Horticulturae

22 pages, 10302 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Compatibility of Distant Hybridization Between Rhododendron Subgenus Tsutsusi and R. moulmainense, a Fragrant Rhododendron from China

by Hongling Li, Jing Qi, Lele Wang, Jie Song, Yan Zhao, Yefang Li and Wenling Guan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091116 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2025

Abstract

Fragrant rhododendron varieties remain relatively limited in current germplasm resources, constraining the enhancement of ornamental and aromatic characteristics in rhododendron breeding—this limitation has emerged as a critical bottleneck in the genetic improvement of rhododendrons. This research takes fragrant flower breeding as the breeding [...] Read more.

Fragrant rhododendron varieties remain relatively limited in current germplasm resources, constraining the enhancement of ornamental and aromatic characteristics in rhododendron breeding—this limitation has emerged as a critical bottleneck in the genetic improvement of rhododendrons. This research takes fragrant flower breeding as the breeding objective and conducts hybridization between varieties of the subgenus Tsutsusi, which can flower in multiple seasons and exhibit relatively strong resistance, and the fragrant R. moulmainense. Parallel intraspecific hybridizations within the subgenus Tsutsusi were implemented as experimental controls to quantify hybridization affinity. This study combines floral tube ontogeny histomorphological analysis, ovary paraffin sectioning, and optimized pollination protocols to address hybridization constraints, providing new insights for rhododendron intersubgeneric distant hybridization to create fragrant varieties. The results showed varying fertility among combinations, with some showing sterility or weak fertility due to low pollen germination and abnormal embryo development. Both pre- and post-fertilization reproductive barriers were observed, and different pollination methods significantly influenced ovary expansion and fruit set rates. Regarding limitations, this study lacks an in-depth analysis of reproductive isolation mechanisms, only describing phenotypic characteristics through morphological and histological methods, and it does not employ molecular techniques. The fundamental causes of reproductive isolation between subgenera therefore remain unclear. Additionally, there was no long-term monitoring of seedling emergence rates, hybrid plant growth potential, or flowering traits. This limits the ability to comprehensively evaluate the breeding value and genetic stability of distant hybrids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

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21 pages, 1060 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Suitability of Treated Domestic and Urban Wastewaters for the Hydroponic Cultivation of Rocket (Eruca vesicaria [L.] Cav.)

by Lorenzo Bini, Ada Baldi, Davide Passaseo, Stefano Biricolti, Edgardo Giordani, Pamela Lippi, Federica Zezza Mottola Di Amato, Donatella Fibbi, Massimo Del Bubba and Anna Lenzi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091115 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2025

Abstract

Reusing treated wastewater (TWW) in agriculture may reduce water use pressure. While TWW is often used for soil irrigation, its application in hydroponics remains limited. In these systems, TWW can serve as a source of nutrients for plants while also being further reclaimed. [...] Read more.

Reusing treated wastewater (TWW) in agriculture may reduce water use pressure. While TWW is often used for soil irrigation, its application in hydroponics remains limited. In these systems, TWW can serve as a source of nutrients for plants while also being further reclaimed. We evaluated two TWWs of different origin and composition for hydroponic rocket cultivation. Each TWW was tested in its native form (TWW1 and TWW2) and after dilution and supplementation with mineral salts (TWW1_DH and TWW2_DH), using a Hoagland nutrient solution as a control. Yield and qualitative aspects of the product, including health risk factors (nitrates and heavy metals), were assessed. Rocket grown in TWW1 reached the harvesting stage, but with a significant yield reduction compared to the control (−40%). In TWW2, plants reached only the cotyledon stage and were not harvested. Two harvests were obtained in TWW1_DH and TWW2_DH, with yields comparable to the control or even significantly higher (+25%) in the first harvest in TWW1_DH. No health concerns were detected, with values of Health Risk Index < 1 for all the heavy metals and nitrate levels (~3000 mg kg⁻¹ FW) well below EU limits. The study highlights the potential of TWW for the hydroponic cultivation of rocket, but also highlights the need to tailor its use based on composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)

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20 pages, 2076 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biodynamic Viticulture Representations in the French Wine Industry: A Textual Analysis

by Manuela Brando de Lachapelle, Frédéric Brochet and Laurence Geny-Denis

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091114 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2025

Abstract

At a time marked by a transition in winegrowing methods, the decision to employ biodynamic viticulture, and its holistic approach, is a choice made by many technicians in the French wine industry. Nevertheless, this practice is perceived very differently among industry members. Some [...] Read more.

At a time marked by a transition in winegrowing methods, the decision to employ biodynamic viticulture, and its holistic approach, is a choice made by many technicians in the French wine industry. Nevertheless, this practice is perceived very differently among industry members. Some frequently debate its foundations and tangible benefits, while others question the value of scientific research conducted on its methods. The representations motivating the decision to pursue biodynamic practices remain unclear. Thirty members of the industry were interviewed about their opinions and knowledge on biodynamics through semi-structured interviews. A textual analysis of their responses, using Alceste software (Image Ltd., Toulouse, France, version 2018), revealed four key representations of this growing method within the industry. Some practitioners believe that biodynamic preparations may have a material effect on plant behaviour and that the effects of biodynamic viticulture on the final quality of wine should be studied more closely. Others suggest that the anthroposophical foundations of the method should be set aside to allow for its reinvention in a forward-looking manner. Lastly, experimental methods and peer-exchanges are considered essential to understanding the effects of this cultivation method in specific contexts and terroirs. These different viewpoints should be integrated to develop innovative and interesting applications for biodynamic farming methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Sustainable Viticulture)

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29 pages, 3837 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Alternative Nutrient Supplements on Histological Traits and Postharvest Water Loss in Pepper Fruit

by Csilla Tóth, Gábor Gergő Pilik, Katalin Irinyi Oláh and Brigitta Tóth

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091113 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Postharvest water loss critically determines the shelf life and quality of pepper fruits. This study investigated how three alternative soil amendments—rhyolite tuff (RT), composted and pelletized poultry litter (CPPL), and clarifying agent (CA)—affect water loss, structural traits, and their interrelationships across three ripening [...] Read more.

