connectivity, suggesting significant influence within the network. These authors play a key role in disseminating knowledge and facilitating interdisciplinary collaborations. In addition to the thematic distribution, the analysis indicates an extensive international collaboration network, with researchers from Europe, Asia, and North America, reflecting a trend towards globalization of horticultural research.

The author network (

Table 3. Ranking of authors by number of documents.

No	Author	Documents	Citations	Area of the Publication
1	Singh, B.	7	1	Sustainable agriculture, soilless cultivation systems
2	Elings, A.	5	19	Horticulture, greenhouse systems, urban agriculture
3	Goswami, Aakansha	5	1	Agricultural economics, multi-criteria decision analysis
4	Gruda, Nazim	4	584	Horticulture, soilless farming, sustainable agriculture
5	Mitchell, Cary A.	4	724	Horticulture, controlled environment agriculture, hydroponics
6	Appolloni, Elisa	3	161	Organizational psychology, sustainability in business
7	Bergstrand, K. -J.	3	28	Horticulture, greenhouse lighting, photobiology
8	Blok, C.	3	9	Soilless cultivation technologies, plant nutrition
9	Diacono, Mariangela	3	31	Agroecology, organic farming systems
10	Dieleman, J. A.	3	34	Plant physiology, environmental control in greenhouses

Source: own processing in VOSviewer.

) analysis highlights the contributions of key researchers in the field of horticultural technology. “Singh, B.” leads in terms of the number of publications, with seven documents; however, the impact of these works is relatively low, with only one citation. In contrast, “Mitchell, Cary A.” and “Gruda, Nazim” stand out as the most influential authors, despite having fewer publications. “Mitchell, Cary A.” has four papers but an impressive 724 citations, while “Gruda, Nazim” has a comparable number of publications with 584 citations, indicating significant academic recognition and impact.

Furthermore, “Elings, A.” and “Appolloni, Elisa” also demonstrate considerable influence, with five and three publications, respectively, accumulating 19 and 161 citations. The disparity between the number of documents and citations suggests that while some researchers contribute frequently, their work may not always have a broad impact, whereas others, with fewer papers, significantly shape the field. Additionally, authors such as “Diacono, Mariangela” and “Dieleman, J. A.” present moderate contributions with three papers each and 31 and 34 citations, respectively.

Overall, this dataset illustrates a varied landscape of academic contributions, where a small number of highly cited researchers drive advancements in horticultural technology, while others contribute to the field with a focus on volume rather than impact. The presence of authors with high citation counts relative to their number of papers suggests the existence of groundbreaking studies that have strongly influenced subsequent research.

Analysis of the authors’ co-citation map reveals the presence of some central nodes in the network, indicating the significant influence of some researchers on the field of horticultural technologies. Among them, Apolloni, Elisa stands out as a frequently cited author, consolidating its position through numerous connections with other researchers. Also, Mitchell, Cary A., and Koukounaras, Athanasios show a high degree of connectivity, emphasizing their impact on recent research directions (Figure 7).

The authors’ co-citation network is structured into several thematic clusters. The red cluster, centered on Apolloni, Elisa and Koukounaras, Athanasios, indicates an active research area with multiple interdisciplinary connections. The green cluster, which includes Elings, A. and Quaini, Stefania, suggests a network centered on precision horticulture technologies. The blue cluster, with Palmintessa, Onofrio Davide in the center, seems oriented towards automation and digitized agriculture. The yellow cluster, centered around authors Currey, Christopher J. and Graves, William R., is associated with sustainable solutions applied to horticulture. In the purple cluster, Mitchell, Cary A. plays a key role, indicating a possible significant contribution in vertical farming and hydroponics.

The degree of connectivity of the authors varies, but there is a balanced distribution of collaborations, emphasizing the multidisciplinary nature of research in this area. Authors with an extensive network of citations are those who have a greater impact on the evolution of knowledge in technological horticulture.

3.3. Collaborative Institutional Analysis of Co-Authors

To answer RQ4, the distribution of research among major academic institutions will be analyzed, identifying the centers of excellence with the greatest impact on technological advancements in horticulture. The institutional collaboration network in the field of horticulture highlights several interconnected research centers and universities, forming distinct clusters of cooperation. Among these, “Wageningen University & Research” and the “Chinese Academy of Sciences” emerge as the most influential institutions, displaying the highest number of connections with other academic entities.

The analysis reveals multiple collaboration clusters. The yellow cluster is dominated by “Wageningen University & Research”, which maintains strong links with universities from Europe and North America, such as the “University of Queensland”, “Texas A&M University”, and the “University of Bologna”. This suggests a highly active research network spanning multiple continents. Meanwhile, the blue cluster is centered around the “Chinese Academy of Sciences” and the “Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences”, indicating a research ecosystem primarily concentrated in China but also extending to international partners such as the “University of Melbourne” and the “University of Adelaide” (Figure 8).

