Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology

Research

16 pages, 438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Community-Based Program on Preschoolers’ Physical Activity and Nutrition in Chile

by Gabriela Salazar, Fabian Vasquez, Margarita Andrade, Maria del Pilar Rodriguez, Rocio Berlanga, Juanita Rojas, Antonio Giadalah and Alvaro Muñoz

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010093 - 12 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Introduction: Childhood obesity has reached critical levels in Chile, particularly among preschoolers from low-income families who face barriers to nutritious food and physical activity. Early interventions are essential to mitigate long-term health risks. This study evaluates the Chile Active Intervention, a community-based program [...] Read more.

Introduction: Childhood obesity has reached critical levels in Chile, particularly among preschoolers from low-income families who face barriers to nutritious food and physical activity. Early interventions are essential to mitigate long-term health risks. This study evaluates the Chile Active Intervention, a community-based program promoting physical activity and healthy eating among preschoolers attending public daycare centers in Antofagasta, Santiago, and Temuco. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a structured intervention in improving physical activity levels, dietary habits, and obesity-related risk factors in children aged 3 to 5 years old. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was implemented with intervention and control groups, including 1204 children from public daycare centers. The intervention-comprised educator training on healthy eating structured physical activity sessions tailored for young children and family engagement through “Healthy Days” events. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured anthropometric variables, body composition, physical activity, and dietary intake. Results: The intervention led to positive changes in weight-for-height Z-scores, body fat percentage, and skinfold thickness, particularly among high-risk children. Physical activity assessments showed reduced sedentary time and increased active play. Dietary improvements included higher fruit and vegetable consumption and reduced ultra-processed food intake. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that early, community-based interventions can effectively improve health behaviors in preschoolers. The program’s scalability across Chile is promising, with parental involvement and institutional support being key to sustaining impact. Long-term evaluations are recommended to assess its lasting effects on childhood health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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15 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Presence of Pain Shows Greater Effect than Tendon Structural Alignment During Landing Dynamics

by Silvia Ortega-Cebrián, Diogo C. F. Silva, Daniela F. Carneiro, Victor Zárate, Leonel A. T. Alves, Diana C. Guedes, Carlos A. Zárate-Tejero, Aïda Cadellans-Arróniz and António Mesquita Montes

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010074 - 24 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Eccentric loading during landing is considered a key factor in the development of patellar tendinopathy and is associated with stiff landings and patellar tendinopathy. This study aims to investigate the relationship between tendon structure, presence of pain, and sex differences in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Eccentric loading during landing is considered a key factor in the development of patellar tendinopathy and is associated with stiff landings and patellar tendinopathy. This study aims to investigate the relationship between tendon structure, presence of pain, and sex differences in landing kinematics and kinetics during countermovement jumps (CMJ) and tuck jump tests (TJT) in professional volleyball players. Methods: Professional volleyball players aged 18 to 30 years old (14 females and 25 males) participated in a cross-sectional study. Data included the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment Patellar Tendon (VISA-P) questionnaire; patellar tendon ultrasound characterization tissue (UTC) scans, in order to identify groups with misaligned tendon fibers (MTF) or aligned tendon fibers (ATF); and biomechanical assessments for CMJ and TJT. The joint angle (JA) at the lower limb was measured at peak ground reaction force (peak_vGRF) and maximal knee flexion (max_KF). A general linear model was used to evaluate joint JA differences between tendon alignment, pain, and sex variables. Sample t-tests compared peak_vGRF, load time, load rate, and area based on tendon alignment, pain presence, sex, and jump. The statistical significance of p-value is >0.05, and the effect size (ES) was also calculated. Results: The MTF group revealed decreased knee JA during TJT at peak_vGRF (p = 0.01; ES = −0.66) and max_KF (p = 0.02; ES = −0.23). The presence of pain was associated with increased JA during the CMJ, particularly at peak_vGRF and max_KF for trunk, hip, and ankle joints. Females showed decreased peak_vGRF than males. Landing with misaligned tendon fibers showed longer load times compared to aligned tendon fibers (p = 0.021; ES = −0.80). The TJT exhibited a greater load rate than the CMJ (p = 0.00; ES = −0.62). Conclusions: Pain is a critical factor influencing greater JA during landing, particularly at the trunk, hip, and ankle joints in CMJ. Misaligned tendon fibers compromise landing dynamics by increasing trunk JA during TJT. Kinetics varied significantly by sex and jump type, while pain and tendon structure revealed limited differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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20 pages, 2007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Metabolic Risk Classification System Incorporating Body Fat, Waist Circumference, and Muscle Strength

by Carlos Raúl Robledo-Millán, María Regina Diaz-Domínguez, Ari Evelyn Castañeda-Ramírez, Efrén Quiñones-Lara, Sebastián Valencia-Marín, Ricardo Xopán Suárez-García, Nely Gisela López-Desiderio, Claudio Adrían Ramos-Cortés, Areli Marlene Gaytán Gómez, Juan Manuel Bello-López and Héctor Iván Saldívar-Cerón

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010072 - 22 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Background: As metabolic diseases continue to rise globally, there is a growing need to improve risk assessment strategies beyond traditional measures such as BMI and waist circumference, which may fail to identify individuals at risk. This study develops and validates a novel metabolic [...] Read more.