Postharvest water loss critically determines the shelf life and quality of pepper fruits. This study investigated how three alternative soil amendments—rhyolite tuff (RT), composted and pelletized poultry litter (CPPL), and clarifying agent (CA)—affect water loss, structural traits, and their interrelationships across three ripening stages (immature, mature, and overripe) in the Hungarian wax pepper cultivar ‘Tizenegyes’. A completely randomized design (CRD) was applied in a small-plot field experiment. Macro- and micromorphometrical analyses included pericarp, cuticle, epidermis, collenchyma, hypodermis, parenchyma, and endocarp thickness; fruit fresh weight; surface area; and the surface area-to-weight ratio (SA/W). Daily weight measurements were used to quantify water loss, while cuticle function was assessed by comparing wax-removed and intact fruits. The water loss rate (WLR) was strongly influenced by pericarp tissue structure—particularly cuticle thickness, hypodermal cell layer number and thickness, and collenchyma cell wall thickness—as well as fruit size at ripening stage. Among treatments, RT was the most effective in reducing postharvest water loss and extending fruit shelf life. Fruits from the control plots lost 26% more water than RT samples, 12.8% more than CPPL, and 14.2% more than CA. Although RT-treated fruits were smaller, they had thicker pericarp and hypodermis layers, more collenchymatous cell rows, and thicker cell walls, all of which contributed to lower water loss and prolonged freshness. These findings highlight RT as a promising alternative nutrient source for sustainable pepper production, with significant potential to improve postharvest quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Physiology and Preservation Technology of Horticultural Plants)

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21 pages, 2661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tree Peony as an Efficient Organic Selenium Bioreactor: Selenium Uptake, Accumulation, Speciation, and Nutritional Enhancement via Foliar Sodium Selenite Application

by Kun Hu, Wenbin Zhou, Shiqi Li, Shuaiying Shi, Mengqiang Shi, Shuangcheng Gao and Guoan Shi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091112 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for human health, yet its deficiency remains prevalent worldwide. Biofortification through foliar Se application is an effective strategy to enhance Se levels in crops. Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ is a multifunctional woody plant with potential for Se enrichment, [...] Read more.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for human health, yet its deficiency remains prevalent worldwide. Biofortification through foliar Se application is an effective strategy to enhance Se levels in crops. Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ is a multifunctional woody plant with potential for Se enrichment, though its Se uptake and transformation mechanisms remain unclear. This study systematically investigated the effects of foliar-applied Na₂SeO₃ (0–200 mg L⁻¹) on Se uptake, accumulation, speciation, and nutritional quality in tree peony. Results showed that Se uptake increased with higher Na₂SeO₃ concentrations, displaying a clear dose-dependent pattern across all organs. Se accumulation significantly enhanced, with a pronounced shift in distribution towards above-ground organs under experimental conditions. Notably, tree peony exhibited strong biotransformation capacity, converting over 73% of Se in leaves and over 81% in seeds into organic forms, primarily SeCys₂ and SeMet, with minor MeSeCys. Comprehensive evaluation indicated that 100 mg L⁻¹ Na₂SeO₃ yielded optimal results, significantly enhancing leaf and seed biomass, increasing seed nutrient contents (soluble proteins, sugars, phenolics), and improving the unsaturated fatty acid profile of seed oil. These findings highlight tree peony’s potential as an efficient bioreactor for organic Se and provide a theoretical foundation for developing Se-enriched products from tree peony. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Progress in Plant Nutrition Research and Plant Physiology)

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17 pages, 3584 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Irrigation and Artificial Pollination on Macadamia: Fruit Set and Yield

by Zi-Xuan Zhao, Zhang-Jie Zhou, Jing-Jing Zhou, Jin-Xue Li, Fan Yang, Hong-Xia Yang and Jin-Zhi Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091111 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Severe flower and fruit abscission leading to low yields makes improving fruit set and increasing production critical challenges in Macadamia cultivation. Irrigation and artificial pollination during the flowering period significantly influence the fruiting and yield of macadamia. However, the synergistic effect of these [...] Read more.

Severe flower and fruit abscission leading to low yields makes improving fruit set and increasing production critical challenges in Macadamia cultivation. Irrigation and artificial pollination during the flowering period significantly influence the fruiting and yield of macadamia. However, the synergistic effect of these two factors on macadamia production and yield remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of irrigation and artificial pollination on fruit set and yield using 11-year-old ‘A16’ Macadamia trees. Four treatments were applied: drought (DC), drought with artificial pollination (DC + AP), irrigation (I), and irrigation with artificial pollination (I + AP). Each treatment included three biological replicates, with a total of 12 trees. We assessed fruit set and yield, analyzing underlying mechanisms by evaluating changes in pollen viability, leaf morphology, inflorescence characteristics, and leaf/inflorescence physiology. Results revealed that DC + AP, I, and I + AP treatments exhibited significantly higher pollen viability and raceme length compared to DC. The I + AP treatment also resulted in the longest summer shoot internode length. Racemes were more sensitive to drought stress than leaves. Soluble protein and soluble sugar content in racemes were significantly higher in I + AP than in I and DC + AP, and lowest in DC. The DC treatment showed significantly higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents compared to I and I + AP. Leaf physiological traits exhibited inconsistent changes across treatments. Both artificial pollination and irrigation significantly increased fruit set. Treatment efficacy ranked as follows: I + AP (102.00% increase) > DC + AP (56.00% increase) > I (14.00% increase) > DC. Consequently, the I + AP treatment achieved significantly higher yield, fruit numbers, and fruit diameters than the other treatments. In terms of yield, treatment efficacy ranked as follows: I + AP (77.72% increase) > DC + AP (41.14 increase) > I (27.54% increase) > DC. These findings provide a scientific basis for enhancing yield in high-yield Macadamia cultivation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Approaches for Fruit Quality of Horticultural Crops)

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18 pages, 325 KB

Open AccessReview

Physiological and Molecular Insights into Citrus Rootstock–Scion Interactions: Compatibility, Signaling, and Impact on Growth, Fruit Quality and Stress Responses

by Peng Wang, Feng Liu, Yueting Sun, Xiao Liu and Longfei Jin

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091110 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Grafting is a crucial horticultural propagation technique that plays a vital role in citrus production and research. Selecting compatible rootstock–scion combinations is essential for achieving high yields and superior fruit quality in citrus cultivation. This paper reviews recent advances in the physiological and [...] Read more.

Grafting is a crucial horticultural propagation technique that plays a vital role in citrus production and research. Selecting compatible rootstock–scion combinations is essential for achieving high yields and superior fruit quality in citrus cultivation. This paper reviews recent advances in the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in rootstock–scion interactions in citrus, with a focus on (1) commonly used rootstocks, (2) graft compatibility, (3) signal molecule transport at the graft union, and (4) the effects of rootstock–scion interactions on citrus growth, nutrient absorption, fruit quality, and responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Additionally, we prospected the future research direction and practical applications of rootstock–scion interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Citrus Cultivation and Scion–Rootstock Interactions)

19 pages, 152005 KB

Open AccessArticle

IP-YOLOv8: A Multi-Scale Pest Detection Algorithm for Field-Scale Applications

by Chenggui Yang, Yibo Wang, Lijun Yun, Haoyu Wang, Yuqi Han and Zaiqing Chen

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091109 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Field-scale pest monitoring requires accurate pest recognition and classification techniques. However, there are two main challenges in practical pest detection tasks. First, both intra-species morphological variation across developmental stages and inter-species size differences create challenges for models adapting to multi-scale features. Second, biological [...] Read more.

