Image Processing Analysis of Plant Morphometry with Examples from the Genus Sedum (Crassulaceae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Importance of Morphometric Analyses in the Context of Understanding the Biology of the Genus Sedum
1.2. Description of the Ecological Conditions Surrounding the Species of the Genus Sedum
2. Research Methods
- Field Sample Collection:
- Image Capture:
- Image Processing:
- Data Analysis:
2.1. Examples of Harvested Plant Samples
2.2. Measuring Technique Using Pixel-Based Methods (DSLR Photographic Camera)
- Equipment used: d-SLR camera (Nikon D3500), Sigma 105 mm macro lens, tripod, graph paper;
- Biological material: flowers of Sedum annuum, S. acre and S. hispanicum collected from the field.
2.3. Taking the Photographs
2.4. Performing the Measurement
3. Applicability of the Method to Species Not Harvested
4. Results and Discussion
- Variation in petal width values in Sedum flowers: Within this parameter, there are significant differences between the Sedum hispanicum and S. annuum species, but there are also notable similarities between the two distinct S. hispanicum samples, which is also true for the samples of Sedum annuum species subjected to morphometric analysis.
- Variation in the petal length values in Sedum flowers: In the context of the morphometric analysis of this characteristic parameter of floral morphology, significant differences between Sedum acre and the other species analyzed are identified. There are also less relevant differences between the S. annuum species analyzed in the two particular contexts. At the same time, slightly significant differences are also present within the two distinct populations of S. hispanicum.
- Variation in sepal width values in Sedum flowers: Similar to the previous variation in sepal length values, variation in sepal width values corresponds to the above observations: there are wide variations within the Sedum acre and the S. annuum species and less significant variations within the S. hispanicum species collected from the two separate locations in Harghita County. The reported variations are closely related to the structural constitution of the analyzed flowers.
- Variation in the values of sepal length in Sedum flowers: Significant variations are observed in Sedum acre and S. annuum, species belonging phylogenetically to the Acre clade. The flowers are type 5, with yellow petals and actinomorphic symmetry, but the size of S. acre flowers is considerably larger compared to S. annuum flower sizes.
- Variation in the carpel width values of Sedum flowers: In this context, significant variation was identified between the samples of Sedum acre and the other samples studied. Significant variations also exist within the samples of S. annuum species analyzed in particular contexts.