Furthermore, the red cluster encompasses prominent institutions from the United States, including “Texas A&M University”, the “University of Tennessee”, and the “University of Georgia”. This structure reflects an active research network dedicated to horticultural advancements in North America. Lastly, the green cluster connects European universities such as the “University of Bologna”, “Cornell University”, and “CIRAD”, forming a collaborative axis focused on agricultural technologies and sustainable horticultural practices.

Overall, the institutional collaboration landscape in horticulture demonstrates a well-structured network, where key research centers engage in extensive partnerships to advance innovation and sustainability in the field.

The institutional ranking (

Table 4. Top 10 universities by number of affiliated publications published in Web of Science database.

Ranking	Organization	Documents	Citations	Total Link Strength
1	Wageningen Univ & Res	15	112	8
2	Wageningen ur Greenhouse Hort	11	120	3
3	Chinese Acad Agr Sci	10	131	3
4	Chinese Acad Sci	10	211	7
5	Purdue Univ	10	853	1
6	Univ Bologna	10	127	3
7	Wageningen Univ	10	509	3
8	Texas A&M Univ	9	47	3
9	Univ Florida	9	42	5
10	Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr	9	171	2

Source: own processing, data processed in the VOSviewer program.

) in horticultural research highlights the leading organizations contributing to the field based on the number of published documents and received citations. “Wageningen University & Research” holds the top position with 15 publications and 112 citations, reinforcing its pivotal role in horticultural studies. Furthermore, its specialized division, “Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture”, ranks second, demonstrating a strong institutional focus on controlled-environment agriculture.

The “Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences” and the “Chinese Academy of Sciences” both have 10 publications, with the latter standing out with 211 citations, indicating a higher impact in the field. Similarly, “Purdue University”, despite having the same number of publications, surpasses other institutions in terms of influence, accumulating an impressive 853 citations, suggesting its research contributions are widely recognized and frequently referenced.

Other notable contributors include the “University of Bologna”, which has 10 publications and 127 citations, reflecting a balanced presence in terms of both output and impact. “Wageningen University” appears separately in the ranking with 10 publications and 509 citations, further emphasizing the institution’s overall dominance in horticultural research. Meanwhile, “Texas A&M University” and the “University of Florida” contribute with nine publications each, although their citation counts (47 and 42, respectively) indicate a relatively lower impact compared to other top-ranking institutions. Additionally, the “University of Wageningen & Research Center” has nine publications but stands out with 171 citations, highlighting its research significance.

3.4. Country-Level Research Analysis and Collaboration

To answer RQ5, the countries contributing the most to research in digitized and sustainable horticulture will be analyzed, exploring the structure of international collaborations in this field. The analysis of the co-authorship network at the country level in the field of horticulture highlights a core group of nations with a high degree of scientific collaboration. The most influential countries within the network are the United States (USA), Germany, the Netherlands, and China, forming the primary hubs of international cooperation. These countries exhibit extensive research linkages, shaping the global landscape of horticultural studies.

Several distinct collaboration clusters can be identified. The yellow cluster, dominated by Germany, includes Austria, Croatia, and Belgium, indicating a strong European research axis actively engaged in horticultural advancements. The blue cluster, encompassing the USA, England, and Nigeria, reflects a broad research network spanning North America and Africa, emphasizing sustainable agricultural development in tropical regions. Similarly, the red cluster, centered on the Netherlands, Brazil, and Turkey, suggests a close collaboration in horticultural technologies and precision agriculture, highlighting shared interests in innovation and agricultural efficiency.

The brown cluster, led by China, connects with Ghana, Thailand, and Ethiopia, demonstrating a research network focused on improving agricultural practices across diverse climatic regions. Additionally, the pink cluster, which represents collaborations between Kenya and Wales, indicates an emerging regional partnership. Furthermore, countries such as Lithuania and Kenya are present within the network, albeit with fewer linkages, suggesting a selective involvement in international research initiatives (Figure 9).

Overall, the co-authorship network in horticulture reveals a well-structured global collaboration landscape, where key countries drive innovation and knowledge dissemination. The diversity of clusters underscores the interconnectedness of horticultural research, with distinct geographical focal points addressing specific challenges and advancements in the field.

4. Discussions

4.1. Network Analysis of Keywords

In terms of keyword analysis, horticulture is the central term with the most connections, indicating that technology studies are closely integrated in this field. Sustainability, technology, and growth are also key concepts, suggesting a growing interest in sustainable technological solutions in horticulture. Terms such as greenhouse and irrigation underline the importance of controlled-environment technologies for optimizing productivity.

Bibliometric analysis of horticultural keywords, with a focus on technology and innovation, reveals a number of significant research trends and directions. The concept of technology appears as a central pillar, being associated with various applications such as postharvest technology, technology adoption, and agricultural technologies irrigation. These reflect the efforts of researchers to integrate advanced technological solutions into horticultural practices, both in the production and post-harvest phases.

Another major area of interest is sustainability, with keywords such as sustainability, energy savings, and closed greenhouse. These indicate a growing concern for growing methods that minimize environmental impact and optimize resource consumption, especially energy. The concept of quality is also closely linked to conservation and post-harvest processing (storage, shelf life), emphasizing the importance of maintaining high standards of horticultural products from field to consumer.