Field-scale pest monitoring requires accurate pest recognition and classification techniques. However, there are two main challenges in practical pest detection tasks. First, both intra-species morphological variation across developmental stages and inter-species size differences create challenges for models adapting to multi-scale features. Second, biological camouflage reduces target-background contrast, increasing the difficulty of model recognition. To address these issues, this paper proposes an improved pest detection model, IP-YOLOv8, based on YOLOv8s. First, a multi-scale feature fusion architecture is introduced, establishing a cross-layer feature interaction mechanism that effectively integrates shallow detailed features and deep semantic features, significantly enhancing the model’s multi-scale representation ability. Second, a dynamic detection head is designed to address the diverse morphology of pests. This head adapts the receptive field through a dynamic sampling mechanism, allowing the model to accurately capture pest features of varying scales and shapes. Finally, to tackle the issue of camouflage background confusion, an edge feature fusion module is proposed to enhance target contour information, thereby addressing the blurring of edge features caused by camouflage. Experimental results demonstrate that IP-YOLOv8 outperforms YOLOv8s on the IP102 dataset, achieving improvements of 2.2% in mAP50, 1.3% in mAP50:95, 3.1% in precision, and 1.5% in recall. This method effectively adapts to complex field pest detection tasks, providing strong technical support for precision agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest Management)

20 pages, 565 KB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Hydrolysates Modulate Quality Traits of Tomato Fruit Under Salt Stress by Regulating the Expression Patterns of Genes Related to Sugar Metabolism

by Antonio El Chami, Angela Valentina Ceccarelli, Sonia Monterisi, Giuseppe Colla, Christophe El-Nakhel, Youssef Rouphael, Youry Pii and Mariateresa Cardarelli

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091108 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Salinity is a major stress factor that limits tomato yield and fruit quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether vegetal-derived protein hydrolysates (PHs) can alleviate salt stress in tomato plants and how they affect sugar metabolism at the molecular level. [...] Read more.

Salinity is a major stress factor that limits tomato yield and fruit quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether vegetal-derived protein hydrolysates (PHs) can alleviate salt stress in tomato plants and how they affect sugar metabolism at the molecular level. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to test three PHs, containing mainly peptides and aminoacids and derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of protein sources belonging to Leguminosae (PH1), Malvaceae (PH2), and Solanaceae (PH3) plants under non-saline (1 mM NaCl) and saline (50 mM NaCl) conditions. PH1 and PH3 increased marketable yield under non-saline conditions, while no yield improvement was observed under salinity. Nevertheless, all PHs reduced leaf Cl⁻ accumulation and improved fruit nutritional quality by increasing antioxidant activity and total phenol content. Under salt stress, PH1 and PH2 raised the content of total soluble solids, whereas PH3 enhanced titratable acidity. Gene expression analysis revealed that PHs modulated sugar metabolism, shifting it towards starch synthesis and accumulation in fruits, consistent with the observed increase in soluble solids. These results demonstrate that PHs exert family-specific effects on tomato fruit quality and provide molecular evidence of their role in metabolic adjustment under salinity. Practically, vegetal-derived PHs can represent a sustainable agronomic strategy to enhance fruit quality traits and improve tomato marketability in salt-affected cultivation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crops against Abiotic Stresses: Adaptation Skills and Agronomic Strategies)

10 pages, 267 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Growth in Purslane Species Grown in Two Different Seasons

by Elizanilda Ramalho do Rêgo, Nataline da Silva Pontes, Marcos Gomes da Silva, Nicollas Bernardo Ferreira da Silva, Aline Cavalcanti Dantas, Angela Maria dos Santos Pessoa and Mailson Monteiro do Rêgo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091107 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

With the growth of world population and climate changes, food safety will be a problem. Portulaca is a wild edible plant adapted to warm climate and resistant to drought. The aim of this work was to evaluate 18 accessions of Portulaca species under [...] Read more.

With the growth of world population and climate changes, food safety will be a problem. Portulaca is a wild edible plant adapted to warm climate and resistant to drought. The aim of this work was to evaluate 18 accessions of Portulaca species under two different seasons in order to identify the most stable accession for better exploitation in breeding programs. The experiment was conducted in an entirely randomized design, with three replicates (three plants/accession), following the factorial scheme 2 seasons × 18 accessions, based on nine quantitative traits. The interaction between seasons and accessions was significant for the number of leaves (p ≤ 0.01). It is possible to observe that all the genotypes evaluated showed stability, except for the genotype PH01, which presented a smaller number of leaves in the winter season. The accessions PU02 and PU10 presented major plant height and leaf measurements. The accessions PU04, PU03, PU07 and PU39 (P. umbraticola) presented greater number of leaves and showed stability between seasons, and, regarding morphological traits, they were superior to the P. oleracea species. They should be used in hybridization programs in order to insert desirable genes to produce new productive vegetable crops, providing new species options in order to replace conventional plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies for Agrochemical-Conventional Management in Horticultural Crops)

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18 pages, 3307 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Changes in Lignan Content and Antioxidant Capacity During the Development of Three Cultivars of Schisandra chinensis Seeds

by Zitong Zhao, Manqun Liu, Binhong Zhu, Fan Zhang, Peijin Ni, Zhendong Zhang, Dan Sun, Zhenxing Wang, Guangli Shi and Jun Ai

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091106 (registering DOI) - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. is an important traditional medicinal plant. Lignans, the main active components of S. chinensis, have pharmacological effects, including liver protection, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes and differences in appearance quality, contents [...] Read more.

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. is an important traditional medicinal plant. Lignans, the main active components of S. chinensis, have pharmacological effects, including liver protection, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes and differences in appearance quality, contents of key lignan compounds, and antioxidant capacity of three S. chinensis varieties during the ripening of fruits and seeds. The lignan content in the seeds of the three varieties reached up to 91.9%, it showed an ‘M’-type trend of ‘increase–decrease–increase–decrease’ during fruit ripening; this lignan content was significantly higher than that measured in the fruit. The antioxidant capacity of the seeds surpassed that of the grains, and the maturation trends of the grains and seeds remained relatively aligned. The overall change in free radical (DPPH)-scavenging ability in the seeds during ripening exhibited an inverted ‘N’-type trend of ‘decrease–increase–decrease’. The trends in TFC and TPC were consistent with this ‘N’-type pattern of ‘increase–decrease–increase’. In summary, our results suggest 104 days after flowering as the best harvesting period for S. chinensis. Additionally, this study elucidates the synthesis patterns of lignan content and the corresponding changes in antioxidant capacity in S. chinensis, thereby providing a foundation for the evaluation and screening of germplasm resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Plants)

14 pages, 257 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Berry, Cluster Thinning and No-Sulfites Addition on the Sensory Quality of ‘Monastrell’ Organic Wines

by Jorge Piernas, Santiago García-Martínez, Pedro J. Zapata, Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina, Luis Noguera-Artiaga and María J. Giménez

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091105 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of berry and cluster thinning on the organoleptic and chemical quality of red wines produced with no-sulfites-added production, using ‘Monastrell’ grapes cultivated under organic viticulture. The experiment was conducted in a commercial vineyard in Murcia (Spain), applying three [...] Read more.