- Variation in carpel length values of Sedum flowers: In the context of morphometric analysis of this characteristic parameter of floral morphology, significant differences between Sedum acre and the other species analyzed are identified. There are also less relevant differences between the samples of S. annuum species analyzed in the two particular contexts. At the same time, slightly significant differences are also present within both distinct populations of S. hispanicum.
- Variation in stamen length values of Sedum flowers: This chart shows significant differences between Sedum acre and the other species analyzed. There are also significant variations in the two samples of S. annuum analyzed in separate contexts.
5. Future Prospects and Possible Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Number/Sedum acre (Hodoșa) | Carpel Length | Width of the Carpel | Petal Length | Petal Width | Sepal Length | Sepal Width | Stamens Length |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flower 1 | 3.888 | 0.932 | 4.464 | 2.41 | 1.642 | 1.769 | 3.106 |
Flower 1 | 3.902 | 0.947 | 4.008 | 2.485 | 1.539 | 1.197 | 2.981 |
Flower 1 | 3.633 | 1.064 | 5.216 | 2.339 | 2.077 | 1.529 | 2.288 |
Flower 1 | 2.988 | 0.877 | 3.954 | 2.233 | 2.287 | 1.614 | 2.893 |
Flower 1 | 2.874 | 0.953 | 3.934 | 2.396 | 1.897 | 1.242 | 2.763 |
Flower 2 | 4.025 | 1.484 | 3.873 | 2.359 | 2.272 | 1.418 | 4.067 |
Flower 2 | 4.633 | 1.035 | 4.795 | 2.412 | 1.901 | 2.4 | 4.046 |
Flower 2 | 3.899 | 1.741 | 4.276 | 2.515 | 2.028 | 1.294 | 3.966 |
Flower 2 | 3.099 | 0.97 | 3.264 | 2.523 | 3.71 | 2.108 | 3.743 |
Flower 2 | 3.853 | 1.322 | 2.144 | 2.199 | 2.854 | 1.495 | 2.991 |
Flower 3 | 3.889 | 1.147 | 4.823 | 1.893 | 2.803 | 1.901 | 2.313 |
Flower 3 | 3.303 | 0.978 | 5.197 | 2.133 | 1.891 | 1.462 | 4.062 |
Flower 3 | 3.573 | 0.867 | 4.622 | 2.366 | 1.113 | 1.33 | 2.964 |
Flower 3 | 3.155 | 0.833 | 4.92 | 2.323 | 1.953 | 1.391 | 4.863 |
Flower 3 | 2.905 | 0.995 | 4.822 | 2.542 | 2.548 | 1.461 | 3.212 |
Flower 4 | 4.816 | 1.947 | 4.175 | 2.475 | 1.944 | 1.853 | 3.829 |
Flower 4 | 5.011 | 1.593 | 4.349 | 2.73 | 2.252 | 1.536 | 4.507 |
Flower 4 | 4.551 | 1.163 | 4.388 | 2.211 | 2.309 | 1.334 | 3.822 |
Flower 4 | 4.266 | 0.899 | 4.764 | 2.262 | 3.392 | 2.141 | 3.954 |
Flower 4 | 3.742 | 0.963 | 5.005 | 2.299 | 3.005 | 1.416 | 2.997 |
Flower 5 | 4.963 | 1.574 | 4.921 | 2.307 | 2.47 | 1.371 | 4.257 |
Flower 5 | 4.903 | 1.077 | 5.223 | 2.468 | 2.106 | 1.679 | 3.905 |
Flower 5 | 5.178 | 1.314 | 5.739 | 2.518 | 1.826 | 1.881 | 3.865 |
Flower 5 | 3.766 | 1.244 | 4.958 | 2.039 | 1.756 | 1.433 | 3.366 |
Flower 5 | 4.044 | 0.967 | 4.049 | 2.23 | 2.709 | 1.77 | 3.722 |
Flower 6 | 4.661 | 1.378 | 4.623 | 2.204 | 2.466 | 1.523 | 2.993 |
Flower 6 | 3.495 | 1.187 | 5.104 | 2.385 | 2.386 | 1.59 | 3.564 |
Flower 6 | 4.605 | 1.02 | 4.842 | 1.838 | 1.936 | 1.703 | 3.042 |