In the field of biotechnology, keywords such as genes, gene expression, genetic diversity, and micropropagation emphasize a strong orientation towards genetic research and in vitro propagation methods. These are essential for improving horticultural crops, both in terms of disease resistance and adaptation to variable climatic conditions. Also, environmental control (protected cultivation, microclimate light) and soilless culture reflect a trend towards optimized growing conditions for plants, especially in controlled environments such as greenhouses.

Energy efficiency is another key topic, with terms such as energy savings, energy use, and efficient greenhouse. These suggest that research is focusing on reducing energy use in horticultural practices, particularly in protected growing systems. Also, the concept of a closed greenhouse and co-generation indicates an innovative approach to integrating renewable energy sources in horticulture.

On the educational front, terms such as distance education, training, and education show that there is growing interest in improving the training of horticultural professionals, including through distance learning methods. This is essential for spreading knowledge about modern technologies and sustainable practices.

Geographically, keywords such as India and sub-Saharan Africa indicate a focus on regions with specific challenges, such as poverty and climate change adaptation. These regions benefit from applied research, with case studies offering practical solutions to improve horticultural production and the living conditions of local communities.

4.2. Institutional Affiliation Analysis of Research Collaborations

The structure of the clusters highlighted in the co-citation map analysis underlines the distinct specialization of the different groups of researchers according to the topics addressed. The presence of a large number of citations for Apolloni, Elisa, and Singh, B. denotes a considerable interest in the fields in which they are active, demonstrating the relevance of their contributions to the development of horticultural technologies. The strong correlation between authors and the distribution of clusters suggests that precision horticulture, automation, sustainability, and digitization are emerging themes with a major impact in the literature.

Core authors not only facilitate the development of knowledge in the field but also catalyze interdisciplinary exchanges, connecting various sub-disciplines. This is essential for the advancement of research, given the complexity of current challenges in horticulture, including the need for sustainable and energy-efficient solutions. In addition, the diverse geographical distribution of the network of researchers indicates that technologized horticulture benefits from a global collaborative approach, which can accelerate innovation and deployment of new technologies on a large scale. In conclusion, the structure and dynamics of the co-citation map confirm the multidisciplinary and interconnected nature of horticulture research while highlighting the strategic directions of development of the field.

In the perspective of future research, the analysis of the authors’ co-citation map suggests several directions of exploration, given the complex structure of the academic network and the emerging themes identified. First, deepening the interactions between the identified clusters could provide a better understanding of how different areas of technological horticulture converge towards integrated solutions. For example, the connections between the red cluster, focused on horticultural innovations, and the blue cluster, oriented towards automation and digitization, could highlight synergies essential for the development of advanced technologies applied in agricultural production. Second, given the significant influence of authors such as Apolloni, Elisa, or Mitchell, Cary A., a more detailed investigation of their contributions and how they can be extrapolated to guide future research directions is needed. At the same time, strengthening international collaborations and expanding comparative studies between regions with different horticultural practices could help to better adapt technological innovations to different climatic and economic conditions. In addition, the integration of artificial intelligence and mechatronic systems in horticulture is another promising direction with the potential to improve the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural processes. Therefore, future studies should aim both at extending research networks and deepening emerging areas in order to create an innovative framework to respond to current challenges in the horticultural sector.

4.3. Exploring Institutional Connections in Co-Authorship

Map analysis suggests that the global horticultural research network is concentrated around key institutions that act as central nodes in international collaborations. Wageningen University & Research has a dominant position, reflecting its major influence in agricultural and horticultural research. It serves as a bridge between multiple European and American universities, reinforcing its role as a global leader.

The Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences form a well-defined cluster, suggesting strong regional collaboration in China, with strategic international connections to Australian institutions. This indicates China’s interest in developing horticultural technologies and sustainable agriculture.

The cluster of American universities shows strong collaboration between research centers specializing in agriculture and biotechnology, which underlines the role of the United States in innovations in this field. The close connections between European and North American universities also reflect a clear direction towards transatlantic partnerships in horticultural research.

Thus, the dynamics of horticultural collaborations are marked by a balance between research centers in Europe, North America, and Asia, each contributing to the technological advancement and sustainability of agriculture through its specific expertise.

To shape future research directions in analyzing institutional collaborations in horticulture, it is essential to examine several key issues. First, expanding collaborations across regions is becoming a necessity, as institutions in Africa and Latin America are insufficiently integrated into the global research network. Reducing these regional disparities could therefore contribute to a more balanced distribution of knowledge. Second, the impact of collaborations on innovation needs to be analyzed in terms of the influence of these institutional networks on technological progress in the uptake of digital technologies, biotechnologies, and sustainable agriculture methods.