This study investigated the impact of berry and cluster thinning on the organoleptic and chemical quality of red wines produced with no-sulfites-added production, using ‘Monastrell’ grapes cultivated under organic viticulture. The experiment was conducted in a commercial vineyard in Murcia (Spain), applying three treatments: control, bunch reduction (BR), and berry thinning (BT). Grapes were vinified under identical conditions, and the resulting wines were analyzed after three months and five years of storage. Physicochemical parameters, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and sensory profiles were evaluated. Thinning treatments significantly increased alcohol content, reducing sugars, polyphenol index, and the concentration of key aromatic compounds. Sensory analysis revealed that wines from thinned grapes exhibited more intense toasted, vegetal, and fruity notes, and presented greater color stability and fewer defects over time. Notably, only the control wine developed Brettanomyces-related off-flavors after five years. Consumer preference tests confirmed higher acceptance of BR and BT wines, based particularly on color, fruity aroma, and aftertaste. These findings suggested that thinning practices, especially bunch thinning, offer a cost-effective strategy to improve wine quality and stability in no-sulfites-added winemaking, reducing the risk of spoilage and enhancing consumer satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruits Quality and Sensory Analysis—2nd Edition)

18 pages, 2325 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Climate Change and Viticulture in Liguria: Regional Perceptions, Impacts, and Adaptive Responses

by Mousaab Alrhmoun, Naji Sulaiman, Andrea Castagna, Lorenzo Massa, Giulia Mattalia, Emilio Aliotta and Andrea Pieroni

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091104 - 12 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Ligurian viticulture is characterized by a fragmented landscape and diverse microclimatic conditions, presenting both challenges and opportunities for grape production under climate change. This study investigates the perceived impacts of climate change on viticulture in Eastern (Levante) and Western (Ponente) Liguria, with a [...] Read more.

Ligurian viticulture is characterized by a fragmented landscape and diverse microclimatic conditions, presenting both challenges and opportunities for grape production under climate change. This study investigates the perceived impacts of climate change on viticulture in Eastern (Levante) and Western (Ponente) Liguria, with a focus on vine growth dynamics, productivity, and the adaptation strategies adopted by local winegrowers. Semi-structured interviews with 48 winemakers revealed significant shifts in grape maturation (p < 0.001), earlier harvest dates, and increased vulnerability to fungal diseases (p < 0.01), primarily driven by rising temperatures and altered precipitation regimes. A notable rise in extreme temperature events (p < 0.01) was reported, with all respondents (100%) observing irregular seasonal temperature fluctuations. Furthermore, climate change was linked to changes in local fauna, particularly the expansion of ungulate populations (p < 0.001), leading to increased vineyard damage. In response, growers have adopted a range of adaptive measures, including drought-resistant rootstocks (e.g., M-series), traditional training systems (Guyot, Alberello), and local innovations such as the low pergola in Cinque Terre. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed region-specific adaptation profiles, underscoring the influence of environmental and agronomic variability on viticultural resilience. Logistic regression identified temperature variability, disease incidence, and precipitation shifts as key predictors of perceived climate impact. The results underscore the urgency of developing regionally tailored adaptation strategies to sustain viticulture in Liguria’s complex and changing landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

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17 pages, 3217 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Organic Fertilizer Application Simultaneously Promotes the Yield and Quality of Pinellia ternata by Improving Soil Quality

by Yang Chen, Yiyuan Wu, Pengchong Li, Zhen Li, Qiujie Chao, Rongzhi Yang, Yongbo Duan, Dexin Wang, Varun Kumar, Jianping Xue, Ru Wang and Tao Xue

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091103 - 12 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Pinellia ternata, a traditional Chinese herb, suffers from soil degradation and nutrient imbalance, which significantly decrease both yield and quality. Here, the application of microbial organic fertilizer (MOF) in the cultivation of P. ternata results in high yields and quality under two [...] Read more.

Pinellia ternata, a traditional Chinese herb, suffers from soil degradation and nutrient imbalance, which significantly decrease both yield and quality. Here, the application of microbial organic fertilizer (MOF) in the cultivation of P. ternata results in high yields and quality under two soil conditions, whether grown in greenhouse or open-field environments. The application of MOF enhanced seedling emergence rates and photosynthetic efficiency, significantly improving various agronomic traits, and increasing the content of flavonoids and total alkaloids in tubers, with a stronger effect observed at a dosage of 75 g/m². Moreover, available phosphorus, available potassium, catalase, and urease levels were significantly improved. Further, 16S and ITS sequencing revealed that bacteria diversity was not affected by all treatment, while the fungi unweighted UniFrac index showed significant decline in the MOF treatment. The abundance of bacterial Acidobacteriota and Proteobacteria varied with continuous cropping soil, whereas abundance of fungi Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota was changed in the first cropping of P. ternata. These findings suggest that applying MOF improves the microbial communities of the rhizosphere soil of P. ternata, enhancing soil enzyme activities and decomposing organic and inorganic matter. This, in turn, contributes to the yield and quality of P. ternata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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16 pages, 2286 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Spermidine Enhances Drought Resistance of Mango Seedlings by Regulating Physiological and Biochemical Metabolism

by Xinyu Liu, Mingtian Wang, Jing Yan, Feng Cheng, Wei Liao, Yunhe Xiao, Lirong Zhou, Meng Zhang, Xiangchi Leng and Qingzhi Liang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091102 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Drought stress is a major environmental factor that adversely affects plant growth and development. Spermidine (SPD), a polyamine, plays a critical role in plant defense mechanisms against drought stress. PEG was used to simulate osmotic stress, which mimics drought conditions under controlled environments. [...] Read more.

Drought stress is a major environmental factor that adversely affects plant growth and development. Spermidine (SPD), a polyamine, plays a critical role in plant defense mechanisms against drought stress. PEG was used to simulate osmotic stress, which mimics drought conditions under controlled environments. This study investigated the effects of exogenous spermidine (SPD) on the physiological and biochemical responses of mango plants under drought stress and explored its potential mitigation mechanisms. Two-year-old ‘Renong 1’ mango seedlings were subjected to drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) at concentrations of 5%, 15%, and 25%, simulating mild, moderate, and severe drought conditions, respectively. Plants were subsequently treated with 1 mmol/L spermidine. After PEG 6000 treatment and spermidine application for 3 days, the leaf morphology, relative chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase [SOD], peroxidase [POD], catalase [CAT]), and osmotic regulators (proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins) were analyzed. The results demonstrated that drought stress caused leaf chlorosis, desiccation, reduced relative chlorophyll content, elevated MDA levels (indicating lipid peroxidation), enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, increased proline and soluble sugar accumulation for osmotic regulation, and decreased soluble protein content. Exogenous spermidine treatment significantly alleviated drought-induced damage by reducing leaf chlorosis, delaying relative chlorophyll degradation (by 20.0–25.7% under moderate drought and 14.1–19.1% under severe drought), and decreasing MDA levels (by 4.8–9.5% under moderate drought and 0.8–23.7% under severe drought). Furthermore, spermidine enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., SOD activity increased by 24.9–37.4% and POD by 74.0–104.0% under moderate drought), regulated osmotic substance accumulation (e.g., proline decreased by 21%, 26%, and 24% under mild, moderate, and severe drought, respectively), and mitigated the reduction in soluble protein content (by 6.6% under moderate drought and 10.3% under severe drought). In conclusion, exogenous spermidine mitigates drought-induced damage in mango by preserving photosynthetic capacity, enhancing the antioxidant defense system, and modulating osmotic balance. These results showed that SPD could significantly improve plant vigor or survival rate under stress. It provides a theoretical basis for water-saving cultivation of mango, improving the stress resistance of mango varieties and the application of spermidine in tropical fruit production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses to Abiotic Stresses in Horticultural Crops—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 6920 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybridization Efficiency and Genetic Diversity in Cut Chrysanthemum: Integration of Morphological and iPBS Marker Analysis

