Analysis of Gloss Unevenness and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function in Specular Reflection

Nakamura, So; Inoue, Shinichi; Igarashi, Yoshinori; Sato, Hiromi; Mizokami, Yoko

doi:10.3390/jimaging10060146

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Gloss Unevenness and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function in Specular Reflection

by

So Nakamura

^1,*,

Shinichi Inoue

²,

Yoshinori Igarashi

³,

Hiromi Sato

⁴

and

Yoko Mizokami

^4,*

¹

Department of Imaging Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan

²

Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi 243-0297, Japan

³

Chuo Precision Industrial Co., Ltd., 65 Shirasaka Miwadai, Shirakawa 961-0835, Japan

⁴

Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

J. Imaging 2024, 10(6), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060146

Submission received: 26 March 2024 / Revised: 8 June 2024 / Accepted: 13 June 2024 / Published: 17 June 2024

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging Technologies for Understanding Material Appearance)

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Abstract

Gloss is associated significantly with material appearance, and observers often focus on gloss unevenness. Gloss unevenness is the intensity distribution of reflected light observed within a highlight area, that is, the variability. However, it cannot be analyzed easily because it exists only within the highlight area and varies in appearance across the reflection angles. In recent years, gloss has been analyzed in terms of the intensity of specular reflection and its angular spread, or the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). In this study, we develop an apparatus to measure gloss unevenness that can alter the angle with an angular resolution of 0.02°. Additionally, we analyze the gloss unevenness and BRDF in terms of specular reflection. Using a high angular resolution, we measure and analyze high-gloss materials, such as mirrors and plastics, and glossy materials, such as photo-like inkjet paper and coated paper. Our results show that the magnitude of gloss unevenness is the largest at angles marginally off the center of the specular reflection angle. We discuss an approach for physically defining gloss unevenness based on the BRDF.

Keywords: material appearance; gloss unevenness; BRDF; specular reflection; measurement method

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nakamura, S.; Inoue, S.; Igarashi, Y.; Sato, H.; Mizokami, Y. Analysis of Gloss Unevenness and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function in Specular Reflection. J. Imaging 2024, 10, 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060146

AMA Style

Nakamura S, Inoue S, Igarashi Y, Sato H, Mizokami Y. Analysis of Gloss Unevenness and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function in Specular Reflection. Journal of Imaging. 2024; 10(6):146. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060146

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nakamura, So, Shinichi Inoue, Yoshinori Igarashi, Hiromi Sato, and Yoko Mizokami. 2024. "Analysis of Gloss Unevenness and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function in Specular Reflection" Journal of Imaging 10, no. 6: 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060146

APA Style

Nakamura, S., Inoue, S., Igarashi, Y., Sato, H., & Mizokami, Y. (2024). Analysis of Gloss Unevenness and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function in Specular Reflection. Journal of Imaging, 10(6), 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060146

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Analysis of Gloss Unevenness and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function in Specular Reflection

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