Further, the evolution of international partnerships requires particular attention, as economic, geopolitical, and technological changes can influence both the formation of new clusters and the weakening of existing links. Moreover, the role of funding and public policy needs to be investigated to understand the extent to which R&D programs support innovation in horticulture. In this context, the integration of artificial intelligence and big data analytics is a promising direction, as these technologies can optimize institutional collaborations, facilitate the identification of new trends, and improve research efficiency.

On the other hand, sustainability and adaptation to climate change are becoming priority issues, as institutional collaborations can accelerate the development of green solutions, including techniques for carbon footprint reduction, efficient resource management, and adaptation to extreme climate conditions. In addition, interdisciplinarity in research networks deserves increased attention, as the connections between horticulture and fields such as agricultural engineering, agricultural economics, environmental sciences, and food technology can generate significant benefits. Thus, exploring these future directions can help to develop a clearer perspective on the dynamics of international horticultural research while supporting strategic decisions to improve academic collaborations and innovative application of results.

4.4. Country Based Collaboration Analysis

The global horticultural co-authorship network reflects collaborative structures that vary according to regional expertise and research interests. The United States and the Netherlands occupy central positions in the network, confirming their influence in horticultural innovation. These two countries not only facilitate international partnerships but also act as strategic hubs connecting different regions of the world in applied research.

In Europe, Germany stands out through a strong network with its neighboring countries, suggesting a well-established research ecosystem supported by joint initiatives and projects at the EU level. Collaborations between Germany, Austria, Croatia, and Belgium reflect research dynamics oriented towards sustainability and agricultural efficiency.

On the other hand, China forms a distinct cluster with important connections to Asian and African countries. This network indicates a growing Chinese interest in international partnerships in agriculture, most likely motivated by the need to develop innovative solutions for optimizing agricultural production and adapting to climate change.

In Latin America, Brazil emerges as an active player in the network, collaborating closely with the Netherlands and Turkey, suggesting a research focus on precision agriculture and crop yield improvement. The connectivity between the USA, England, and Nigeria also highlights efforts to integrate modern horticultural solutions in tropical and subtropical regions.

To strengthen network analysis of co-authorship in horticulture, it is essential to explore several future research directions. First, delving deeper into the mechanisms driving the formation of international collaborative clusters may provide a clearer understanding of the factors influencing global scientific integration. Investigating project funding, national research policies, and institutional strategies could therefore shed light on how particular countries become central nodes in the network.

Second, the impact of collaborations on scientific performance and the applicability of results requires further attention. Assessing academic productivity in terms of the intensity of international collaborations could highlight the benefits of an extended network and allow the identification of the most effective partnership models. In this context, a detailed bibliometric analysis of the publications generated by each cluster could contribute to a better understanding of the dominant research areas.

Moreover, extending the analysis to the dynamics of collaborations over time could reveal emerging trends in the global horticultural research network. Benchmarking the evolution of partnerships over the past decades would allow the identification of up-and-coming regions and could help to formulate integration strategies for countries with a weaker presence in the network.

5. Future Research Pathways Based on Literature Analysis

This section reviews the existing literature on emerging technologies in the horticulture sector, highlighting how these innovations drive digital transformation and support agricultural sustainability in the face of climate change. The analysis is structured around several key thematic areas, including the use of IoT and sensor networks in horticulture, the application of data analytics and artificial intelligence for decision support, the integration of robotics and automation into horticultural processes, the use of drones and aerial imaging for monitoring, and the role of blockchain in enhancing supply chain traceability. The section concludes with an exploration of the main challenges and future directions, offering a comprehensive perspective on the impact of technological innovation in modern horticulture.

5.1. IoT and Sensor Networks in Horticulture

Horticulture has widely adopted the Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time monitoring of crops and the growing environment [77]. Networks of sensors collect data on soil moisture, temperature, air humidity, light, and nutrients, which are transmitted via wireless networks to cloud platforms or local computers for analysis [78]. The system developed by Postolache et al. [79] is an example, utilizing sensors and mobile apps for soil management on vegetable farms. These solutions enable precision irrigation and fertilization, reducing resource consumption and maintaining yields. In Michigan, an IoT system for precision irrigation reduced water consumption by up to 30% [80]. Geng et al. [81] found that the intensive use of digital technologies increased economic benefits by 30.4% through increased efficiency and reduced costs.

IoT-connected moisture sensors enable automatic irrigation only when needed [82]. Dong et al. [80] implemented a sensor network for automatic irrigation that significantly reduced water consumption in blueberry and tomato fields without affecting yield. Integrating weather forecasts and evapotranspiration models enables fine-tuning of irrigation, saving 50–60% water [80,83]. Nutrient management is also optimized. IoT sensors that measure nitrates and potassium allow fertilizers to be applied only where needed [84]. The system created by Postolache et al. [79] generates real-time maps of soil fertility, reducing the risk of pollution and improving crop quality [85,86].