by Emine Kırbay, Soner Kazaz, Ezgi Doğan Meral and Akife Dalda Şekerci

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091101 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The increasing demand for novel cut chrysanthemum cultivars has underscored the significance of precision breeding techniques, with particular emphasis on hybridization and molecular tools. This study aimed to assess the cross-compatibility of selected chrysanthemum cultivars and to evaluate the genetic, quantitative, and qualitative [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for novel cut chrysanthemum cultivars has underscored the significance of precision breeding techniques, with particular emphasis on hybridization and molecular tools. This study aimed to assess the cross-compatibility of selected chrysanthemum cultivars and to evaluate the genetic, quantitative, and qualitative diversity among the resulting F₁ progenies. A total of six hybrid combinations were generated using five commercial parental cultivars. Ploidy levels were determined via flow cytometry and chromosome counting, confirming that all parents were allohexaploid (2n = 6x = 54). Pollen viability and germination rates varied significantly among male parents, influencing hybridization success. A total of 30,391 seeds were obtained, with germination rates ranging from 2.69% to 10.73%, depending on the cross combination. F₁ progenies showed considerable phenotypic variability in flowering time, flower stalk length, flower diameter, and branch weight. Molecular characterization using eight iPBS primers revealed a high polymorphism rate (93%) with a mean Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value of 0.614, confirming substantial genetic diversity among genotypes. Cluster and principal coordinate analyses demonstrated that most F₁ genotypes grouped closely with their maternal parents, although unique genomic variations were also detected. The integration of morphological and molecular data provides valuable insights for selecting superior genotypes and optimizing breeding strategies. This study highlights the importance of evaluating hybridization potential and genetic diversity in the development of commercially viable cut chrysanthemum cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding of Ornamental Plants—Genetic Resources, New Challenges and Prospects: 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 2064 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Functional Genomics for Watermelon and Melon Breeding: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

by Huanhuan Niu, Junyi Tan, Wenkai Yan, Dongming Liu and Luming Yang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091100 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) are globally important cucurbit crops, with China being the largest producer and consumer. Traditional breeding methods face difficulties in significantly improving yield and quality. Smart breeding, which combines genomics, gene editing, and [...] Read more.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) are globally important cucurbit crops, with China being the largest producer and consumer. Traditional breeding methods face difficulties in significantly improving yield and quality. Smart breeding, which combines genomics, gene editing, and artificial intelligence (AI), holds great promise but fundamentally depends on understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling important agronomic traits. This review summarizes the progress made over recent decades in discovering and understanding the functions of genes that control essential traits in watermelon and melon, focusing on plant architecture, fruit quality, and disease resistance. However, major challenges remain: relatively few genes have been fully validated, the complex gene networks are not fully unraveled, and technical hurdles like low genetic transformation efficiency and difficulties in large-scale trait phenotyping limit progress. To overcome these and enable the development of superior new varieties, future research priorities should focus on the following: (1) systematic discovery of genes using comprehensive genome collections (pan-genomes) and multi-level data analysis (multi-omics); (2) deepening the study of gene functions and interactions using advanced gene editing and epigenetics; (3) faster integration of molecular knowledge into smart breeding systems; (4) solving the problems of genetic transformation and enabling efficient large-scale trait and genetic data collection (high-throughput phenotyping and genotyping). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm Resources and Genetics Improvement of Watermelon and Melon)

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14 pages, 2469 KB

Open AccessArticle

WUSCHEL Transcription Factor Regulates Floral Development in ‘Jizaomi’ Grapevine

by Zedong Sun, Huan Xu, Wenxuan Shi, Jialin Fu, Pengfei Wen, Jinjun Liang and Pengfei Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091099 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Carpel number has been recognized as a critical factor influencing fruit size, ultimately determining yield and economic efficiency. The WUSCHEL (WUS) protein is essential for maintaining stem cell homeostasis in the floral meristem. Its expression level directly influences the size of the floral [...] Read more.

Carpel number has been recognized as a critical factor influencing fruit size, ultimately determining yield and economic efficiency. The WUSCHEL (WUS) protein is essential for maintaining stem cell homeostasis in the floral meristem. Its expression level directly influences the size of the floral meristem (FM), thereby determining the number of floral organs in Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, and Cucumis sativus. While its role remained largely unexplored in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). This study cloned the VvWUS gene from the polycarpic grape cultivar ‘Jizaomi’. Transgenic tomato lines expressing VvWUS heterologously exhibited accelerated floral transition, enhanced carpel/floral organ initiation, and had significantly higher locule numbers relative to wild type. Furthermore, direct binding of VvWUS to the VvAGAMOUS (VvAG) promoter and activation of VvAG expression were demonstrated through yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase (LUC) assays. These findings elucidated the molecular function of VvWUS in grape carpel development, providing a foundational basis for molecular breeding strategies targeting large-berry grape varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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11 pages, 2391 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of UV-C Irradiation Against Fusarium solani in Potatoes

by Gcinokuhle Buthelezi, Nokwazi Carol Mbili and Asanda Mditshwa

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091098 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Potatoes are a vital staple crop globally, valued for their high nutritional content and yield; however, they are highly susceptible to microbial attacks, mainly during postharvest handling and storage. One of the most important potato diseases that reduces the yield and quality of [...] Read more.

Potatoes are a vital staple crop globally, valued for their high nutritional content and yield; however, they are highly susceptible to microbial attacks, mainly during postharvest handling and storage. One of the most important potato diseases that reduces the yield and quality of potatoes is Fusarium solani. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation has become a potential postharvest disease control method; however, its efficacy against F. solani on potatoes is poorly understood. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of UV-C irradiation against F. solani of potatoes. UV-C light (254 nm) treatment was applied to F. solani for 5, 10, and 15 min at 10, 15, and 20 cm to evaluate the in vitro effects. The treated plates were incubated at 25 °C for seven days. UV-C treatment at a 10 cm distance for 10 and 15 min successfully inhibited F. solani mycelial growth, with the 15 min exposure showing the highest inhibition rate of 57.96%. Both treatments were selected for further screening. Subsequently, ‘Sifra’ potatoes were treated with UV-C for 10 and 15 min, and the results showed low disease incidence of 33% and 22%, respectively, compared to 96% for the untreated tubers. The scanning electron microscopy assay showed broken and shrunken mycelia, along with damaged spores of F. solani, on potatoes treated with UV-C. The findings suggest that UV-C irradiation may offer a potential alternative, environmentally friendly method to chemical fungicides for controlling postharvest F. solani of potatoes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Disease Management in Horticultural Crops: Recent Developments and Insights)

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19 pages, 3913 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Revealed Genes Associated with the Formation of Different Fruit Colors in Fragaria pentaphylla

by Xianan Yang, Shiqi Tian, Chenxue Zhao, Jianxin Li, Lianjun Wang, Xuedong Tang and Ruixue Guo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091097 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Fragaria pentaphylla, a unique wild strawberry species in China, is rich in various fruit colors and a valuable resource for studying color genes. Fruits of different colors from F. pentaphylla were selected as the experimental material. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high-throughput [...] Read more.