Flower 6 | 3.037 | 1.002 | 3.979 | 2.395 | 1.836 | 1.396 | 3.369 |
Flower 6 | 3.63 | 0.844 | 5.493 | 2.283 | 2.739 | 1.682 | 3.922 |
Sample Number/Sedum annuum (Toplița) | Carpel Length | Width of the Carpel | Petal Length | Petal Width | Sepal Length | Sepal Width | Stamens Length |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flower 1 | 1.602 | 0.762 | 2.523 | 1.152 | 1.54 | 0.965 | 1.831 |
Flower 1 | 1.078 | 0.653 | 2.348 | 1.056 | 1.118 | 0.753 | 1.663 |
Flower 1 | 1.345 | 0.814 | 3.107 | 1.228 | 1.017 | 0.878 | 1.761 |
Flower 1 | 1.045 | 0.877 | 3.265 | 1.465 | 1.016 | 0.633 | 1.595 |
Flower 1 | 1.389 | 0.689 | 3.47 | 1.142 | 1.364 | 0.628 | 1.522 |
Flower 2 | 1.734 | 0.555 | 3.751 | 1.535 | 1.322 | 1 | 1.874 |
Flower 2 | 1.899 | 0.654 | 3.226 | 1.559 | 1.161 | 0.607 | 1.958 |
Flower 2 | 1.378 | 0.546 | 3.734 | 1.526 | 1.61 | 0.797 | 1.244 |
Flower 2 | 1.087 | 0.456 | 3.974 | 1.118 | 1.772 | 0.875 | 1.549 |
Flower 2 | 1.754 | 0.798 | 3.371 | 1.028 | 1.667 | 0.942 | 1.269 |
Flower 3 | 1.208 | 0.884 | 3.37 | 1.492 | 2.471 | 1.646 | 1.638 |
Flower 3 | 1.557 | 0.64 | 3.252 | 1.055 | 2.282 | 1.035 | 1.676 |
Flower 3 | 1.609 | 0.602 | 2.809 | 1.087 | 1.83 | 0.967 | 1.379 |
Flower 3 | 1.588 | 0.459 | 2.206 | 1.346 | 2.081 | 0.991 | 1.622 |
Flower 3 | 1.653 | 0.687 | 3.136 | 1.361 | 1.632 | 0.849 | 1.534 |
Flower 4 | 2.115 | 0.922 | 3.851 | 1.677 | 2.093 | 1.265 | 1.411 |
Flower 4 | 1.858 | 0.772 | 3.646 | 2.026 | 2.8 | 1.51 | 1.945 |
Flower 4 | 1.966 | 0.865 | 3.625 | 1.79 | 2.941 | 1.402 | 1.488 |
Flower 4 | 1.654 | 0.687 | 3.392 | 1.688 | 2.595 | 1.406 | 1.548 |
Flower 4 | 1.884 | 0.934 | 3.821 | 1.588 | 1.91 | 0.906 | 2.013 |
Flower 5 | 2.375 | 0.978 | 4.027 | 1.72 | 2.429 | 1.221 | 2.546 |
Flower 5 | 1.68 | 0.613 | 3.187 | 1.59 | 2.606 | 1.129 | 2.385 |
Flower 5 | 1.751 | 0.649 | 3.764 | 1.73 | 1.738 | 0.894 | 2.336 |
Flower 5 | 1.643 | 0.544 | 3.835 | 1.561 | 1.935 | 1.012 | 1.985 |
Flower 5 | 1.875 | 0.791 | 3.568 | 1.706 | 1.437 | 0.8 | 1.897 |
Flower 6 | 1.828 | 0.75 | 3.502 | 1.598 | 2.91 | 1.52 | 2.44 |
Flower 6 | 1.262 | 0.736 | 3.621 | 1.813 | 2.98 | 1.241 | 1.844 |
Flower 6 | 1.266 | 0.675 | 3.581 | 1.515 | 2.72 | 1.443 | 2.295 |
Flower 6 | 1.114 | 0.879 | 2.706 | 1.91 | 3.063 | 1.648 | 2.388 |
Flower 6 | 1.265 | 0.707 | 3.835 | 1.588 | 3.18 | 1.3 | 1.988 |
Sample Number/Sedum hispanicum (Toplița) | Carpel Length | Width of the Carpel | Petal Length | Petal Width | Sepal Length | Sepal Width | Stamens Length |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flower 1 | 1.548 | 0.536 | 4.239 | 1.732 | 1.015 | 0.842 | 2.698 |
Flower 1 | 1.197 | 0.675 | 4.591 | 1.415 | 0.647 | 0.862 | 2.812 |
Flower 1 | 1.02 | 0.617 | 3.875 | 1.55 | 0.561 | 0.71 | 2.563 |
Flower 1 | 1.874 | 0.788 | 3.688 | 1.839 | 0.685 | 0.669 | 2.097 |