In modern greenhouses, IoT networks monitor the microclimate through temperature, humidity, CO₂, and light sensors [87]. The data feed automated climate control systems. The smart system proposed by Kim and Son [88] regulates the conditions for each area of the greenhouse, which is difficult to do manually. IoT climate control, combined with smart algorithms, increases yield and energy efficiency. Access to data via smartphone or online dashboards enables rapid interventions [89,90]. However, costs and complexity remain barriers for smallholder farmers [80,83] and current research addresses these challenges through simpler interfaces, accessible sensors, and more reliable connectivity [83]. Thus, IoT networks are becoming the backbone of digital horticulture, supporting analytics and automation [91].

5.2. Data Analytics and AI for Decision Support

The growing volume of data from IoT sensors, drones, and other sources has enabled the use of advanced analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) to support decisions in horticulture. Cloud-based systems analyze sensor data and weather forecasts to optimize irrigation and fertilization [92]. Algorithms identify patterns, such as declining soil moisture, to automate actions, although data heterogeneity remains a challenge [93,94]. IoT-AI integration facilitates what Wolfert et al. [95] call “smart agriculture”.

AI has remarkable performance in detecting diseases and pests through image analysis and deep learning. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) identify plant problems with over 95% accuracy, often outperforming human experts [96]. These models, integrated into smartphones or IoT cameras, enable early interventions [97]. Some commercial systems use hyperspectral imaging and machine learning (ML) for precise pesticide application [98], reducing chemical use [89].

AI is also used for crop forecasting and crop monitoring. ML models analyze time series (temperature, light, irrigation) to predict yields and harvest timing [92,99]. Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms optimize greenhouse climate, increasing energy efficiency [100]. In vertical farming, sensors and AI regulate light, nutrients, and growth cycles for higher productivity [99].

Despite the benefits, challenges persist. Many farmers are unfamiliar with complex analytical tools, which is why technology providers are developing user-friendly interfaces [101]. Data interoperability and information security are other obstacles, addressed by Agriculture 4.0 initiatives and cybersecurity solutions [102,103]. However, successful case studies—such as multi-robot systems used in citrus orchards—have demonstrated increased efficiency in crop monitoring and prediction [104]. With technological advancement, AI could in the future support prediction of taste, nutritional value, or assisted selection of horticultural varieties [105,106].

5.3. Robotics and Automation in Horticulture

Perhaps the most visible technological trend in horticulture is the emergence of robotics and automation for labor-intensive tasks [107]. Horticultural operations like planting, pruning, weeding, and harvesting have traditionally relied on manual labor—often seasonal and skilled [108]. Advances in robotics, however, are enabling the development of machines that can partially or fully automate these tasks. Field robots and autonomous vehicles equipped with sensors and manipulators are now being tested or deployed in orchards, greenhouses, and fields [109]. For example, robotic harvesters for high-value fruits (e.g., apples, strawberries, tomatoes) use machine vision to detect ripe fruit and robotic arms or end-effectors to gently pick them. Birrell et al. [110] developed a field-tested robotic system for iceberg lettuce harvesting that could cut and collect lettuce heads at a rate of about 1 head every 5–6 s, with an accuracy comparable to human pickers. Such successes illustrate the rapid improvements in robotic capabilities in the past few years. A review by Botta et al. [111] shows that modern agricultural robots are integrating advanced perception (cameras, LiDAR) and manipulation technologies, enabling tasks like selective harvesting, crop scouting, and precision spraying. For instance, a smart sprayer robot can navigate through orchard rows and selectively spray pesticide only on infected sections of trees, guided by computer vision-based disease recognition [112]. This targeted approach reduces chemical use and worker exposure while ensuring effective pest control [113].

Despite these advances, the adoption of robotics in horticulture has been slower than in other sectors, due in part to the complexity of agricultural environments [114]. Hutsol et al. [115] noted a lag in agricultural robot deployment compared to manufacturing or logistics, with especially large gaps in adoption between different regions (e.g., Asia leading, others lagging). Horticultural tasks often involve variable, unstructured environments (outdoors, varying plant shapes and positions) that are challenging for robots to handle reliably [116]. However, recent innovations are closing the gap. Improvements in machine vision and AI help robots better locate and identify targets like fruits or weeds in variable lighting and foliage conditions [117]. For example, deep learning vision algorithms now enable robots to recognize ripe strawberries even under complex foliage and lighting changes, significantly boosting picking success [118,119]. Additionally, new sensing modalities such as hyperspectral imaging and soft grippers are being integrated to reduce crop damage and improve detection accuracy [120].

Another critical factor is navigation and autonomy. Horticulture robots must safely navigate between plants or along rows without harming crops or themselves. Techniques like GPS navigation (in open fields) and LiDAR or camera-based row guidance (in orchards/greenhouses) are commonly used. Kutyrev et al. [107] developed an autonomous robotic platform for apple orchards that uses inertial and satellite navigation combined with LiDAR-based obstacle avoidance to travel along orchard rows and perform tasks like spraying and mowing. Key performance factors identified for such robots include high positioning accuracy, recognition capability, and autonomy of operation [121,122]. In an expert survey, Kutyrev et al. [107] found that the degree of autonomy, positioning precision, and crop/obstacle recognition accuracy were the top three factors determining the effectiveness of horticultural robots. This highlights that simply having a robot is not enough—it must be intelligent and autonomous enough to handle tasks with minimal human intervention to truly add value [123].