Background: As metabolic diseases continue to rise globally, there is a growing need to improve risk assessment strategies beyond traditional measures such as BMI and waist circumference, which may fail to identify individuals at risk. This study develops and validates a novel metabolic risk classification system that incorporates body fat percentage (%BF), waist circumference (WC), and grip strength (GS) in Mexican adults. It aims to improve risk stratification and evaluate the association with metabolic syndrome. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 300 young adults (18–22 years) from a university in Mexico City, utilizing body composition (%BF) and anthropometric measures (WC, GS) to categorize them into four risk groups: protective, low risk, increased risk, and high risk. A retrospective cohort of 166 adults (18–65 years) with complete clinical records was used for validation. Results: The inclusion of GS in the risk assessment significantly shifted the distribution in the young adult cohort, reducing the “no risk” category (15.5% males, 11.6% females) and expanding the higher-risk categories (70.2% males, 69% females). Metabolic parameters such as fasting glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and blood pressure worsened progressively across the risk categories (p < 0.001). The high-risk group exhibited a markedly increased odds ratio for metabolic syndrome at 28.23 (10.83–73.6, p < 0.001), with no cases in the protective and low-risk groups. Conclusions: Integrating grip strength with %BF and WC into a risk classification system substantially enhances metabolic risk stratification, identifies at-risk individuals not previously detected, and confirms a protective group. This validated system provides a robust tool for early detection and targeted interventions, improving public health outcomes in metabolic health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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25 pages, 1595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Protective Role of Physical Fitness Level Against Obesity and Body Dissatisfaction in French-Canadian Youth

by Mario Leone, Isabelle Thibault, Hung Tien Bui, Emilia Kalinova, Jean Lemoyne, Dominic Gagnon, Georges Larivière and Maxime Allisse

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010046 - 26 Jan 2025

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Abstract

Background: The obesity epidemic among adolescents significantly impacts not only their physical health but also various psychological factors, including their perception of body image. Thus, this study pursued three main objectives: (1) to update the reference standard values for all the physical [...] Read more.

Background: The obesity epidemic among adolescents significantly impacts not only their physical health but also various psychological factors, including their perception of body image. Thus, this study pursued three main objectives: (1) to update the reference standard values for all the physical fitness tests performed; (2) to examine the impact of overweight and obesity on factors influencing physical fitness in adolescents; and (3) to determine the relationship between the physical fitness level and the body image dissatisfaction among a population of French-Canadian adolescents. Methods: A total of 1862 adolescents aged 12 to 17 (1008 boys and 854 girls) participated in this study. Data were collected from 12 French-language high-schools from different socioeconomic backgrounds and spread across four regions of the province of Québec, Canada. Anthropometric measures (body mass, body height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio) and fitness tests (aerobic power, anaerobic power, muscle endurance, muscular power, flexibility) were conducted. To assess adolescents’ body perception, a silhouette scale was used. Results: Standardized normative values were established for each fitness test (Lambda Mu Sigma; LMS method). In boys, performance generally improved with age, except for the V-test and sit-ups, which remained stable, and VO₂peak, which declined during adolescence in both genders (unpaired t-test and Cohen’s d effect size). In girls, only the vertical jump and 30 m sprint improved with age, while the other tests stabilized by age 13. Fitness level was significantly influenced by obesity status. Boys and girls with a normal BMI performed better than those who were overweight or obese (ANOVA = p < 0.001 and effect size F). Girls appeared to be less affected by obesity status, with differences between overweight and obese groups rarely being significant (p > 0.05). Fitness level was also linked to body satisfaction, with satisfied adolescents generally achieving better scores than dissatisfied ones, even among those with a typical BMI. Socioeconomic status did not impact body image perception in boys (p = 0.351). In contrast, girls from lower socioeconomic backgrounds exhibited significantly more negative perceptions (p = 0.002) than their peers from more affluent families. Conclusions: Obesity status is strongly associated with poorer performance on fitness tests. Conversely, higher levels of physical fitness are linked to improved body image satisfaction. This positive relationship between fitness and body image holds true even for individuals with a healthy body weight (typical BMI). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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12 pages, 1723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences in Head and Neck Posture Among Smartphone Users While Walking: Insights from Field Observations in Taipei

by Yi-Lang Chen, Ting-Hsuan Wang, Wei-An Chang and Hong-Tam Nguyen

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040245 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 975

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Despite the increasing prevalence of smartphone use while walking, few studies have comprehensively investigated head and neck posture in real-world settings. This study employed a single-blind observation of smartphone users walking in public areas of Taipei, Taiwan, to examine head and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Despite the increasing prevalence of smartphone use while walking, few studies have comprehensively investigated head and neck posture in real-world settings. This study employed a single-blind observation of smartphone users walking in public areas of Taipei, Taiwan, to examine head and neck movements, with a particular focus on the effects of gender and hand-operation type. Methods: We conducted observations of 120 smartphone users (60 males and 60 females), recording neck flexion (NF), head flexion (HF), gaze angle (GA), and viewing distance (VD) in the sagittal plane during walking. The analysis included four combinations of gender and smartphone hand operation (one-handed and two-handed use). Results: Significant gender differences were found in NF (p < 0.001), GA (p < 0.01), and VD (p < 0.01), with males exhibiting greater NF, GA, and VD than females. HF was similar between genders, but males’ larger NF suggested a more pronounced forward head posture, potentially increasing neck and shoulder strain. Hand operations also significantly affected VD (p < 0.001). Most users displayed a GA exceeding 60°, possibly an involuntary adjustment for better visibility of the walking path, potentially increasing eyestrain. Conclusions: Previous studies have primarily simulated smartphone use while walking in controlled environments, such as on treadmills or in laboratories. In contrast, our single-blind field study highlights the real-world risks associated with smartphone use during walking, including neck and shoulder strain and eyestrain, with notable differences observed between genders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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9 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity Levels During Physical Education Classes and Their Impact on Physical Fitness in 10-Year-Old School Children: A Comparative Study

by Vladan Pelemiš, Slobodan Pavlović, Nebojša Mitrović, Ivko Nikolić, Dalibor Stević and Nebojša Trajković

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040220 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1698

