Governing Distant-Water Fishing within the Blue Economy in Madagascar: Policy Frameworks, Challenges and Pathways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of National and International Legal and Policy Frameworks Governing Distant-Water Fishing in Madagascar
3.1.1. The Fishery and Aquaculture Code (2015)
3.1.2. The Blue Policy Paper (2015)
3.1.3. The National Strategies for the Management of Tuna Fisheries (2014 and 2021)
3.1.4. Law Regarding Maritime Zones in the Maritime Space under the Jurisdiction of the Republic of Madagascar (2018)
3.1.5. Commitment to the Fisheries Transparency Initiative in 2021
3.1.6. The Malagasy Blue Economy Strategy for the Fishery and Aquaculture Sector (2022)
3.1.7. The UNCLOS as the International Instrument Framing Access by Distant-Water Fishing Nations (1982)
3.2. Governance Challenges Linked to Distant-Water Fishing in the Malagasy Waters
3.2.1. Spatial and Social Misfits of DWF Policies
3.2.2. Pertaining Issues of Transparency and Accountability
3.2.3. A Still Limited Capacity to Fight IUU Fishing
4. Discussion on Pathways towards an Improved DWF Policy Framework
4.1. Address Policy Coherence and Improve Monitoring
4.2. Realign National Policy and Actions with Local Needs
4.3. Further Strengthen Transparency in DWF
4.4. Mobilise Measures Adopted at the Regional Indian Ocean Level
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of the Legal Document | Adoption Year | Area Covered by the Text |
---|---|---|
National strategy on the management of tuna fisheries in Madagascar 1 | 2014 | Main priorities for the management of DWF and improvement of governance |
Law n° 2015-053 of December 2nd 2015 regarding the Fishery and Aquaculture Code 2 | 2015 | Modalities of DWF |
Blue Policy paper 3 | 2015 | Main vision and aspirations for DWF in Madagascar |
Law n° 2018-025 regarding maritime zones in the maritime space under the jurisdiction of the Republic of Madagascar 1 | 2018 | Contextualising fishing activities in the exclusive economic zone of Madagascar |
Updated national strategy on the management of tuna fisheries in Madagascar 1 | 2021 | Updated priorities and actions for the management of DWF |
Fisheries Transparency Initiative Standards 4 | 2021 | Standards regarding transparency of DWF agreements and modalities of operation |
Malagasy blue economy strategy for the fishery and aquaculture sector | 2022 | Improvement of fishing access agreements and the fight against IUU fishing. |
Content | Ref. in the Law | Comments on Implementation (as of September 2022) | |
---|---|---|---|
Modalities of fishing |
| Art. 26 |
|
| Art. 28 and 31 | ||
| Art. 30 | ||
| Art. 34.b | ||
| Art. 35.c | ||
Content of access agreements |
| Art. 35.a | The elements prescribed in Art. 35b are present in the existing template of fishing access agreements used by the ministry. These elements are also present in all EU public agreements. Agreements that allowed for a consultation also included a clause mentioning that agreements might not be renewed in the case of a lack of respect of the agreements’ terms or lack of respect of fishing modalities as presented above. |
Mandatory key contents of agreements:
| Art. 35.b | ||
| Art. 36 | Implemented through the adoption of the Southwest Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission (SWIOFC) guideline for minimum terms and conditions on fishing access agreements in 2018 | |
Fishing licenses | Content of licenses:
| Art. 38 |
|
Conditions under which licenses will not be renewed:
| Art. 40 | White et al. [8] reported that there is some illegal fishing within marine protected areas and territorial waters while authorities interviewed mentioned such occurrences have been limited over the years. WWF [15] also indicated that more than 2500 metric tonnes of tuna catch might be under-reported in Madagascar. If these fishing operators are identified, it could impact the renewal of their fishing licenses. |
Key Elements of the Strategy | Indicators of Success | Year of Activity Launch | Achievement as of September 2022 | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Activities in the 2021 strategy | ||||
R.1.2. Establish and operationalise a fishery consultation platform to align with the reform to improve fishery management in Madagascar |
| 2021 | Ongoing 1 |
|
R.2.1. Strengthening statistical and information systems |
| 2022 | Partially implemented |
|
R.1.3. Systematic publication of licences, royalties and bilateral agreements |
| 2022 | Partially implemented |
|
R.1.4. Reviewing the way fees are calculated |
| 2021 | Implemented |
|
R.5.1. Promote the implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) decree on fishing activities (fishing agreement) |
| - | Not implemented |
|
Activities in 2014 tuna strategy also present in 2021 strategy | ||||
R.1.5. Improvement of agreements on fisheries by harmonizing these agreements at the national level |
| 2019 | Ongoing |
|
R.1.3. Establishing a chart of dissuasive sanctions; classifying sanctions by fishery and type of offence |
| - | Not implemented |
|
| 2014 | Ongoing | ||
R.3.3. Strengthening MCS systems in Madagascar and in the region: VMS data, port inspections, offshore control, observer program, information exchange in the region |
| 2014 | Ongoing |
|
R.3.1. Increasing landings, trans-shipments and stopovers of DWF fleets in Malagasy ports by consulting operators and service providers |
| - | Not implemented |
|
Party of the Agreement | Flag State | Type | Type of Vessel | Nbr of Vessels | Status (as of September 2022) | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Union | Spain and France | Public | Purse seiners | 32 | Signed 1 | 4-year agreement |
Longliners | 33 | |||||
Interatun | Seychelles/Mauritius | Private | Purse seiners | 5 | Signed | 2-year agreement |
Japan Tuna | Japan | Private | Longliners | 10 | Signed | 2-year agreement |
Dae Young Fisheries | South Korea/ Taiwan | Private | Purse seiners | 3 | Applied for renewal | |
Private | Longliners | 72 | Applied for renewal | |||
ANABAC | Seychelles/Mauritius | Private | Purse seiners | 6 | Applied for renewal | |
OPAGAC | Seychelles/Mauritius | Private | Purse seiners | 6 | Applied for renewal |
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Andriamahefazafy, M. Governing Distant-Water Fishing within the Blue Economy in Madagascar: Policy Frameworks, Challenges and Pathways. Fishes 2023, 8, 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070361
Andriamahefazafy M. Governing Distant-Water Fishing within the Blue Economy in Madagascar: Policy Frameworks, Challenges and Pathways. Fishes. 2023; 8(7):361. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070361
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndriamahefazafy, Mialy. 2023. "Governing Distant-Water Fishing within the Blue Economy in Madagascar: Policy Frameworks, Challenges and Pathways" Fishes 8, no. 7: 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070361