Fragaria pentaphylla, a unique wild strawberry species in China, is rich in various fruit colors and a valuable resource for studying color genes. Fruits of different colors from F. pentaphylla were selected as the experimental material. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were employed to identify key genes responsible for the development of different fruit colors. Metabolite analysis revealed that 3249 metabolites were detected, including nine differential metabolites related to anthocyanin synthesis and five biological pathways. Additionally, an analysis combining transcriptome and metabolome data showed that the structural genes FpDFR, FpCHS, FpCHI, and FpUFGT were upregulated in red fruit, with significantly higher expression levels compared to pink and white fruits, actively promoting anthocyanin production in red fruit. Conversely, genes FpANR and FpLAR were upregulated in white fruit, enhancing catechin synthesis and inhibiting anthocyanin formation. The gene FpPAL was upregulated in pink fruit. Transcription factors FpbHLH18, FpMYB1, FpMYB24, and FpMYB114 collaborate with structural genes to enhance the synthesis of anthocyanins in red fruit. The findings improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control anthocyanin production in F. pentaphylla. The identified key candidate genes may be utilized in the molecular breeding of strawberries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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38 pages, 7697 KB

Open AccessArticle

Local Climate and Cultivation Practice Shape Total Protein and Phenolic Content of Mulberry (Morus sp.) Leaves in Sub-Mediterranean and Sub-Pannonian Regions of Slovenia

by Špela Jelen, Martin Kozmos, Jan Senekovič, Danijel Ivajnšič, Silvia Cappellozza and Andreja Urbanek Krajnc

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091096 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 306

Abstract

Mulberry (Morus sp.) trees, traditionally cultivated for their leaves used in sericulture, have recently gained recognition for their adaptability and valuable ecosystem services. The biochemical composition of mulberry leaves varies both qualitatively and quantitatively, depending on genotype, environmental conditions, and cultivation practices. [...] Read more.

Mulberry (Morus sp.) trees, traditionally cultivated for their leaves used in sericulture, have recently gained recognition for their adaptability and valuable ecosystem services. The biochemical composition of mulberry leaves varies both qualitatively and quantitatively, depending on genotype, environmental conditions, and cultivation practices. This study aimed to (1) identify differences in old local white (M. alba L.) and black mulberry (M. nigra L.) leaves, (2) perform a chemotype analysis of monitored local varieties, and (3) evaluate the influence of selected bioclimatic factors and pruning practices on the biochemical composition of leaves of white mulberry trees across Slovenian mesoregions. Black mulberry exhibited a higher phenolic content, particularly caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (16.05 mg/g dry weight (DW)), while white mulberry contained more quercetin glycosides (6.04 mg/g DW). Ward’s clustering identified three chemotypes, two of which had elevated protein and hydroxycinnamic acid levels, making them particularly suitable for silkworm feeding. Considering pruning practices of white mulberries, we determined significantly increased protein contents in yearly pruned trees (187.24 mg/g DW). Principal component analysis revealed interactions between bioclimatic, morphological, and biochemical factors, distinctly separating mulberries from the Sub-Mediterranean and Sub-Pannonian macroregions. White mulberries from Sub-Pannonian regions accumulated more caffeoylquinic acids in leaves under lower precipitation and total insolation, while those from Sub-Mediterranean regions exhibited higher kaempferol derivatives due to photo-thermal stress. These findings highlight the influence of climate and pruning on mulberry biochemical diversity and adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticulture from an Ecological Perspective)

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14 pages, 4473 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Variation and Evolutionary Dynamics of Orobanchaceae from the Perspective of the Mitochondrial Genomes Pedicularis kansuensis and Pedicularis chinensis

by Qian Shi, Xiuzhang Li and Yuling Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091095 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

To better understand the mitochondrial genome evolution within the genus Pedicularis, we investigated two representative species, Pedicularis kansuensis and Pedicularis chinensis. We sequenced and assembled the mitochondrial genomes of two Pedicularis species, P. kansuensis and P. chinensis, using Nanopore technology. [...] Read more.

To better understand the mitochondrial genome evolution within the genus Pedicularis, we investigated two representative species, Pedicularis kansuensis and Pedicularis chinensis. We sequenced and assembled the mitochondrial genomes of two Pedicularis species, P. kansuensis and P. chinensis, using Nanopore technology. Both genomes showed irregular morphological characteristics, with P. chinensis measuring 225,612 bp and P. kansuensis 273,598 bp, and GC (guanine and cytosine) contents of 44.42% and 44.29%, respectively. Each genome encodes 36 unique protein-coding genes, 3 rRNA genes, and varying numbers of tRNA genes (P. chinensis: 20; P. kansuensis: 19). Codon usage analysis revealed distinct preferences, while repeat sequence analysis identified significant differences in SSRs, tandem repeats, and dispersed repeats between the two genomes. Structural analyses highlighted genome recombination facilitated by repeat sequences. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the placement of Pedicularis within Orobanchaceae, clustering P. kansuensis and P. chinensis with Castilleja paramensis and other genera in the family, thus resolving longstanding taxonomic uncertainties regarding their relationship with Scrophulariaceae. RNA editing events were predominantly C-to-U, ccmB and nad4 exhibiting the highest editing frequencies. Synteny analysis revealed frequent rearrangements, underscoring the dynamic evolution of Pedicularis mitochondrial genomes. These findings provide valuable insights into the structure, function, and evolution of mitochondrial genomes in parasitic plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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13 pages, 3344 KB

Open AccessArticle

Leaf Physiological Plasticity and the Adaptability of Introduced Landscape Plants on a Tropical Coral Island

by Chushu Meng, Han Sheng, Zhipeng Li, Fasih Ullah Haider, Linhua Wang, Zitao Guo, Zhiyuan Shi, Cheng Huang, Fan Yang and Xu Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091094 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The ecological restoration of tropical islands, such as the Xisha Islands, is critical for sustainable development but is hindered by extreme environmental conditions and nutrient-poor coral sand soils. This study assessed the adaptive strategies of two introduced landscape species, Acacia auriculiformis and Nerium [...] Read more.