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this research was to determine the differences in physical fitness according to the level of physical activity (PA) during physical education classes in 10-year-old school children. Methods: The research included 315 primary school children (age 10 ± [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this research was to determine the differences in physical fitness according to the level of physical activity (PA) during physical education classes in 10-year-old school children. Methods: The research included 315 primary school children (age 10 ± 1.3 years), divided into three groups by level of PA: low, moderate and high. A Eurofit test battery was used to evaluate the physical fitness of children. Physical activity (volume (number of steps) and intensity) was measured using a Coach Gear pedometer and a Suunto Memory Belt heart rate monitor. Results: Presented results indicate that there are significant differences between groups of children of both genders in relation to the level of PA. Group of boys with low PA showed lower values in sit and reach (p = 0.01), standing long jump (p = 0.02), bent arm hang (p = 0.04) and polygon backwards (p = 0.01) compared to the remaining two groups. Girls with low physical activity showed significant differences in sit and reach (p = 0.01) and bent arm hang (p = 0.01) compared to the other two groups, while in hand tapping, the high PA group showed better results compared to the other two groups (p = 0.03). Conclusions: The results reported in this research support the significant effects of PA level on physical fitness in school children. Less active children generally showed poorer physical fitness in both genders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

13 pages, 702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Training Frequency and Training Session Duration on Vitality in Recreational Runners: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Adrián Varela-Sanz, Marcos Mecías-Calvo, Erika Borrajo and Iker Muñoz-Pérez

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040209 - 27 Oct 2024

Viewed by 2168

Abstract

Background: Running can improve health status from a biopsychosocial perspective. However, isolation strategies, like the COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown, produce deleterious effects on both health status and sport performance. The aim of our study was to investigate recreational runners’ sporting habits, subjective vitality [...] Read more.

Background: Running can improve health status from a biopsychosocial perspective. However, isolation strategies, like the COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown, produce deleterious effects on both health status and sport performance. The aim of our study was to investigate recreational runners’ sporting habits, subjective vitality (SV), and well-being after the COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown. Methods: After data filtration, 5542 recreational runners (74.5% men and 25.5% women, >18 years) were selected for further analyses. The participants answered preliminary questions regarding sporting habits and completed the validated Spanish version of the Subjective Vitality as a Dynamic Reflection of Well-Being questionnaire for assessing their SV after lockdown. Results: Subjective vitality scores did not differ between men and women, nor between age groups (p = 0.41 and p = 0.11, respectively). Subjective vitality was greater with weekly training frequency up to 5 days/week, where this enhancement plateaued, while average training session duration was positively related to SV, stabilizing at 91–120 min/session (p < 0.001 for both). Conclusions: There is a dose–response relationship between both weekly training frequency and training session duration, and mental health benefits in recreational runners. Further longitudinal studies are needed in order to determine the optimal dose–response relationship for simultaneously enhancing mental health outcomes and running performance in recreational runners, especially regarding weekly training frequency, training session duration, and exercise intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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19 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Individual Components of Sport Persistence in the Light of Gender, Education, and Level and Type of Sport

by Benedek Tibor Tóth, Hanna Léna Tóth, Csanád Lukácsi, Oszkár Csaba Kocsner, Buda Lovas, Bence Tamás Selejó Joó, Hanna Czipa, Regina Bódi, Zsuzsa Lupócz, Rozália Paronai, Mátyás Kovács and Karolina Eszter Kovács

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040205 - 25 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3493

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sport persistence can be coded as an indicator of sport performance and commitment, incorporating personality traits such as resilience, adaptive coping, and positive personality traits. Thus, athletes do not merely persist in sporting activities but are qualitatively committed to them. Methods: In [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sport persistence can be coded as an indicator of sport performance and commitment, incorporating personality traits such as resilience, adaptive coping, and positive personality traits. Thus, athletes do not merely persist in sporting activities but are qualitatively committed to them. Methods: In the present research, we used a qualitative methodology to investigate the factors underlying sport persistence, using Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological model. In total, 133 high school and college student-athletes were surveyed in a semi-structured interview study. We set the following research question: How do the factors involved in developing sport persistence vary across athletes’ gender, level of study, and level and type of sport? Data were analyzed along the lines of grounded theory. ATLAS.ti and IBM SPSS 22.0 statistical software were used for the analysis. Results: Our analysis divided individual motivation into intrinsic (health promotion, habituation, becoming a competitive athlete, self-improvement, self-actualization, relaxation, and sport enjoyment) and extrinsic motivation (family-related motivation, coach, social relationships, competition, livelihood, recognition). The cross-tabulation analysis revealed that contrary to the general trend, no significant differences can be experienced in the core motivational patterns contributing to sport persistence. However, significant differences could be detected concerning the level of education, level of sporting activity, and type of sport. Conclusions: Our findings not only shed light on the unique factors underlying sport persistence, but also challenge the trends observed in traditional sport motivation analyses. This insight could potentially revolutionize how we approach youth sport promotion and physical activity among young people, making our research highly relevant and impactful. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

11 pages, 282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Longitudinal Associations Between Physical Activity and Sedentary Time and Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness in Preschoolers

by Kirkke Reisberg, Eva-Maria Riso, Liina Animägi and Jaak Jürimäe

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040199 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1048

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The impact of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) during preschool years on the physical fitness (PF) levels of school-aged children remains unaddressed. This study aimed to investigate the associations of objectively measured vigorous physical activity (VPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The impact of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) during preschool years on the physical fitness (PF) levels of school-aged children remains unaddressed. This study aimed to investigate the associations of objectively measured vigorous physical activity (VPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), total physical activity (TPA), and ST in the last year of preschool (age of 6–7 years; n = 77; 51% boys) with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF) in the first grade of school among Estonian children. Methods: We assessed PA (accelerometers), CRF (20 m shuttle run), and MF (z-score of relative upper- and lower-limb muscular strength). Results: In the unadjusted analysis, higher VPA, MVPA, and TPA in preschool were associated with a higher MF in school among boys, while a higher VPA in preschool was related to a higher CRF in school among girls. However, VPA, MVPA, TPA, and ST in preschool were unrelated to CRF and MF among boys and girls after adjustment for baseline age, accelerometer wear time, the corresponding PF item, and parent’s education. In addition, a higher PF level in preschool was frequently related to a higher corresponding PF item in school among both genders. Conclusions: Moderate-to-vigorous and vigorous type of activities during final year of preschool, as well the amount of TPA that preschoolers are involved in, are not sufficient to affect their CRF and MF longitudinally. In addition, ST in preschool did not impact the CRF and MF of boys and girls in the first grade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

15 pages, 2024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Frequency of Physical Activity, Functional Mobility, and Self-Perceived Health in People with Different Levels of Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Ángel Denche-Zamorano, Diana Salas-Gómez, Sabina Barrios-Fernandez, Pablo Tomás-Carus, José Carmelo Adsuar and Jose A. Parraca

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040198 - 21 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1533

Abstract

Background: Habits including regular physical activity are necessary for maintaining good health. Functional mobility, including walking and going up and down stairs, is essential for personal autonomy and well-being. Pain is a condition related to biological and psychosocial aspects that influence people’s [...] Read more.

