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Article

Battery Electric Buses or Fuel Cell Electric Buses? A Decarbonization Case Study in the City of Brescia, Italy

by
Fabio Borghetti
1,*,
Michela Longo
2,
Michela Bonera
3,
Marco Libretti
3,
Claudio Somaschini
4,
Valentina Martinelli
3,
Marco Medeghini
3 and
Renato Mazzoncini
5
1
Mobility and Transport Laboratory, Design Department, Politecnico di Milano, Via Candiani 72, 20158 Milano, Italy
2
Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via la Masa 34, 20156 Milano, Italy
3
Brescia Mobilità S.p.A., Via Magnolini 3, 25135 Brescia, Italy
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via la Masa 1, 20156 Milano, Italy
5
A2A S.p.A., Corso di Porta Vittoria 4, 20122 Milano, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Infrastructures 2023, 8(12), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8120178
Submission received: 12 October 2023 / Revised: 5 December 2023 / Accepted: 8 December 2023 / Published: 11 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Infrastructures for Urban Mobility)
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Abstract

Nowadays, designing and adopting sustainable and greener transport systems is of upmost interest. The European Commission and different EU countries are developing plans and programs—but also delivering resources—aimed at the decarbonization of cities and transport by 2030. In this paper, the case study of the city of Brescia, a city of about 200,000 inhabitants located in northern Italy, is addressed. Specifically, a preliminary operational and financial feasibility study is performed assuming the replacement of the entire compressed natural gas (CNG) powered bus fleet of a specific line; the two alternatives considered are battery electric buses (BEBs) and fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs). For the comparison and evaluation of the two alternatives, specific economic parameters of the three alternatives (BEB, FCEB and the current solution CNGB) were considered: CAPEX (CAPital EXpenditure) and OPEX (OPerational EXpenditure). This allowed us to determine the TCO (total cost of ownership) and TCRO (total cost and revenues of ownership) along three annuities (2022, 2025 and 2030). For the BEB alternative, the TCO and TCRO values are between EUR 0.58/km and EUR 0.91/km. In the case of the FCEB solution, the values of TCO and TCRO are between EUR 1.75/km and EUR 2.15/km. Considering the current CNGB solution, the TCO and TCRO values range between EUR 1.43/km and EUR 1.51/km.
Keywords: sustainable transport; mobility; transport decarbonization; battery electric buses; fuel cell electric buses; decision support system; sustainable city sustainable transport; mobility; transport decarbonization; battery electric buses; fuel cell electric buses; decision support system; sustainable city

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MDPI and ACS Style

Borghetti, F.; Longo, M.; Bonera, M.; Libretti, M.; Somaschini, C.; Martinelli, V.; Medeghini, M.; Mazzoncini, R. Battery Electric Buses or Fuel Cell Electric Buses? A Decarbonization Case Study in the City of Brescia, Italy. Infrastructures 2023, 8, 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8120178

AMA Style

Borghetti F, Longo M, Bonera M, Libretti M, Somaschini C, Martinelli V, Medeghini M, Mazzoncini R. Battery Electric Buses or Fuel Cell Electric Buses? A Decarbonization Case Study in the City of Brescia, Italy. Infrastructures. 2023; 8(12):178. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8120178

Chicago/Turabian Style

Borghetti, Fabio, Michela Longo, Michela Bonera, Marco Libretti, Claudio Somaschini, Valentina Martinelli, Marco Medeghini, and Renato Mazzoncini. 2023. "Battery Electric Buses or Fuel Cell Electric Buses? A Decarbonization Case Study in the City of Brescia, Italy" Infrastructures 8, no. 12: 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8120178

APA Style

Borghetti, F., Longo, M., Bonera, M., Libretti, M., Somaschini, C., Martinelli, V., Medeghini, M., & Mazzoncini, R. (2023). Battery Electric Buses or Fuel Cell Electric Buses? A Decarbonization Case Study in the City of Brescia, Italy. Infrastructures, 8(12), 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8120178

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