Flower 1 | 1.453 | 0.566 | 4.048 | 2.07 | 0.89 | 0.692 | 3.037 |
Flower 1 | 1.322 | 0.523 | 4.64 | 1.736 | 1.059 | 0.875 | 2.508 |
Flower 2 | 0.834 | 0.709 | 2.546 | 1.881 | 1.32 | 0.774 | 2.553 |
Flower 2 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 2.617 | 1.678 | 1.046 | 0.759 | 1.465 |
Flower 2 | 1.469 | 0.63 | 2.865 | 1.801 | 0.73 | 0.578 | 1.525 |
Flower 2 | 1.334 | 0.661 | 3.31 | 1.432 | 0.643 | 0.682 | 2.104 |
Flower 2 | 0.885 | 0.602 | 3.771 | 1.626 | 0.855 | 0.84 | 2.561 |
Flower 2 | 0.851 | 0.825 | 2.696 | 1.54 | 1.016 | 0.729 | 2.721 |
Flower 3 | 1.059 | 0.734 | 4.475 | 1.926 | 0.956 | 0.798 | 3.022 |
Flower 3 | 1.234 | 0.805 | 3.691 | 1.635 | 1.064 | 0.768 | 2.687 |
Flower 3 | 1.151 | 0.589 | 3.522 | 2.183 | 0.971 | 0.715 | 2.262 |
Flower 3 | 1.038 | 0.911 | 3.677 | 1.835 | 0.563 | 0.751 | 2.251 |
Flower 3 | 0.885 | 0.877 | 4.05 | 1.98 | 0.757 | 0.717 | 1.84 |
Flower 3 | 0.579 | 0.635 | 3.453 | 2.13 | 1.019 | 0.7 | 2.727 |
Flower 4 | 1.381 | 0.62 | 4.983 | 1.839 | 1.503 | 0.735 | 2.195 |
Flower 4 | 1.213 | 0.544 | 4.883 | 1.902 | 1.305 | 0.81 | 2.466 |
Flower 4 | 1.152 | 0.469 | 3.848 | 1.801 | 0.938 | 0.578 | 1.879 |
Flower 4 | 0.638 | 0.521 | 4.096 | 1.674 | 0.908 | 0.86 | 2.409 |
Flower 4 | 0.488 | 0.522 | 4.325 | 1.71 | 0.849 | 0.801 | 2.567 |
Flower 4 | 0.933 | 0.504 | 4.06 | 1.759 | 1.001 | 0.609 | 1.327 |
Flower 5 | 1.452 | 1.119 | 3.037 | 1.574 | 0.98 | 0.613 | 1.443 |
Flower 5 | 1.568 | 0.901 | 4.119 | 2.101 | 1.111 | 0.65 | 2.229 |
Flower 5 | 1.896 | 0.835 | 2.778 | 1.626 | 1.294 | 0.606 | 1.975 |
Flower 5 | 2.135 | 0.745 | 3.014 | 1.86 | 0.893 | 0.604 | 1.645 |
Flower 5 | 2.045 | 0.819 | 2.404 | 2.046 | 0.815 | 0.615 | 1.499 |
Flower 5 | 1.662 | 1.141 | 3.349 | 2.021 | 1.012 | 0.654 | 2.22 |
Flower 6 | 0.993 | 0.633 | 4.403 | 1.923 | 1.029 | 0.605 | 1.427 |
Flower 6 | 1.35 | 0.844 | 4.249 | 1.577 | 1.227 | 0.6 | 1.477 |
Flower 6 | 0.934 | 0.792 | 4.1 | 1.305 | 1.028 | 0.673 | 2.535 |
Flower 6 | 1.036 | 0.743 | 4.282 | 1.724 | 0.772 | 0.863 | 1.578 |
Flower 6 | 0.975 | 0.577 | 4.248 | 1.726 | 0.888 | 0.677 | 2.05 |
Flower 6 | 1.125 | 0.788 | 4.025 | 1.676 | 0.637 | 0.742 | 2.264 |
Flower 6 | 1.078 | 0.842 | 4.402 | 1.764 | 1.043 | 0.634 | 1.623 |
Sample Number/Sedum hispanicum (Tulgheș) | Carpel Length | Width of the Carpel | Petal Length | Petal Width | Sepal Length | Sepal Width | Stamens Length |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flower 1 | 1.382 | 0.714 | 3.167 | 1.526 | 1.178 | 0.872 | 1.908 |
Flower 1 | 1.611 | 0.593 | 3.509 | 1.945 | 1.087 | 0.809 | 2.274 |
Flower 1 | 1.756 | 0.559 | 3.932 | 2.013 | 0.612 | 0.826 | 1.929 |
Flower 1 | 1.344 | 0.612 | 2.751 | 1.748 | 0.824 | 0.804 | 1.678 |
Flower 1 | 1.698 | 0.522 | 2.782 | 1.953 | 1 | 0.778 | 1.469 |
Flower 1 | 1.742 | 0.641 | 3.281 | 2.157 | 0.99 | 0.819 | 3.228 |