Background: Habits including regular physical activity are necessary for maintaining good health. Functional mobility, including walking and going up and down stairs, is essential for personal autonomy and well-being. Pain is a condition related to biological and psychosocial aspects that influence people’s lives. Objective: The main objectives of this study were (1) to analyse the associations between physical activity frequency (PAF) and self-perceived health (SPH) and functional mobility (walking and going up and down stairs) in middle-aged and older people living in Spain with different pain levels; and (2) to analyse the risk factors for having a negative SPH and functional mobility difficulties by calculating the probabilistic risks adjusted by different variables (sex, body mass index, social class, civil status, smoking status, pain level, and PAF). Methods: A cross-sectional study based on the European Health Survey data in Spain (EHSS 2014-2020) and The Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS 2017) was carried out, with a final sample of 21,152 participants with ages between 40 and 79 years. Results: Associations between high pain levels and worse SPH and difficulties in walking and climbing stairs were found. Lower PAF levels were associated with higher-probability risks of having a negative SPH and difficulties in walking and climbing stairs. Conclusions: Physical inactivity emerged as an important risk factor for worse SPH and functional mobility. These associations underline the importance that PA programmes can play in the improvement of health and functional mobility, as well as in other aspects, in people with pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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24 pages, 1946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Analysis of Micro-System-Level Factors Determining Sport Persistence

by Bence Tamás Selejó Joó, Hanna Czipa, Regina Bódi, Zsuzsa Lupócz, Rozália Paronai, Benedek Tibor Tóth, Hanna Léna Tóth, Oszkár Csaba Kocsner, Buda Lovas, Csanád Lukácsi, Mátyás Kovács and Karolina Eszter Kovács

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040196 - 18 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4277

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sport persistence is the embodiment of sports performance and mental toughness. It refers to our attempts concerning the performance plateau, failures, injuries, or even the resolution and processing of stressful situations associated with success and positive events. In our research, we [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sport persistence is the embodiment of sports performance and mental toughness. It refers to our attempts concerning the performance plateau, failures, injuries, or even the resolution and processing of stressful situations associated with success and positive events. In our research, we used qualitative methods based on Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological model to investigate the factors influencing sport persistence among high school and university athletes. Methods: The research was based on semi-structured interviews with 133 athletes. ATLAS.ti software and the grounded theory methodology were applied for data analysis. Our analysis grouped the responses according to Bronfenbrenner’s categorisation system, highlighting motivational factors at the microsystem level. Our research question was as follows: What kind of factors dominate the development of sport persistence among adolescent (high school) and young adult (university) athletes along Bronfenbrenner’s dimension of the microsystem? Results: Regarding the microsystem, family, peers, and coaches were mentioned as influential factors. Concerning the family, general, person-specific, family value-related, future-oriented, introjected, and disadvantage-compensating motivational components were identified. General, individual, community and relational factors were identified concerning peers. Concerning the coach, general, individual, community, and coach personality-driven motivational segments were detected. Conclusions: By recognising the complex interplay of systemic factors, we can design interventions targeting these factors at various socio-ecological levels, promoting youth sports and increasing physical activity among young people. These findings instil hope and motivation for the future of sports and physical activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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19 pages, 1207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Rehabilitation Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Neurological Health Conditions Using a Machine Learning Approach

by Gabriele Santilli, Massimiliano Mangone, Francesco Agostini, Marco Paoloni, Andrea Bernetti, Anxhelo Diko, Lucrezia Tognolo, Daniele Coraci, Federico Vigevano, Mario Vetrano, Maria Chiara Vulpiani, Pietro Fiore and Francesca Gimigliano

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040176 - 26 Sep 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1595

Abstract

Background: Over one billion people worldwide suffer from neurological conditions that cause mobility impairments, often persisting despite rehabilitation. Chronic neurological disease (CND) patients who lack access to continuous rehabilitation face gradual functional decline. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) provides [...] Read more.

Background: Over one billion people worldwide suffer from neurological conditions that cause mobility impairments, often persisting despite rehabilitation. Chronic neurological disease (CND) patients who lack access to continuous rehabilitation face gradual functional decline. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) provides a comprehensive framework for assessing these patients. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of a non-hospitalized neuromotor rehabilitation project for CND patients in Italy using the Barthel Index (BI) as the primary outcome measure. The rehabilitation was administered through an Individual Rehabilitation Plan (IRP), tailored by a multidisciplinary team and coordinated by a physiatrist. The IRP involved an initial comprehensive assessment, individualized therapy administered five days a week, and continuous adjustments based on patient progress. The secondary objectives include assessing mental status and sensory and communication functions, and identifying predictive factors for BI improvement using an artificial neural network (ANN). Methods: A retrospective observational study of 128 CND patients undergoing a rehabilitation program between 2018 and 2023 was conducted. Variables included demographic data, clinical assessments (BI, SPMSQ, and SVaMAsc), and ICF codes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regressions, and ANN to identify predictors of BI improvement. Results: Significant improvements in the mean BI score were observed from admission (40.28 ± 29.08) to discharge (42.53 ± 30.02, p < 0.001). Patients with severe mobility issues showed the most difficulty in transfers and walking, as indicated by the ICF E codes. Females, especially older women, experienced more cognitive decline, affecting rehabilitation outcomes. ANN achieved 86.4% accuracy in predicting BI improvement, with key factors including ICF mobility codes and the number of past rehabilitation projects. Conclusions: The ICF mobility codes are strong predictors of BI improvement in CND patients. More rehabilitation sessions and targeted support, especially for elderly women and patients with lower initial BI scores, can enhance outcomes and reduce complications. Continuous rehabilitation is essential for maintaining progress in CND patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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12 pages, 282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological-Dynamic Approach vs. Traditional Prescriptive Approach in Improving Technical Skills of Young Soccer Players

by Giovanni Esposito, Rosario Ceruso, Sara Aliberti and Gaetano Raiola

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030162 - 14 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4529

