Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of FFF 3D-Printed PLA Structures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Piece Preparation
2.2. Test Piece Immersion in Saline Solution
2.3. Strength Test
3. Results
3.1. Test Pieces
3.2. Stress-Strain Curves and Stress-Deflection Rate Curves
3.3. Non-Immersion Test
3.4. Immersion Test
4. Discussion
4.1. Analysis of Mechanical Properties by Tensile Testing and Flexural Testing
4.2. Mechanical Properties of the Non-Immersed Test Pieces
4.3. Mechanical Properties after Immersion in Saline
4.4. Temporary Strength Increase Brought about by Immersion
4.5. Test Methods
4.6. Future Prospects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
- Lunt, J. Large-scale production, properties and commercial applications of polylactic acid polymers. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 1998, 59, 145–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garlotta, D. A literature review of poly(lactic acid). J. Polym. Environ. 2001, 9, 63–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamad, K.; Kaseem, M.; Yang, H.W.; Deri, F.; Ko, Y.G. Properties and medical applications of polylactic acid: A review. eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 2015, 9, 435–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casalini, T.; Rossi, F.; Castrovinci, A.; Perale, G. A Perspective on Polylactic Acid-Based Polymers Use for Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2019, 7, 259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shetty, S.D.; Shetty, N. Investigation of mechanical properties and applications of polylactic acids—A review. Mater. Res. Express 2019, 6, 112002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jem, K.J.; Tan, B. The development and challenges of poly (lactic acid) and poly (glycolic acid). Adv. Ind. Eng. Polymer Res. 2020, 3, 60–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vert, M.; Christel, P.; Garreau, H.; Audion, M.; Chanavaz, M.; Chabot, F. Totally bioresorbable composites systems for internal fixation of bone fractures in polymers. In Polymers in Medicine II: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Application; Chiellini, E., Ed.; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 1986; pp. 263–275. [Google Scholar]
- Kulkarni, R.K.; Pani, K.C.; Neuman, C.; Leonard, F. Polylactic acid for surgical implants. Arch. Surg. 1966, 93, 839–843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kulkarni, R.K.; Moore, E.G.; Hegyeli, A.F.; Leonard, F. Biodegradable poly(lactic acid) polymers. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1971, 5, 169–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tunc, D.C.; Rohovsky, M.W.; Jadhav, B.; Lehman, W.B.; Strongwater, A.; Kummer, F. Body absorbable osteosynthesis devices. In Advances in Biomedical Polymers; Gebelein, C.G., Ed.; Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA, 1987; pp. 87–99. [Google Scholar]
- Bos, R.M.; Boering, G.; Rozema, F.R.; Leenslag, J.W. Resorbable poly(l-lactide) plates and screws for the fixation of zygomatic fractures. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 1987, 45, 751–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leenslag, J.W.; Pennings, A.J.; Bos, R.R.; Rozema, F.R.; Boering, G. Resorbable materials of poly(l-lactide). VII. In vivo and in vitro degradation. Biomaterials 1987, 8, 311–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vert, M.; Christel, P.; Chabot, F.; Leray, J. Bioresorbable plastic materials for bone surgery. In Macromolecular Biomaterials; Hastings, G.W., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1984; pp. 119–142. [Google Scholar]
- Alexander, H.; Langrana, N.; Massengill, J.B.; Weiss, A.B. Development of new methods for phalangeal fracture fixation. J. Biomech. 1981, 14, 377–383, 385–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sha, L.; Chen, Z.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, A.; Yang, Z. Polylactic Acid Based Nanocomposites: Promising Safe and Biodegradable Materials in Biomedical Field. Int. J. Polymer Sci. 2016, 2016, 6869154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Daniels, A.U.; Chang, M.K.O.; Andriano, K.P.; Heller, J. Mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers and composites proposed for internal fixation of bone. J. Appl. Biomater. 1990, 1, 57–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Christel, P.; Charbot, F.; Leray, J.L.; Mortin, C.; Vert, M. Biodegradable Composites for Internal Fixation; Advances in Biomaterials, 3, Biomaterials 1980; Winter, D.G., Gibbons, D.F., Plench, J., Jr., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1982; pp. 271–280. [Google Scholar]
- Feng, X.D.; Voong, S.T.; Song, C.X.; Chen, W.Y. Synthesis and evaluation of biodegradable block copolymers of ε-caprolactone and l-lactide. J. Polym. Sci. 1983, 21, 593–600. [Google Scholar]
- Wurm, M.C.; Möst, T.; Bergauer, B.; Rietzel, D.; Neukam, F.W.; Cifuentes, S.C.; von Wilmowsky, C. In-vitro evaluation of Polylactic acid (PLA) manufactured by fused deposition modeling. J. Biol. Eng. 2017, 11, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gkartzou, E.; Koumoulos, E.P.; Charitidis, C.A. Production and 3D printing processing of bio-based thermoplastic filament. Manuf. Rev. 2017, 4, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coppola, B.; Cappetti, N.; Maio, L.D.; Scarfato, P.; Incarnato, L. 3D Printing of PLA/clay Nanocomposites: Influence of Printing Temperature on Printed Samples Properties. Materials 2018, 11, 1947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harris, M.; Potgieter, J.; Archer, R.; Arif, K.M. Effect of Material and Process Specific Factors on the Strength of Printed Parts in Fused Filament Fabrication: A Review of Recent Developments. Materials 2019, 12, 1664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baran, E.H.; Erbil, H.Y. Surface Modification of 3D Printed PLA Objects by Fused Deposition Modeling: A Review. Colloids Interfaces 2019, 3, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Karabay, U.; Husemoglu, R.B.; Egrilmez, M.Y.; Havitcioglu, H. 3D Printed Polylactic Acid Scaffold for Dermal Tissue Engineering Application: The Fibroblast Proliferation in Vitro. J. Med Innov. Technol. 2019, 1, 51–56. [Google Scholar]