The ecological restoration of tropical islands, such as the Xisha Islands, is critical for sustainable development but is hindered by extreme environmental conditions and nutrient-poor coral sand soils. This study assessed the adaptive strategies of two introduced landscape species, Acacia auriculiformis and Nerium oleander, by comparing their leaf physiological and biochemical traits across three treatments: native coral sand (SS2), coral sand amended with garden soil (SS1), and a garden soil control (GZ). Results revealed differentiated physiological adaptation strategies: N. oleander exhibited a ‘conservative tolerance’ strategy, characterized by maintaining higher levels of soluble proteins and the non-enzymatic antioxidant GSH, whereas A. auriculiformis employed an ‘active defense’ strategy, significantly upregulating its enzymatic antioxidant system (SOD activity increased by up to 58.80% in coral sand compared to the control). Soil amendment was crucial for improving plant performance by fundamentally altering the soil’s physicochemical properties and nutrient status. Specifically, amending coral sand with garden soil (SS1 vs. SS2) resulted in a threefold increase in both soil organic carbon (from 3.81 to 11.63 g kg⁻¹) and water content (from 0.04% to 0.12%), while also increasing available phosphorus by over 50% and reducing the extreme soil alkalinity. This amelioration of the soil environment directly enhanced plant antioxidant capacity and overall growth performance. These findings provide a scientific basis for plant introduction on tropical islands, demonstrating that success depends on matching species-specific adaptive strategies with appropriate soil improvement techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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12 pages, 1370 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Different Light Qualities and Intensities of Blue Light on Flowering and Volatiles in Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

by Joo Young Kim, Madelyn D. Gennaro, Keun Ho Cho, Joseph M. Patt and Thomas A. Colquhoun

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091093 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Coriander leaves are widely valued in cooking due to their rich nutrition and unique volatiles, and the flowers are also beneficial for oil extraction from seeds. With the growing interest in LED lights for controlled environments, research on coriander leaves has been reported, [...] Read more.

Coriander leaves are widely valued in cooking due to their rich nutrition and unique volatiles, and the flowers are also beneficial for oil extraction from seeds. With the growing interest in LED lights for controlled environments, research on coriander leaves has been reported, but studies on flowers are limited. We investigated the effects of various LED lights, including white (W), red (R), blue (B), and green (G) lights, on flowering. Coriander plants under B light were twice as tall and flowered approximately 4 weeks earlier than those under other lights. However, plants under B light exhibited overgrowth, resulting in fewer flowers at a PAR of 100 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. To reduce this shade avoidance effect, we tested various combinations of W and B light at a PAR of 120 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. The 50:50 ratio of W and B light enhanced growth and accelerated flowering, resulting in twice as many flowers as plants under W light. Total volatile compound levels were higher under W light and highest under 50% W and 50% B lights. Key volatiles specific to coriander leaves, such as (E)-2-decenal, 2-undecenal, and 2-dodecenal, were high under G light at 100 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ of PAR. These findings provide valuable insights into the effects of light on flower development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agrobiological Means for Sustainable Production in Controlled Environment Agriculture)

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24 pages, 2366 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) and Kober 5BB (V. berlandieri × V. riparia) Root Transcriptomes Reveals Multiple Processes Associated with Drought Tolerance in Grapevines

by Canan Yüksel Özmen, Funda Yılmaz Baydu and Ali Ergül

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091092 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) generally exhibit relatively high tolerance to drought stress. In contrast, the drought tolerance of other Vitis species and their hybrids used as rootstocks differs considerably. In order to attain a better understanding of the molecular basis of [...] Read more.

Grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) generally exhibit relatively high tolerance to drought stress. In contrast, the drought tolerance of other Vitis species and their hybrids used as rootstocks differs considerably. In order to attain a better understanding of the molecular basis of drought tolerance in grapevine, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis of roots of drought-stressed Cabernet Sauvignon (CS, Vitis vinifera L.) and rootstock of Kober 5BB (V. berlandieri × V. riparia) using the Affymetrix Vitis Genome Array Version 2.0. We identified 1279 (745 upregulated and 534 downregulated) and 1925 (807 upregulated and 118 downregulated) differentially expressed genes in 5BB and CS. Numerous genes that are putatively involved in aquaporins, proline-rich protein, reactive oxygen species, osmoprotection, and lipid transfer were differentially expressed in response to drought stress in both genotypes. When gene ontology analyses were examined, it was observed that CS and 5BB genotypes were associated with the highest number of similar genes in both the molecular function (protein binding, catalytic activity, and DNA binding) and the biological process (metabolic process and translation) categories. The identification of different regulated genes between 5BB and CS roots is expected to help advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms operating during drought stress in grapevine roots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rootstocks for Grape Production)

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12 pages, 1106 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of White Asparagus Spears in Relation to the Pre-Harvest Exposure to Infrared and Sunlight Radiation

by Parthena P. Papadopoulou, Eirini A. Siomou, Symeon A. Siomos and Anastasios S. Siomos

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091091 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Although the presence of anthocyanins in white asparagus is undesirable because it degrades its commercial quality, very little is known about their biosynthesis and regulation. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins in most plants is light dependent, but in white asparagus spears only a few [...] Read more.

Although the presence of anthocyanins in white asparagus is undesirable because it degrades its commercial quality, very little is known about their biosynthesis and regulation. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins in most plants is light dependent, but in white asparagus spears only a few studies have evaluated the effects of light and all of them focus mainly on the post-harvest period. There are no relevant reports on the effects of exposure of spears to solar and infrared radiation during their growth and development. For this purpose, white asparagus spears were grown in the dark under a low tunnel (100 cm wide and 60 cm high) for 7 days before being exposed to sunlight for 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7 h. Subsequently, the spears were either harvested and kept in the dark or continued to grow in the dark for 0, 24, or 48 h. At the end of the treatments, the color and the anthocyanin and total phenol content of the top 7 cm of the spears were determined. The results showed that the infrared radiation that was trapped below the tunnel during the 7-day growing period of white asparagus spears induced anthocyanin biosynthesis only in the lower part (base) of the spears. Exposure to sunlight for at least 3 h was critical for significant anthocyanin biosynthesis in the epidermal cells of the top 7 cm part of white asparagus spears (0.48–0.95 μg g⁻¹ FW). The amount of anthocyanins 24 h later was proportional to the exposure time (y = 0.1585x − 0.162, R² = 0.9953) and was greater in the spears harvested and kept in the dark (up to 5.67 μg g⁻¹ FW) than in the spears that continued to grow in dark conditions (up to 4.32 μg g⁻¹ FW). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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14 pages, 787 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soluble Eugenol Formulation for Managing Ball Moss on Ornamental Trees

by Brianna Slade, Kali Elftmann, Heather Kirk-Ballard and Zhijun Liu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091090 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Ball moss is an epiphytic, perennial monocot that attaches to many surfaces, including ornamental plants. Though not parasitic, ball moss can reduce the growth and health of host plants. Controlling ball moss has thus become necessary. Recommended methods include spraying baking soda or [...] Read more.