Abstract

Background: This study contributes to expanding the existing literature on learning technical skills in youth soccer by comparing the effectiveness of different training approaches in the development of passing skills. The ecological-dynamic approach, which emphasizes the continuous and adaptive interaction between the [...] Read more.

Background: This study contributes to expanding the existing literature on learning technical skills in youth soccer by comparing the effectiveness of different training approaches in the development of passing skills. The ecological-dynamic approach, which emphasizes the continuous and adaptive interaction between the athlete and the environment, is analyzed in comparison to the traditional prescriptive approach, which relies on predefined techniques and exercises. The aim of the study is to determine which of the two approaches is more effective in improving the performance of young soccer players. Methods: Thirty players (age 12 ± 1.2 years) were randomly assigned to two groups: the ecological-dynamic group (ECG) and a control group (CON). Both groups underwent an eight-week training program with equal sessions. The ECG group’s training focused on adjusting constraints like the learning environment, game rules, and visual restrictions to boost adaptability and problem-solving skills. The CON group followed a traditional prescriptive approach with specific instructions, goal setting, immediate feedback, and structured exercise progression. Passing abilities were evaluated before and after the program using the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, with a retention test administered five weeks later. Descriptive statistics, including mean values and percentage improvements, were used. A repeated measures ANOVA compared differences between the groups. Results: The analysis revealed a significant Occasion × Group interaction for all performance variables, indicating that the ECG group experienced greater improvements than the CON group. Specifically, the ECG group showed significant reductions in Trial Time (p = 0.001, η_p² = 0.6), Penalty Time (p = 0.016, η_p² = 0.4), and Overall Performance (p = 0.011, η_p² = 0.8) from pre-test to post-test. However, these improvements did not persist into the retention test (p = 0.131, p = 0.792, and p = 0.192, respectively). The CON group also improved significantly in Trial Time (p = 0.003), Penalty Time (p = 0.002), and Overall Performance (p = 0.001) from pre-test to post-test, but with smaller effect sizes and no sustained gains at retention. Conclusions: The ecological-dynamic approach (EDG) has proven to be more effective in enhancing passing skills compared to the traditional prescriptive approach (CON). Although both methods led to performance improvements, the EDG group achieved more significant progress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

14 pages, 3618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The IntegraPark Study: An Opportunity to Facilitate High-Intensity Exercise with Immersive Virtual Reality in Parkinson’s Disease Patients

by José M. Cancela-Carral, Pablo Campo-Prieto and Gustavo Rodríguez-Fuentes

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030156 - 3 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2328

Abstract

Background: high-intensity exercise is a feasible and effective modality in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, there are only a few studies that have carried out this type of intervention in customizable immersive virtual reality (IVR) environments. We explore the feasibility [...] Read more.

Background: high-intensity exercise is a feasible and effective modality in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, there are only a few studies that have carried out this type of intervention in customizable immersive virtual reality (IVR) environments. We explore the feasibility and effects of IVR-based high-intensity training through rowing and cycling exercises on the functional capacity, quality of life, and progression of PD. Methods: a total of 12 participants (61.50 ± 10.49 years old; 41.7% female, 58.3% male; stages I–III) were part of the study, which consisted of interventions of rowing and cycling in an IVR commercial exergame (25 min; twice per week for 14 weeks). The main variables measured were functional capacity, handgrip strength, functional mobility (TUG), functional lower-limb strength (FTSST), aerobic capacity (2-min step test), quality of life (PDQ-39), and Parkinson’s disease progression (MDS-UPDRS). Results: the results showed a general improvement in handgrip strength in both hands (p = 0.008; d = 0.28), FTSST (p = 0.029; d = 0.96), and TUG times (p = 0.152; d = 0.22). Aerobic capacity, assessed by a 2-min step test, showed enhanced scores (p = 0.031; d = 0.78). Related to the PDQ-39, all dimensions of the scale were enhanced, highlighting activities of daily living (p = 0.047; d = 0.29) and bodily discomfort (p = 0.041; d = 0.37). Finally, the main symptoms of the disease were reduced, with an improvement in the parameters that show a better incidence of disease progression, such as Part IA and IB (p = 0.013; d = 0.29 and p = 0.021; d = 0.25, respectively), Part II (p = 0.021; d = 0.23), Part III (p = 0.040; d = 0.39), and Part IV (p = 0.013; d = 0.39). Conclusions: the therapeutic exercise (rowing and cycling), when carried out at a high intensity and in a personalized IVR scenario, appear to be a feasible and safe modality for patients with stages I–III of PD, improving their functional capacity, quality of life, and disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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10 pages, 464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concurrent Validity and Reliability of a Free Smartphone Application for Evaluation of Jump Height

by Amândio Dias, Paulo Pires, Leandro Santana, Paulo Marques, Mário C. Espada, Fernando Santos, Eduardo Jorge Da Silva, André Rebelo and Diogo S. Teixeira

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030155 - 1 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1638