Flower 2 | 0.828 | 0.53 | 4.235 | 1.703 | 1.171 | 0.716 | 2.837 |
Flower 2 | 0.759 | 0.527 | 4.014 | 1.818 | 1.556 | 0.739 | 2.832 |
Flower 2 | 0.699 | 0.597 | 2.924 | 1.537 | 1.321 | 0.598 | 1.009 |
Flower 2 | 0.876 | 0.602 | 3.937 | 1.702 | 1.775 | 0.738 | 1.636 |
Flower 2 | 0.652 | 0.515 | 3.331 | 1.684 | 0.878 | 0.713 | 1.875 |
Flower 2 | 0.713 | 0.501 | 3.554 | 1.677 | 0.619 | 0.654 | 2.238 |
Flower 3 | 0.846 | 0.503 | 3.368 | 1.769 | 0.95 | 0.634 | 2.195 |
Flower 3 | 0.787 | 0.548 | 2.7 | 1.591 | 0.968 | 0.5 | 1.831 |
Flower 3 | 0.682 | 0.579 | 2.351 | 1.657 | 0.837 | 0.742 | 1.682 |
Flower 3 | 0.796 | 0.471 | 2.05 | 1.786 | 0.65 | 0.495 | 1.311 |
Flower 3 | 0.555 | 0.474 | 2.187 | 2.076 | 0.848 | 0.522 | 1.666 |
Flower 3 | 0.623 | 0.433 | 2.499 | 1.797 | 1.035 | 0.867 | 1.542 |
Flower 4 | 1.197 | 0.643 | 3.854 | 1.983 | 1.301 | 0.8 | 1.782 |
Flower 4 | 1.089 | 0.542 | 3.893 | 1.632 | 1.315 | 0.802 | 2.052 |
Flower 4 | 1.138 | 0.78 | 3.362 | 1.812 | 1.174 | 0.733 | 2.17 |
Flower 4 | 0.877 | 0.475 | 3.642 | 1.875 | 0.906 | 0.954 | 1.881 |
Flower 4 | 0.757 | 0.488 | 3.486 | 1.577 | 0.887 | 0.832 | 2.966 |
Flower 4 | 0.894 | 0.433 | 2.594 | 1.787 | 1.071 | 0.684 | 2.115 |
Flower 5 | 0.719 | 0.653 | 2.71 | 1.585 | 1.418 | 0.875 | 2.21 |
Flower 5 | 0.738 | 0.51 | 1.988 | 1.638 | 1.45 | 0.7 | 1.724 |
Flower 5 | 0.373 | 0.302 | 2.463 | 1.602 | 1.18 | 0.765 | 1.189 |
Flower 5 | 0.732 | 0.573 | 3.055 | 1.664 | 0.704 | 0.785 | 1.33 |
Flower 5 | 1.192 | 0.57 | 2.019 | 1.488 | 0.903 | 0.752 | 1.973 |
Flower 5 | 0.804 | 0.429 | 1.817 | 1.434 | 0.828 | 0.567 | 2.07 |
Flower 6 | 1.617 | 0.474 | 3.59 | 1.755 | 2.676 | 0.634 | 1.748 |
Flower 6 | 1.148 | 0.456 | 3.6 | 1.583 | 1.667 | 1.2 | 2.314 |
Flower 6 | 1.133 | 0.454 | 3.382 | 1.866 | 1.022 | 0.661 | 1.866 |
Flower 6 | 1.047 | 0.511 | 4.286 | 1.75 | 1.541 | 0.711 | 2.783 |
Flower 6 | 1.269 | 0.611 | 4.07 | 1.77 | 1.22 | 0.67 | 2.103 |
Flower 6 | 0.886 | 0.433 | 3.448 | 1.7 | 1.531 | 0.891 | 2.261 |
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Borcă, M.; Borcă, A.; Ciobica, A.; Halitchi, G.; Stoie, A. Image Processing Analysis of Plant Morphometry with Examples from the Genus Sedum (Crassulaceae). Methods Protoc. 2024, 7, 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps7040056
Borcă M, Borcă A, Ciobica A, Halitchi G, Stoie A. Image Processing Analysis of Plant Morphometry with Examples from the Genus Sedum (Crassulaceae). Methods and Protocols. 2024; 7(4):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps7040056
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorcă, Mădălina, Alexandru Borcă, Alin Ciobica, Gabriela Halitchi, and Andrei Stoie. 2024. "Image Processing Analysis of Plant Morphometry with Examples from the Genus Sedum (Crassulaceae)" Methods and Protocols 7, no. 4: 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps7040056