Current automated systems range from semi-autonomous machines (which assist human workers) to fully autonomous robots. Co-robotics, or human–robot collaboration, is one approach being trialed—for example, a human picker might work alongside a vision-guided harvesting robot that positions fruit for easier picking or carries heavy loads [101]. Autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs) are already common in large greenhouses for transporting trays of plants or produce without human drivers [124]. Robotic arms in packing houses can grade and pack fruits, aided by computer vision for quality sorting [97]. In nurseries, potting robots and transplanting machines automate what were once highly laborious manual tasks [117].

Notably, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) and drones (UAVs) are often used together for horticultural automation—UAVs can provide aerial scouting and mapping, while UGVs perform on-the-ground actions [125]. A study by Liu et al. [126] presented a multi-UGV routing algorithm to optimize path planning for multiple farm robots working collaboratively, showing improved coverage and efficiency in tasks like weeding or monitoring. Meanwhile, research on coordinating aerial and ground robots in orchards [127] is enabling more holistic automation: drones identify issues from above and dispatch UGVs to address them. For example, a drone might detect water stress in a section of an orchard, then send an autonomous rover to that location to irrigate. This type of heterogeneous robotic teamwork is an active area of development [128,129].

Labor shortages in horticulture (exacerbated by restrictions on migrant labor and pandemics) are a major driver for robotics. The UK’s recent Automation in Horticulture Review found growers “actively seeking to adopt technologies when proven” to alleviate labor dependency and increase productivity [130]. Early commercial successes like robotic lettuce harvesters [131] and strawberry pickers are encouraging investment and research. Still, robotics is not a panacea—many delicate tasks in horticulture (such as selective hand pruning or blossom thinning in fruit trees) are too complex for robots to replicate fully [132]. The diversity of crops and tasks in horticulture means a one-size-fits-all robot is unlikely; instead, a variety of specialized robots are being developed for specific crop types and operations [133]. This diversity also means some lower-value or highly complex tasks may remain impractical to automate economically in the near term [130].

Despite these challenges, the trend is clearly toward greater mechanization. A survey by the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) reported rapid growth in the sale of agricultural robots worldwide [124]. Many horticultural firms are now experimenting with robotic solutions, and public–private partnerships are funding trials [134]. As costs come down and technology matures, experts anticipate robotics will transform horticulture’s labor profile over the next decade [89,116]. Importantly, recent studies emphasize responsible development of agri-robotics—involving end-users in design, considering socio-economic impacts, and ensuring safety [101]. With careful implementation, robotics can significantly boost productivity and offset labor shortfalls in horticulture while also taking over dangerous or repetitive tasks to improve worker welfare.

5.4. Drones and Aerial Imaging

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, have become essential tools in precision horticulture, offering detailed spatial insights into crop health, growth, and stress that are difficult to observe from ground level [135,136]. Equipped with high-resolution or multispectral sensors, drones can detect early signs of pests, nutrient deficiencies, or water stress [137]. For example, multispectral imagery allows identification of low-vigor zones via NDVI indices, while thermal cameras reveal water-stressed vines in vineyards [138,139]. UAVs provide on-demand, high-resolution monitoring, with better flexibility than satellites [137].

Abbas et al. [137] highlight how drones, integrated with AI, detect diseases like citrus greening or tomato blight early, enabling targeted interventions that reduce chemical use. Drone imagery can identify infected trees, allowing precise treatment rather than whole-orchard spraying [140]. Beyond monitoring, drones are now used in spraying, pollination, planting, or even mechanical thinning, particularly in hard-to-access terrains. Experimental systems include drones that identify diseased plants and spray them directly or shake trees for harvest [112].

Combining UAV data with ground sensors enhances decision making. For instance, drone imagery can be overlaid with IoT-based soil moisture data for comprehensive analysis [141], while integrating drone and GNSS data improves navigation for orchard robots [142]. In precision viticulture, UAVs help map grape variability to optimize selective harvesting [136,143].

Ease of use has improved, with accessible drone platforms and user-friendly processing software. Regulations have evolved, enabling broader deployment, though limitations such as weather constraints and data processing remain. Despite challenges, UAV adoption is rising. Del Cerro et al. [138] report exponential growth in drone use in agriculture, while Bacco et al. [144] and Abbas et al. [137] emphasize their potential in enhancing precision horticulture through detailed, scalable monitoring.

5.5. Blockchain and Supply Chain Traceability

While on-farm applied technologies attract much attention, innovations in the post-harvest supply chain are significantly influencing horticulture. One notable technology is blockchain, used to improve transparency and traceability from farm to consumer [145]. Blockchain is a distributed digital ledger that securely and immutably records data. In horticultural chains, it is used to track produce at stages such as harvesting, packing, transportation, and retail, with each step recorded and accessible by scanning a code [146]. This enhances traceability and food safety [147]. In cases of contamination, such as a spinach-related disease outbreak, blockchain allows for quick identification of the farm and lot involved, which reduces response time compared to traditional paper-based systems [147,148].

