Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Physical Activity: Investigating Risk Factors and Correlations among Older Adults in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Variables Extracted from the Survey
2.2.1. Outcome Variables
2.2.2. Independent, Predictor, and Covariate Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total = 7082 | Men = 2994 | Women = 4088 | X2 | df | p | V | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | |||||
Age (Years) | 75 | (12) | 74 | (11) | 76 | (13) | n.a. | n.a. | 0.129 | n.a. |
BMI Group | n | % | n | % | n | % | X2 | df | p * | V |
Underweight | 77 | 1.2 | 21 | 0.7 | 56 | 1.6 ** | 85.2 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.115 |
Normal | 2073 | 32.3 | 774 | 27.5 | 1299 | 36.0 *** | ||||
Overweight | 2968 | 46.3 | 1471 | 52.3 | 1497 | 41.5 *** | ||||
Obesity | 1299 | 20.2 | 547 | 19.4 | 752 | 20.9 | ||||
Study Level | ||||||||||
Primary | 4250 | 60.0 | 1628 | 54.4 | 2622 | 64.1 *** | 107.4 | 4 | <0.001 | 0.123 |
Secondary | 1221 | 17.2 | 510 | 17.0 | 711 | 17.4 | ||||
Bachelor’s Degree | 550 | 7.8 | 280 | 9.4 | 270 | 6.6 *** | ||||
Vocational training | 359 | 5.1 | 191 | 6.4 | 168 | 4.1 *** | ||||
University | 702 | 9.9 | 385 | 12.9 | 317 | 7.8 *** | ||||
Civil Status | ||||||||||
Single | 612 | 8.7 | 322 | 10.8 | 290 | 7.1 *** | 851.7 | 4 | <0.001 | 0.347 |
Married | 3584 | 50.7 | 2006 | 67.1 | 1578 | 38.7 *** | ||||
Widowed | 2486 | 35.2 | 478 | 16.0 | 2008 | 49.3 *** | ||||
Legally separated | 165 | 2.3 | 88 | 2.9 | 77 | 1.9 ** | ||||
Divorced | 219 | 3.1 | 95 | 3.2 | 124 | 3.0 | ||||
PAF | ||||||||||
Inactive | 3222 | 45.5 | 1159 | 38.7 | 2603 | 50.5 *** | 97.9 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.118 |
Occasional | 2903 | 41.0 | 1396 | 46.6 | 1507 | 36.9 *** | ||||
Various/Month | 405 | 5.7 | 183 | 6.1 | 222 | 5.4 | ||||
Various/Week | 552 | 7.8 | 256 | 8.6 | 296 | 7.2 * | ||||
Subjective Cognitive Impairment Levels | ||||||||||
No | 5146 | 72.7 | 2332 | 77.9 | 2814 | 68.8 *** | 73.6 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.102 |
Yes, something | 1483 | 20.9 | 521 | 17.4 | 962 | 23.5 *** | ||||
Yes, a lot | 345 | 4.9 | 108 | 3.6 | 237 | 5.8 *** | ||||
Yes, absolutely | 108 | 1.5 | 33 | 1.1 | 75 | 1.8 * | ||||
Subjective Cognitive Impairment | X2 | df | p | φ | ||||||
No | 5146 | 72.7 | 2332 | 77.9 | 2814 | 68.8 *** | 71.3 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.100 |
Yes | 1936 | 27.3 | 662 | 22.1 | 1274 | 31.2 *** |
Variables | Physical Activity Frequency | X2 | df | p | V | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjective Cognitive Impairment Levels | Never (A) | Occasionally (B) | Frequently (C) | Very Frequently (D) | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||
None | 2002 | 61.1% | 2318 | 79.8% | 356 | 87.9% | 470 | 85.1% | 437.3 | 9 | <0.001 | 0.143 |
Some | 848 | 26.3% | 563 | 17.9% | 45 | 11.1% | 71 | 12.9% | ||||
A lot | 275 | 8.5% | 56 | 1.9% | 4 | 1.0% | 10 | 1.8% | ||||
Absolutely | 9 | 3.0% | 10 | 0.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.2% | ||||
Proportions’ differences post hoc | ||||||||||||
None | A (p < 0.001) *** | A (p < 0.001) *** B (p = 0.001) ** | A (p < 0.001) *** (p = 0.023) * | |||||||||
Some | B (p < 0.001) *** C (p < 0.001) *** D (p < 0.001) *** | C (p = 0.004) ** D (p < 0.025) * | ||||||||||
A lot | B (p < 0.001) *** C (p < 0.001) *** D (p < 0.001) *** | |||||||||||
Absolutely | B (p < 0.001) *** D (p = 0.001) *** |
Model for Subjective Cognitive Impairment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | Adjusted OR | 95% C.I. | p-Value | ||
Age | 0.073 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.09 | <0.001 *** |
Sex | |||||
Men | Reference | ||||
Women | 0.224 | 1.25 | 1.11 | 1.42 | <0.001 *** |
PAF | |||||
Never | Reference | <0.001 *** | |||
Occasional | −0.519 | 0.60 | 0.52 | 0.68 | <0.001 *** |
Various/Month | −1.152 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.45 | <0.001 *** |
Various/Week | −0.652 | 0.52 | 0.40 | 0.68 | <0.001 *** |
Study Level | |||||
Primary | Reference | <0.001 *** | |||
Secondary | −0.381 | 0.68 | 0.57 | 0.81 | <0.001 *** |
Bachelor’s Degree | −0.771 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.61 | <0.001 *** |
Vocational Training | −0.289 | 0.75 | 0.55 | 1.01 | 0.060 |
University | −0.786 | 0.46 | 0.36 | 0.58 | <0.001 *** |
BMI Group | |||||
Obesity | Reference | 0.029 * | |||
Underweight | −0.003 | 1.00 | 0.59 | 1.68 | 0.991 |
Normal | 0.018 | 1.02 | 0.86 | 1.21 | 0.833 |
Overweight | −0.175 | 0.84 | 0.72 | 0.98 | 0.030 * |
Constant | −6.261 | 0.00 | <0.001 *** |
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Franco-García, J.M.; Denche-Zamorano, Á.; Carlos-Vivas, J.; Castillo-Paredes, A.; Mendoza-Holgado, C.; Pérez-Gómez, J. Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Physical Activity: Investigating Risk Factors and Correlations among Older Adults in Spain. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9, 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030150
Franco-García JM, Denche-Zamorano Á, Carlos-Vivas J, Castillo-Paredes A, Mendoza-Holgado C, Pérez-Gómez J. Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Physical Activity: Investigating Risk Factors and Correlations among Older Adults in Spain. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2024; 9(3):150. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030150
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranco-García, Juan Manuel, Ángel Denche-Zamorano, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Antonio Castillo-Paredes, Cristina Mendoza-Holgado, and Jorge Pérez-Gómez. 2024. "Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Physical Activity: Investigating Risk Factors and Correlations among Older Adults in Spain" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 9, no. 3: 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030150