Ball moss is an epiphytic, perennial monocot that attaches to many surfaces, including ornamental plants. Though not parasitic, ball moss can reduce the growth and health of host plants. Controlling ball moss has thus become necessary. Recommended methods include spraying baking soda or copper fungicide. This study was designed to validate the recommended methods and discover new, efficacious botanical ingredients in laboratory and field experiments. The efficacy of baking soda, but not the copper fungicide, was confirmed. However, baking soda blindly damages host plants and is not environmentally friendly. A screening study over several candidates (a monocot herbicide, eugenol, thymol, oleander extracts) selected eugenol from clove essential oil. In repeated laboratory studies, eugenol formulated into a soluble liquid (ESL) at 1% concentration achieved comparable lethal levels to 50% baking soda solution against ball moss. Efficacy was most apparent when applied in autumn. In the field trials, spraying ESL directly onto ball moss on live oak trees rather than broadcasting from the ground was efficacious. Possible mechanisms and limitations were discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

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14 pages, 3221 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveal the Mechanism by Which Melatonin Enhances Drought Tolerance in Platycrater argutae

by Xule Zhang, Yaping Hu, Zhengjian Jiang, Xiaohua Ma, Qingdi Hu, Lei Feng and Jian Zheng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091089 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Drought stress severely impacts the survival of Platycrater arguta, an endangered tertiary relict plant. This study investigated the mechanism by which exogenous melatonin enhances drought tolerance in P. arguta seedlings through integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. Under 30% PEG-6000-induced drought, seedlings [...] Read more.

Drought stress severely impacts the survival of Platycrater arguta, an endangered tertiary relict plant. This study investigated the mechanism by which exogenous melatonin enhances drought tolerance in P. arguta seedlings through integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. Under 30% PEG-6000-induced drought, seedlings exhibited leaf wilting, reduced relative water content (RWC: 78.6% vs. 84.8% in controls), and elevated oxidative damage (malondialdehyde increased by 62.94%, H₂O₂ by 83.78%). Exogenous melatonin application, particularly at 100 μM (T3), significantly alleviated drought symptoms, restoring RWC to 83.7%, reducing membrane permeability (relative electrical conductivity 1.38-fold vs. CK vs. 2.55-fold in PEG), and lowering oxidative markers (MDA and H₂O₂ accumulation by 28.33% and 27.84%, respectively). T3 treatment also enhanced osmolyte synthesis, increasing proline content by 90.14% and soluble sugars by 47.25% compared to the controls. Transcriptome sequencing revealed 31,870 differentially expressed genes in T3, predominantly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and tryptophan metabolism pathways. Metabolomic profiling demonstrated that 100 μM melatonin elevated endogenous melatonin levels 19.62-fold and modulated tryptophan-derived metabolites, including indole derivatives and benzoic acid compounds. These findings indicate that melatonin mitigates drought stress by enhancing antioxidant capacity, osmotic adjustment, and metabolic reprogramming, with 100 μM as the optimal concentration. This study provides critical insights into melatonin-mediated drought resistance mechanisms, offering a theoretical foundation for conserving and restoring P. arguta populations in arid habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)

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22 pages, 3789 KB

Open AccessArticle

Addition of Earthworms to Continuous Cropping Soil Inhibits the Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon: Evidence Under Both Field and Pot Conditions

by Xin Zhao, Liang Zheng, Dong Liu, Ke Song, Ping Lu, Yefeng Yang, Lijuan Yang, Xiaoxiao Li, Yinsheng Li, Yue Zhang, Weiguang Lv and Xianqing Zheng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091088 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 292

Abstract

Fusarium wilt is a devastating soilborne disease that significantly reduces watermelon production worldwide. This disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum subsp. niveum (E.F.Sm.) W.C. Snyder & H.N.Hansen. Earthworms can influence fungal populations either by consuming or dispersing fungal propagules, making them a promising [...] Read more.

Fusarium wilt is a devastating soilborne disease that significantly reduces watermelon production worldwide. This disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum subsp. niveum (E.F.Sm.) W.C. Snyder & H.N.Hansen. Earthworms can influence fungal populations either by consuming or dispersing fungal propagules, making them a promising candidate for the biological control of Fusarium wilt. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding the local earthworm species Metaphire guillelmi (Michaelsen, 1895) on Fusarium wilt in watermelon under field conditions, laboratory pot experiments, and laboratory pot experiments with sterilized soil. The results demonstrated that, compared to the control, the earthworm addition reduced the population of F. oxysporum by approximately 10⁵ copies/mg and suppressed the incidence of Fusarium wilt by 84.4%. A correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of F. oxysporum was negatively correlated with soil organic matter (SOM), available nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP). The relative interaction index values indicated that earthworms could enhance SOM and AN levels in the soil. A two-factor network relationship analysis showed that the earthworm addition could inhibit bacteria and fungi to stimulate growth of F. oxysporum while restraining them. A metabolomics analysis revealed that most differential metabolites associated with F. oxysporum were upregulated in the presence of earthworms. Overall, M. guillelmi can reduce the occurrence of Fusarium wilt by improving soil fertility, the relationship of F. oxysporum and microorganisms, and may influence the metabolic process, which need further exploration. It is a potential pathway for the biocontrol of Fusarium wilt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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Open AccessArticle

Construction and Phenotypic Characterization of a Recombination Inbred Line (RIL) Population from a Melo-agrestis Melon Hybrid

by He Liu, Jianquan Wang, Shoujun Cao, Yongjie Guo, Qinghua Shi and Xiaoyu Yang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091087 - 9 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an economically important horticultural crop worldwide, while its production is continuously endangered by powdery mildew (PM), a fungal disease mainly caused by Podosphaera xanthii, due to the insufficiency of disease resistant germplasms. Here, a melon recombinant [...] Read more.

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an economically important horticultural crop worldwide, while its production is continuously endangered by powdery mildew (PM), a fungal disease mainly caused by Podosphaera xanthii, due to the insufficiency of disease resistant germplasms. Here, a melon recombinant inbred line (RIL) population that consisted of 188 independent individuals was obtained through the crossing of ‘SN-1’ (C. melon L. ssp. melo) and ‘YJM’ (C. melon L. ssp. agrestis), two parents with contrasting PM resistance, followed by 7-round selfings. Comprehensive phenotypic investigation revealed substantial variations in key agronomic traits among these RILs, such as stem diameters of 3.7~12.6 mm and internode lengths of 1.6~12.2 cm at the anthesis stage, as well as peduncle lengths of 0.5~9.5 cm and soluble solid content of 1.6~17.4% at the maturation stage. Particularly, 95 RILs, of which 60 and 35 belonged to thin-peel and netted types, respectively, were identified to be highly resistant to P. xnathii infection, providing new germplasms for melon improvement. Altogether, the generation of this melo-agrestis RIL population, together with the phenotypic observations, lays a solid foundation for mechanistic investigation of the traits with economic importance and could contribute to future breeding programs of melon cultivars with PM resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm Resources and Genetics Improvement of Watermelon and Melon)

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Horticulturae, Volume 11, Issue 9 (September 2025) – 121 articles

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