In addition to security, blockchain adds value by guaranteeing authenticity and origin—for example, a premium brand can certify that fruit comes from a specific region and complies with organic or fair-trade standards, thus preventing fraud [149]. According to a systematic review by Ellahi et al. [147], the main drivers for blockchain adoption in agri-food supply chains are transparency, traceability, and trust among stakeholders. Thus, blockchain can encourage collaboration between farmers, distributors, and retailers—for example, a retailer can more easily collaborate with small producers if the system provides quality guarantees [150].

In horticulture, blockchain is often integrated with IoT sensors and QR codes to automate data collection. For example, temperature and humidity sensors can record conditions in the cold chain and write the data directly to the blockchain [151]. Similarly, CO₂ sensors in warehouses can provide useful information [149]. Some pilots are also using smart contracts—codes that run automatically when pre-set conditions are met. Thus, payment to the farmer can be triggered automatically when the produce reaches its optimal condition, confirmed by sensor data [146,152].

The adoption of blockchain in horticulture is still in its infancy, being present mostly in developed markets and for high-value or export products. Challenges include high costs, the need for digital infrastructure and stakeholder training, and the issue of data quality—blockchain cannot correct wrong data input [153]. Also, scalability and speed of blockchain networks remain obstacles, but new solutions such as permissioned ledgers address these issues. Still, interest is growing—large retailers such as Walmart are testing blockchain for traceability of fresh vegetables, and some governments are supporting the technology for phytosanitary certifications and export documentation [154].

So blockchain complements digital on-farm technologies by extending transparency and trust throughout the supply chain. It ensures that quality products are tracked and verified all the way to the consumer, rewarding responsible producers and enabling rapid responses to problems [155]. In a context where consumers increasingly want to know where their food comes from, blockchain is becoming a valuable tool in horticulture [156], part of a broader digital transformation in agriculture.

5.6. Challenges and Future Directions

While digital technologies bring significant benefits to horticulture—from resource savings and increased yields to traceability in the supply chain—several challenges remain that limit widespread adoption. One of the biggest is technology adoption and farmer training. High costs and lack of technical expertise particularly affect smallholder producers [49,89]. Farmers want reliable solutions with a clear ROI; if the technology is complex or the benefits are not obvious, adoption stalls [101,134]. Proposed solutions include simple mobile apps, plug-and-play sensors, and shared services such as drone-as-a-service [157].

Another challenge is the interoperability of systems. Without integration of sensors, software, and equipment, data silos emerge that limit the efficiency of digitization. Integrated Farm Management Integrated Systems (FMIS) and open data standards are being developed to connect IoT, AI, and blockchain [156,158]. High-speed internet access in rural areas is essential for these solutions.

The human factor is important; modern technologies require new skills, and reluctance to change can be high. Training programs and involving farmers in co-creating technology are keys to success [49,90,101]. Data privacy raises ownership and security concerns. Farmers need to be confident that their data is protected and used correctly, while digital solutions need to be equipped with safety protocols and redundancy [95,103,159].

In the future, AI and robotics will become more accessible and versatile, able to manipulate fragile fruits thanks to 3D vision and soft grippers [115,116]. Swarm robotics and predictive models for disease and weather will enable more proactive management. The convergence of blockchain, IoT, and AI will provide full transparency—from a product’s origin to its water or carbon footprint—increasing demand for sustainable products [147]. Digitization will support farmers in achieving organic standards and certifications [97,159].

In conclusion, horticulture is undergoing a profound digital transformation. Connected technologies—IoT, AI, robotics, and blockchain—form a digital ecosystem that can increase productivity and sustainability. For success, it is necessary to support adoption, train human resources, and adapt technologies to farmers’ real needs. While on-farm applied technologies attract much attention, innovations in the post-harvest supply chain are significantly influencing horticulture. One notable technology is blockchain, used to improve transparency and traceability from farm to consumer. Blockchain is a distributed digital ledger that securely and immutably records data. In horticultural chains, it is used to track produce at stages such as harvesting, packing, transportation, and retail, with each step recorded and accessible by scanning a code [152]. This enhances traceability and food safety [146]. In cases of contamination, such as a spinach-related disease outbreak, blockchain allows for quick identification of the farm and lot involved, which reduces response time compared to traditional paper-based systems [153,156].

In addition to security, blockchain adds value by guaranteeing authenticity and origin—for example, a premium brand can certify that fruit comes from a specific region and complies with organic or fair-trade standards, thus preventing fraud [146]. According to a systematic review by Ellahi et al. [147], the main drivers for blockchain adoption in agri-food supply chains are transparency, traceability, and trust among stakeholders. Thus, blockchain can encourage collaboration between farmers, distributors, and retailers—for example, a retailer can more easily collaborate with small producers if the system provides quality guarantees [156].