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Jump test assessment is commonly used for physical tests, with different type of devices used for its evaluation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of a freely accessible mobile application (VertVision, version 2.0.5) for [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Jump test assessment is commonly used for physical tests, with different type of devices used for its evaluation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of a freely accessible mobile application (VertVision, version 2.0.5) for measuring jump performance. Methods: With that intent, thirty-eight college age recreationally active subjects underwent test assessment after a specific warm-up, performing countermovement jumps (CMJs) and squat jumps (SJs) on a contact platform while being recorded with a smartphone camera. Jump height was the criterion variable, with the same formula being used for both methods. Data analysis was performed by two experienced observers. Results: The results showed strong correlations with the contact platform (ICC > 0.9) for both jumps. Furthermore, between-observer reliability was also high (ICC > 0.9; CV ≤ 2.19), with lower values for smallest worthwhile change (≤0.23) and typical error of measurement (≤0.14). Estimation error varied when accounting for both observers, with the SJ accounting for bigger differences (4.1–6.03%), when compared to the CMJ (0.73–3.09%). Conclusions: The study suggests that VertVision is a suitable and handy method for evaluating jump performance. However, it presents a slight estimation error when compared to the contact platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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12 pages, 481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Engagement in Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Club Sports among University Students: A Large-Scale Study

by Mohamad Motevalli, Clemens Drenowatz, Derrick R. Tanous, Gerold Wirnitzer, Werner Kirschner, Gerhard Ruedl and Katharina C. Wirnitzer

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030151 - 29 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2086

Abstract

Various socio-demographic, environmental, and lifestyle-related factors have been reported to be associated with physical activity (PA) habits. However, there exist insufficient data comparing different forms of engagement in PA, sports, and exercise. This study aimed to investigate potential factors associated with the engagement [...] Read more.

Various socio-demographic, environmental, and lifestyle-related factors have been reported to be associated with physical activity (PA) habits. However, there exist insufficient data comparing different forms of engagement in PA, sports, and exercise. This study aimed to investigate potential factors associated with the engagement in leisure-time PA (LPA) and club sports (CSs) in a large sample of college/university students. This Austria-wide study followed a cross-sectional design with a final sample of 4508 participants (mean age: 24.9 years; 65.9% female) from 52 Austrian colleges/universities. A standardized survey was used to collect data on demographics, anthropometric characteristics, and a wide range of health-related lifestyle factors, including patterns of PA and underlying motivations for PA engagement as well as details of dietary habits, sleep routines, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared, logistic regression, and MANCOVA were used for data analysis. Across the entire sample, 85.7% of participants reported regular participation in LPA, including 22.5% who were active members of sports clubs. Of the 36 potential motives listed in the questionnaire, “maintaining physical health”, “feeling good”, and “refreshing the mind” were the most commonly reported factors motivating students to engage in either LPA or CSs. Ten socio-demographic, dietary, or lifestyle factors were identified as predictors of CSs participation (p < 0.01), whereas only two variables (specifically sleep-related factors) were identified as predictors of LPA participation (p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the importance of considering the type of PA and sport participation and the associated determinants when designing tailored strategies to promote an active lifestyle. Full article

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14 pages, 985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Physical Activity: Investigating Risk Factors and Correlations among Older Adults in Spain

by Juan Manuel Franco-García, Ángel Denche-Zamorano, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Antonio Castillo-Paredes, Cristina Mendoza-Holgado and Jorge Pérez-Gómez

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030150 - 28 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1955

Abstract

Subjective cognitive impairment in older persons has a substantial influence on their quality of life and can progress to serious illnesses such as dementia. Physical activity level can help prevent cognitive decline and improve cognitive performance. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.

Subjective cognitive impairment in older persons has a substantial influence on their quality of life and can progress to serious illnesses such as dementia. Physical activity level can help prevent cognitive decline and improve cognitive performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between frequency of physical activity and subjective cognitive impairment in Spanish adults aged 65 and over, and to identify different risk factors. Using data from the EHSS20 survey, the study focused on 7082 participants who provided information on cognitive impairment and physical activity. Key predictor variables included age, gender, BMI, marital status, and education level. A significant relationship was found between BMI category and gender, with 66.5% of the population being overweight or obese. Men were more likely to be overweight than women. Socio-demographic factors such as educational level, marital status, and physical activity frequency showed dependent associations with sex. Women had a higher prevalence of subjective cognitive impairment than men. A strong association was found between frequency of physical activity and subjective cognitive impairment, with inactive older people having the highest prevalence of subjective cognitive impairment. Older women who engage in little physical exercise and have less education are at risk for subjective cognitive impairment. Furthermore, for both men and women, being overweight was associated with a more reduced risk than obesity. Significant relationships were also discovered between subjective cognitive impairment, frequency of physical exercise, gender, BMI, and degree of education. In conclusion, older, sedentary women with high BMI and less education are more likely to experience subjective cognitive impairment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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12 pages, 1572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Neuromuscular Activation in Older Female Adults during a Dynamic and Challenging Virtual Reality Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Konstantina Intziegianni, Marc Sarens, Olia Tsivitanidou, Louis Nisiotis, Katalin Kovacs, Eniko Nagy and Efstathios Christodoulides

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030143 - 24 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1637

Abstract

The use of virtual reality (VR) in older adults promotes improvements in mobility, strength, and balance. Changes in neuromuscular activation have been found to be associated with these improvements; however, during VR activities, this aspect has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of [...] Read more.