- Novak, J.I.; Loy, J. A critical review of initial 3D printed products responding to COVID-19 health and supply chain challenges [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. Emerald. Open Res. 2020, 2, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Msallem, B.; Sharma, N.; Cao, S.; Halbeisen, F.S.; Zeilhofer, H.-F.; Thieringer, F.M. Evaluation of the Dimensional Accuracy of 3D-Printed Anatomical Mandibular Models Using FFF, SLA, SLS, MJ, and BJ Printing Technology. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sanatgar, R.H.; Campagne, C.; Nierstrasz, V. Investigation of the adhesion properties of direct 3D printing of polymers and nanocomposites on textiles: Effect of FDM printing process parameters. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 403, 551–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suzuki, M.; Yonezawa, A.; Takeda, K.; Yamada, A. Evaluation of the Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Structures Fabricated by a Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printer. Inventions 2019, 4, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Andrzejewska, A. One Year Evaluation of Material Properties Changes of Polylactide Parts in Various Hydrolytic Degradation Conditions. Polymers 2019, 11, 1496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ngo, T.D.; Kashani, A.; Imbalzano, G.; Nguyen, K.T.Q.; Hui, D. Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos. B Eng. 2018, 143, 172–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiulan, I.; Frone, A.N.; Brandabur, C.; Panaitescu, D.M. Recent advances in 3D printing of aliphatic polyesters. Bioengineering 2018, 5, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Song, Y.; Li, Y.; Song, W.; Yee, K.; Lee, K.-Y.; Tagarielli, V.L. Measurements of the mechanical response of unidirectional 3D-printed PLA. Mater. Design. 2017, 123, 154–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tymraka, B.M.; Kreigerb, M.; Pearce, J.M. Mechanical properties of components fabricated with open-source 3-D printers under realistic environmental conditions. Mater. Design 2014, 58, 242–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chacóna, J.M.; Caminerob, M.A.; García-Plazab, E.; Núñez, P.J. Additive manufacturing of PLA structures using fused deposition modelling: Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and their optimal selection. Mater. Design 2017, 124, 143–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamada, A.; Niikura, F.; Ikuta, K. A three-dimensional microfabrication system for biodegradable polymers with high-resolution and biocompatibility. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2008, 18, 025035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanikella, N.G.; Wittbrodt, B.; Pearce, J.M. Tensile Strength of Commercial Polymer Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printing. Addit. Manuf. 2017, 15, 40–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kuznetsov, V.E.; Solonin, A.N.; Urzhumtsev, O.D.; Schilling, R.; Tavitov, A.G. Strength of PLA Components Fabricated with Fused Deposition Technology Using a Desktop 3D Printer as a Function of Geometrical Parameters of the Process. Polymers 2018, 10, 313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cohn, D.; Younes, H. Biodegradable PEO/PLA block copolymers. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1988, 22, 993–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tunc, D.C.; Rohovsky, M.W.; Jadhav, B.; Lehman, W.B.; Strongwater, A.; Kummer, F. Evaluation of body absorbable bond fixation devices. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1985, 53, 502–504. [Google Scholar]
- Li, S.M.; Garreau, H.; Vert, M. Structure-property relationships in the case of the degradation of massive aliphatic poly-(α-hydroxy acids) in aqueous media, Part 1: Poly(l-lactic acid). J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1990, 1, 123–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.M.; Garreau, H.; Vert, M. Structure-property relationships in the case of the degradation of massive aliphatic poly-(α-hydroxy acids) in aqueous media, Part 3: Influence of the morphology of poly(l-lactic acid). J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1990, 1, 198–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Göpferich, A. Polymer degradation and erosion: Mechanisms and applications. Eur. J. Pharma Biopharm. 1996, 42, 1–11. [Google Scholar]
- Shigley, J.M. Mechanical Engineering Design: Metric Edition; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1985; Chapter 2. [Google Scholar]
- Hill, R. A general theory of uniqueness and stability in elastic-plastic solids. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1958, 6, 236–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drucker, D.C. A definition of a stable inelastic material. J. Appl. Mech. 1959, 26, 101–106. [Google Scholar]
- Avgoustakis, K. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). In Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2005; pp. 1–11. [Google Scholar]
- Ecker, J.V.; Haider, A.; Burzic, I.; Huber, A.; Eder, G.; Hild, S. Mechanical properties and water absorption behaviour of PLA and PLA/wood composites prepared by 3D printing and injection moulding. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2019, 25, 672–678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takahashi, Y.; Hamanaka, I.; Shimizu, H. Flexural properties of denture base resins subjected to long-term water immersion. Acta Odontol. Scand. 2013, 71, 716–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sasaki, H.; Hamanaka, I.; Takahashi, Y.; Kawaguchi, T. Effect of long-term water immersion or thermal shock on mechanical properties of high-impact acrylic denture base resins. Dent. Mater. J. 2016, 35, 204–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wittbrodt, B.; Pearce, J.M. The effects of PLA color on material properties of 3-D printed components. Addit. Manuf. 2015, 8, 110–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yonezawa, A.; Yamada, A. Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of FFF 3D-Printed PLA Structures. Inventions 2021, 6, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010001
Yonezawa A, Yamada A. Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of FFF 3D-Printed PLA Structures. Inventions. 2021; 6(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleYonezawa, Asahi, and Akira Yamada. 2021. "Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of FFF 3D-Printed PLA Structures" Inventions 6, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010001