In horticulture, blockchain is often integrated with IoT sensors and QR codes to automate data collection. For example, temperature and humidity sensors can record conditions in the cold chain and write the data directly to the blockchain. Similarly, CO₂ sensors in warehouses can provide information.

6. Conclusions

The present study highlights the profound transformation of modern horticulture, which is in a continuous process of adaptation and innovation, driven by the integration of new technologies, the principles of sustainability, and the development of interdisciplinary research. The bibliometric analysis carried out identified the most relevant research trends, the most influential authors and institutions, as well as international collaboration networks, highlighting that emerging technologies—such as artificial intelligence, automation systems, advanced biotechnologies, and big data analytics—are at the heart of the current horticultural research agenda. Thus, a new paradigm of horticultural production is emerging, one that is smart, energy efficient, and oriented towards reducing environmental impact.

A strength of this article is the systematic approach to the data using bibliometric methods, which provided a broad and well-structured perspective on the scientific dynamics in the field. The study contributes to an accurate mapping of the global academic space while providing a solid basis for guiding future research initiatives, international partnerships, and innovative agricultural policies. However, a key limitation of this research is the exclusive use of the Web of Science database. This choice may restrict the visibility of some important papers in complementary databases such as Scopus or national databases, which may influence the geographical, thematic, and institutional representativeness of the results.

Future research directions should focus on broadening the applicability of artificial intelligence in horticulture by developing predictive models capable of optimizing processes such as irrigation, fertilization, or disease management. There is also a need to advance research on the integration of autonomous and mechatronic systems, adaptable to different types of crops and climatic conditions, to reduce human intervention and increase operational efficiency. Although some autonomous and mechatronic technologies are already deployed in horticulture, such as harvesting robots, automated irrigation systems, or drones for crop monitoring, research in this area remains essential to refine and adapt them to a wider variety of conditions and crops. The need for these technologies stems from the growing challenges faced by the horticulture sector, including a shortage of skilled labor, climate change, pressure for resource efficiency, and increasing demand for agri-food products. In this context, autonomous systems help to reduce human intervention in repetitive and tedious processes, increasing operational efficiency and reducing long-term costs.

The integration of these technologies is not only about automation but also about moving towards smart agriculture, capable of making real-time decisions based on data collected from sensors, cameras, and other connected devices. In this way, mechatronic systems allow rapid adaptation to the specific conditions of each crop—from soil type and moisture levels to early detection of diseases or plant stress. It is important that these technologies are further developed towards increased adaptability so that they are effective in high-tech greenhouses as well as in traditional farming environments or resource-limited regions.

In addition, the extension of research on autonomous systems should also aim at integrating these technologies into a complete digital ecosystem, including data management platforms, machine learning algorithms, and automated decision-making systems. The aim is not just to replace manual labor but to optimize the entire production chain from planting to post-harvest, ensuring traceability and quality of horticultural products. It is also essential that these solutions are affordable and economically viable, especially for small producers and farms in vulnerable regions.

More research is also needed on the impact of climate change on horticultural genetic diversity and the use of gene-editing technologies to develop more resilient varieties. Finally, it is essential to strengthen the educational and social dimension of technological horticulture by creating digital training programs and interactive resources to support the adaptation of the workforce to new technological requirements.

In the context of sustainable horticulture, future research should also prioritize the development of low-energy consumption technologies and circular economy models that minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. Special attention should be given to sustainable water management systems, including rainwater harvesting and closed-loop irrigation, which are crucial in drought-prone or water-scarce regions. Furthermore, studies exploring the use of biodegradable materials and eco-friendly packaging in post-harvest processes could contribute significantly to reducing the environmental footprint of horticultural production. Lastly, integrating sustainability assessment frameworks into digital agricultural platforms could help farmers monitor and improve their environmental performance in real time, aligning productivity goals with ecological responsibility.

Policymakers have a key role to play in supporting the transition of horticulture towards a sustainable, digitized, and innovation-driven model. Through informed public policies, they can facilitate the funding of multidisciplinary projects that integrate emerging technologies and green practices. It is important to establish regional innovation centers to act as hubs for applied research and testing of technological solutions in horticulture. Public–private partnerships should also be encouraged to accelerate the transfer of technologies from research to practical implementation. Another key issue is to adapt education systems to include training in areas such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and precision agriculture. Investing in the digital skills of the horticultural workforce can help make the sector more efficient and competitive. Policymakers also need to promote international collaboration, especially with under-represented regions such as Africa and Latin America, to ensure an equitable distribution of knowledge. There is also a need to develop a clear legislative framework for the use of advanced technologies in agriculture that protects both the environment and food security. Public policies should stimulate inclusion and equal access to innovation, especially in vulnerable areas.

In conclusion, the horticulture of the future will be shaped by the interaction between science, technological innovation, and sustainability-oriented policies. The present study makes a valuable contribution to this by proposing a strategic research agenda that supports the transition towards a more efficient, resilient, and socio-economically and ecologically equitable global horticultural system.