The use of virtual reality (VR) in older adults promotes improvements in mobility, strength, and balance. Changes in neuromuscular activation have been found to be associated with these improvements; however, during VR activities, this aspect has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate neuromuscular activation among older female adults during VR activities. Sixteen older female adults, with the use of VR, performed dynamic punching movements involving elbow flexion/extension for one minute, and the muscle activation of the bicep brachii was recorded with electromyography (EMG) and normalized to the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of elbow flexion. The one-minute activity was divided into three time phases: 0–10 s, 25–35 s, and 50–60 s. The five highest EMG amplitude values (%) in each phase were selected and averaged. Differences between phases were analyzed using repeated ANOVA (α_adj = 0.017). The EMG amplitude for the first phase was 39.1 ± 2.6%, that for the second phase was 44.8 ± 3.0%, and that for the third phase was 49.6 ± 3.1%. Statistically significant differences were found in all phases, with the first phase demonstrating a lower EMG amplitude (%) compared to the second (p = 0.002) and third phases (p = 0.000). The third phase demonstrated a higher EMG amplitude (%) compared to the second phase (p = 0.025). Engagement in VR activities can have significant effects on neuromuscular activation in older female adults, with our findings revealing a significant increase in the EMG amplitude within one minute of commencing a dynamic and challenging activity such as virtual boxing. Full article

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13 pages, 848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lifestyle as a Modulator of the Effects on Fitness of an Integrated Neuromuscular Training in Primary Education

by Blanca Roman-Viñas, Fidanka Vasileva, Raquel Font-Lladó, Susana Aznar-Laín, Fabio Jiménez-Zazo, Abel Lopez-Bermejo, Victor López-Ros and Anna Prats-Puig

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030117 - 2 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1543

Abstract

The objective was to evaluate changes in fitness after an integrated neuromuscular training (INT) intervention in primary school children and to evaluate how lifestyle behaviors and parental education modulate these changes. One hundred and seventy children (7.45 ± 0.34 years; 52% girls) were [...] Read more.

The objective was to evaluate changes in fitness after an integrated neuromuscular training (INT) intervention in primary school children and to evaluate how lifestyle behaviors and parental education modulate these changes. One hundred and seventy children (7.45 ± 0.34 years; 52% girls) were included. Cardiorespiratory fitness (half-mile run test), a 10 × 5 m shuttle run test, standing broad jump (SBJ), handgrip dynamometer, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass percentage (FM%) were assessed before and after the 3-month intervention (20 min of INT in the physical education class, twice per week). The Mediterranean diet (MD), sleep time and parental education level (PEL) were evaluated by questionnaires, and adherence to physical activity (PA) recommendations was measured with a triaxial accelerometer before the intervention. After the intervention, there were improvements in the 10 × 5 test and the SBJ. Only girls had improvements in the handgrip test, BMI SDS and FM%. After correcting for confounding variables, only BMI was significantly improved whereas strength improved in the participants non-compliant with the PA recommendations or pertaining to families of high PEL. The INT produced improvements in fitness in a brief period and in different subgroups of pupils (inactive and with diverse sociocultural environments). Full article

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Review

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11 pages, 2022 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cardiovascular Diseases, Vital Organ Fibrosis, and Chronic Inflammation Associated with High-Intensity and/or High-Volume Exercise Training: Double-Edged Sword Effects of Vigorous Physical Activity in Elderly People and/or in Middle-Age Cancer-Therapy-Treated Patients

by Pierre A. Guertin

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010033 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1179

Abstract

Cardiotoxicity, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), hypertension, hepatotoxicity, and respiratory problems occurring several months to several years post-chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are increasingly documented by scientists and clinicians. Anthracyclines, for example, were discovered in the late 1960s to be dose-dependently linked to induced cardiotoxicity, which frequently [...] Read more.

Cardiotoxicity, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), hypertension, hepatotoxicity, and respiratory problems occurring several months to several years post-chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are increasingly documented by scientists and clinicians. Anthracyclines, for example, were discovered in the late 1960s to be dose-dependently linked to induced cardiotoxicity, which frequently resulted in cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Most of those changes have also been associated with aging. While it is well known that exercise can slow down cellular aging processes, lessen the effects of chemotherapy, improve the effectiveness of cancer treatments, and prevent health problems in the general population, it remains unclear how exercise volume or intensity may affect the overall benefits of physical activity on health. For instance, higher rates of sudden cardiac arrest or coronary artery calcification have been found in marathon and ultra-marathon runners. Several additional pathological consequences have also been reported recently on many organs of those athletes. This review reports the most recent evidence suggesting that excessive intensity and/or volume may have deleterious effects on health. These findings are in clear contrast with the popular belief that all forms of physical activity can generally reduce the pathological changes associated with aging or cancer therapies. In conclusion, high-intensity training (HIT) and/or high-volume training (HVT) should not be recommended for middle-age and elderly people who have had cancer therapies or not in order to avoid an exacerbation of the consequences of aging or long-term cancer treatment effects on vital organ structures and functions. Full article

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20 pages, 2706 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Digital Devices on Children’s Health: A Systematic Literature Review

by Valentina Presta, Alessandro Guarnieri, Fabiana Laurenti, Salvatore Mazzei, Maria Luisa Arcari, Prisco Mirandola, Marco Vitale, Michael Yong Hwa Chia, Giancarlo Condello and Giuliana Gobbi

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040236 - 14 Nov 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4999

Abstract

Background: The impact of prolonged digital device exposure on physical and mental health in children has been widely investigated by the scientific community. Additionally, the lockdown periods due to the COVID-19 pandemic further exposed children to screen time for e-learning activities. The aim [...] Read more.

Background: The impact of prolonged digital device exposure on physical and mental health in children has been widely investigated by the scientific community. Additionally, the lockdown periods due to the COVID-19 pandemic further exposed children to screen time for e-learning activities. The aim of this systematic review (PROSPERO Registration: CRD42022315596) was to evaluate the effect of digital device exposure on children’s health. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was additionally explored to verify the further exposure of children due to the e-learning environment. Methods: Available online databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, BASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) were searched for study selection. The PICO model was followed by including a target population of children aged 2 to 12 years, exposed or not to any type of digital devices, while evaluating changes in both physical and mental health outcomes. The quality assessment was conducted by using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines were followed to provide data synthesis. Results: Forty studies with a total sample of 75,540 children were included in this systematic review. The study design was mainly cross-sectional (n = 28) and of moderate quality (n = 33). Overall, the quality score was reduced due to recall, selection, and detection biases; blinding procedures influenced the quality score of controlled trials, and outcome validity reduced the quality score of cohort studies. Digital device exposure affected physical activity engagement and adiposity parameters; sleep and behavioral problems emerged in children overexposed to digital devices. Ocular conditions were also reported and associated with higher screen exposure. Home confinement during COVID-19 further increased digital device exposure with additional negative effects. Conclusions: The prolonged use of digital devices has a significant negative impact on children aged 2 to 12, leading to decreased physical activity, sleep disturbances, behavioral issues, lower academic performance, socioemotional challenges, and eye strain, particularly following extended online learning during lockdowns. Full article

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18 pages, 1894 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Swimming Exercise on Early Adolescents’ Physical Conditioning and Physical Health: A Systematic Review

by Francisco A. Ferreira, Catarina C. Santos, António L. Palmeira, Ricardo J. Fernandes and Mário J. Costa

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030158 - 4 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3755

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Swimming is a popular and cost-effective way to prevent sedentary behavior and improve physical conditioning and health during early adolescence. However, information on its impact and benefits on daily life activities is lacking. This systematic review aims to summarize the chronic effects [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Swimming is a popular and cost-effective way to prevent sedentary behavior and improve physical conditioning and health during early adolescence. However, information on its impact and benefits on daily life activities is lacking. This systematic review aims to summarize the chronic effects of swimming on physical conditioning and physical health outcomes in early adolescents. Methods: The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed and PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and International Symposium of Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming proceedings databases were searched. Eligibility criteria were defined on the PICOS framework (healthy adolescents in early puberty, swimming programmes or training, passive or active control groups, general effects on physical conditioning or health, longitudinal) and risk of bias was assessed using RoBANS 2. Results: From 2365 records, 20 non-randomized studies met the defined criteria. High heterogeneity in sample size and intervention was observed. While studies related to physical conditioning (n = 5) focused on physiological variables and muscular function, the evidence regarding physical health outcomes (n = 15) explored bone accrual, haemodynamics, body composition, musculoskeletal system, and lung growth. High overall risk of bias (70%) was observed due to strict criteria. Conclusions: Swimming exercise seems to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiac output, haemodynamics, heart growth, motor performance, and body composition of early adolescents. Despite clear evidence that exists on these chronic effects, research on bone health, postural deficit, motor skills, and sleep quality is still missing. Full article

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16 pages, 799 KiB

Open AccessReview

Active Commuting as a Factor of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

by Claudia Baran, Shanice Belgacem, Mathilde Paillet, Raphael Martins de Abreu, Francisco Xavier de Araujo, Roberto Meroni and Camilo Corbellini

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030125 - 18 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1594

Abstract

Active commuting (AC) may have the potential to prevent the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the evidence for a correlation between AC and the risk of CVD remains uncertain. The current study thoroughly and qualitatively summarized research on the relationship between AC [...] Read more.

Active commuting (AC) may have the potential to prevent the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the evidence for a correlation between AC and the risk of CVD remains uncertain. The current study thoroughly and qualitatively summarized research on the relationship between AC and the risk of CVD disease. From conception through December 2022, researchers explored four databases (PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane, and Bibliothèque Nationale of Luxembourg [BnL]) for observational studies. The initial findings of the search yielded 1042 references. This systematic review includes five papers with 491,352 participants between 16 and 85 years old, with 5 to 20 years of follow-up period. The exposure variable was the mode of transportation used to commute on a typical day (walking, cycling, mixed mode, driving, or taking public transportation). The primary outcome measures were incident CVD, fatal and non-fatal (e.g., ischemic heart disease (IHD), ischemic stroke (IS), hemorrhagic stroke (HS) events, and coronary heart disease (CHD). Despite methodological variability, the current evidence supports AC as a preventive measure for the development of CVD. Future research is needed to standardize methodologies and promote policies for public health and environmental sustainability. Full article

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Other

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12 pages, 543 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Impact of Exercise Training at Maximal Fat Oxidation Intensity on Metabolic and Epigenetic Parameters in Patients with Overweight and Obesity: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial

by Marco Antonio Hernández-Lepe, David Alfredo Hernández-Ontiveros, Isaac Armando Chávez-Guevara, Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez, Rosa Patricia Hernández-Torres, Reymond Josué López-Fregoso, Omar Ramos-Lopez, Francisco José Amaro-Gahete, Raquel Muñiz-Salazar and Francisco Javier Olivas-Aguirre

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040214 - 31 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2818

Abstract

Background: Exercise is an essential pillar for human health, as it contributes to physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Well-recognized international organizations, such as the World Health Organization, advocate for integrating exercise into healthy lifestyles, recognizing its importance in disease prevention and improving quality [...] Read more.

Background: Exercise is an essential pillar for human health, as it contributes to physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Well-recognized international organizations, such as the World Health Organization, advocate for integrating exercise into healthy lifestyles, recognizing its importance in disease prevention and improving quality of life. However, despite the consensus on its value, there is no universal agreement on specific prescriptions for vulnerable groups, highlighting the need for personalized approaches that consider the unique characteristics and needs of everyone. Emerging studies have demonstrated that exercise training performed at the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation improves insulin sensitivity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition in patients with obesity, making it a highly effective strategy for long-term weight management and metabolic health in this specific population. Methods: The present study protocol settles the basis for a 16-week randomized clinical trial based on exercise prescription at the maximal fat oxidation rate combined with resistance training in young individuals with overweight and obesity. Expected Results: This study will elucidate how FatMax, with or without resistance exercises, can enhance metabolic flexibility, increase fat oxidation, and improve body composition, evaluating changes in biochemical parameters (cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers), metabolic biomarkers (determination of fat and carbohydrate utilization rates during rest and exercise), and epigenetic indicators (focusing on microRNAs associated with adipogenesis, inflammation, and fat metabolism). ClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT06553482 (FatMax Training on Metabolic and Epigenetic Parameters). Full article

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