Infrastructures

29 pages, 6754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Drainage Infrastructure in Coastal Lowlands: Challenges, Design Choices, and Environmental and Urban Impacts

by Beatriz Cruz Amback, Paula Morais Canedo de Magalhães, Luiz Eduardo Siqueira Saraiva, Matheus Martins de Sousa and Marcelo Gomes Miguez

Infrastructures 2025, 10(5), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10050103 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

Urban flooding is a growing concern, particularly in coastal lowland cities where climate change exacerbates hazards through rising sea levels and intense rainfall. Traditional flood defenses like fluvial polders often exacerbate urban fragmentation and maintenance costs if poorly integrated into planning. This study [...] Read more.

Urban flooding is a growing concern, particularly in coastal lowland cities where climate change exacerbates hazards through rising sea levels and intense rainfall. Traditional flood defenses like fluvial polders often exacerbate urban fragmentation and maintenance costs if poorly integrated into planning. This study proposes a multifunctional assessment design framework to evaluate polder design effectiveness considering both the hydraulic and social–environmental dimensions, emphasizing blue–green infrastructure (BGI) for flood control, leisure, and landscape integration. Three design scenarios for Rio de Janeiro’s Jardim Maravilha neighborhood were modeled hydrodynamically: S1 (dike near urban areas, pump-dependent) and S2/S3 (dikes along the riverbank, gravity-driven). Results show S2/S3 outperformed S1 in storage capacity (2.7× larger volume), freeboard resilience (0.42–0.43 m vs. 0.25 m), and urban integration (floodable parks accessible to communities), though S1 had faster reservoir emptying. Under climate change, all scenarios sustained functionality, but S1’s freeboard reduced by 86%, nearing its limit. The framework’s standardized scoring system balanced quantitative and qualitative criteria, revealing trade-offs between hydraulic efficiency and urban adaptability. The optimized S3 design, incorporating external storage and dredging, achieved the best compromise. This approach aids decision-making by systematically evaluating resilience, operational feasibility, and long-term climate adaptation, supporting sustainable flood infrastructure in coastal cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart, Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructures, 3rd Edition)

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15 pages, 19750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Intelligent Identification Technology for Bridge Cracks

by Yumeng Su, Yunlong Song, Zhaomin Zhan, Zhuo Bi, Bang Zhou, Youling Yu and Yanting Song

Infrastructures 2025, 10(5), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10050102 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

The infrastructure construction of bridges is growing rapidly, and the quality of concrete structures is becoming increasingly stringent. However, the issue of cracks in concrete structures remains prominent. In on-site bridge crack detection, the traditional crack identification techniques fail to meet demands due [...] Read more.

The infrastructure construction of bridges is growing rapidly, and the quality of concrete structures is becoming increasingly stringent. However, the issue of cracks in concrete structures remains prominent. In on-site bridge crack detection, the traditional crack identification techniques fail to meet demands due to their inefficiency, inaccuracy, and the challenges posed by high-altitude conditions. In response to this, this paper proposes a bridge crack multi-task integration algorithm based on YOLOv8 object detection and DeepLabv3+ semantic segmentation. This integrated approach offers advantages such as high precision and low inference time. Testing wall cracks using this method, compared to the original approach, resulted in a 10.18% improvement in IOU and a 9.64% improvement in the F1 score. Regarding the detection model, it was deployed on edge computing devices. By applying the TensorRT inference acceleration framework, the camera FPS increased to 9.66, a 59.97% improvement compared to the version without the acceleration framework. This enabled accurate, real-time bridge crack detection on the edge computing devices. Furthermore, the edge computing device was also applied in a self-developed drone, which was tested on-site at the Donghai Bridge, providing a new solution for safe and reliable structural inspection. Full article

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32 pages, 878 KiB

Open AccessReview

Repair and Treatment of Alkali–Silica Reaction (ASR)-Affected Transportation Infrastructures: Review and Interview

by Amir Behravan, Gabriel Arce, H. Celik Ozyildirim, Emily Spradley and Cooper Davenport

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040101 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) can create significant cracking, compromising the durability and structural integrity of concrete elements. Currently, there is no known way to halt or reverse ASR damage, and the expansion will continue until it impairs ride quality or structural capacity, requiring the [...] Read more.

Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) can create significant cracking, compromising the durability and structural integrity of concrete elements. Currently, there is no known way to halt or reverse ASR damage, and the expansion will continue until it impairs ride quality or structural capacity, requiring the replacement of the affected elements. For certain existing structures or structural elements, the progression of an alkali–silica reaction may slow down depending on the type, dimensions of the affected element, service conditions, and environmental factors. Early intervention with repairs, however, may delay the need for replacement and extend the service life of the structure. Repair methods, such as crack filling, sealing, and breathable coatings, help reduce moisture intake and slow expansion. These repairs can also be combined with strengthening techniques to counteract the expansive forces caused by ASRs. The primary goal of these repairs is to extend the life of the structure until replacement or abandonment is necessary. There is a lack of information regarding the long-term performance of repairs and the most widely accepted repair methods. However, the literature and knowledge from the field shows that the time gained through these repairs varies significantly depending on location and exposure conditions, indicating that replacement remains the only reliable solution. Still, given that repairs can cost only 10–20% of full replacement, they remain a viable option for agencies managing limited budgets for immediate replacement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bridge Modeling, Monitoring, Management and Beyond)

35 pages, 15247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Objective Approach for Optimizing Aisle Widths in Underground Parking

by Igor Kabashkin, Alua Kulmurzina, Assel Zhandarbekova, Zura Sansyzbayeva and Timur Sultanov

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040100 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study presents a multi-objective optimization approach for determining optimal aisle widths in underground parking facilities, balancing vehicle maneuverability against parking capacity. The research methodology integrates geometric modeling, computational simulations, and empirical validation to establish evidence-based recommendations for aisle width design. Through systematic [...] Read more.

This study presents a multi-objective optimization approach for determining optimal aisle widths in underground parking facilities, balancing vehicle maneuverability against parking capacity. The research methodology integrates geometric modeling, computational simulations, and empirical validation to establish evidence-based recommendations for aisle width design. Through systematic testing of aisle widths ranging from 4.5 to 6.0 m across various vehicle types, the study identifies 5.0–5.5 m as the optimal range that maximizes both objectives for modern vehicle fleets. Geometric modeling establishes theoretical minimum widths based on vehicle turning radii, while software simulations quantify maneuverability metrics including parking success rates, time requirements, and collision probabilities. Physical testing in operational underground parking facilities validates these findings through controlled experiments with drivers of varying experience levels. The research demonstrates that aisle widths below 5.0 m significantly compromise maneuverability, particularly for larger vehicles, while widths exceeding 5.5 m provide negligible additional benefits while reducing capacity. A case study application in Kazakhstan, examining regional vehicle distributions and regulatory frameworks, confirms the model’s practical utility. The findings suggest that current parking standards in some regions may require revision to accommodate changing vehicle dimensions. This optimization framework provides urban planners, architects and engineers with a data-driven methodology for designing underground parking facilities that enhance both user experience and space utilization efficiency. Full article

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22 pages, 1296 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Strategies for Concrete Infrastructure Preservation: A Comprehensive Review and Perspective

by Cameron R. Rusnak

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040099 - 20 Apr 2025

Abstract

The growing number of reinforced concrete (RC) structures nearing the end of their service life demands innovative strategies for preservation and retrofitting. Environmental degradation, aging infrastructure, and increased loading demands highlight the need for sustainable, durable, and cost-effective solutions. This paper reviews advancements [...] Read more.

The growing number of reinforced concrete (RC) structures nearing the end of their service life demands innovative strategies for preservation and retrofitting. Environmental degradation, aging infrastructure, and increased loading demands highlight the need for sustainable, durable, and cost-effective solutions. This paper reviews advancements in preserving and retrofitting RC and concrete infrastructure systems. Innovations include low-carbon binders, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), geopolymer concrete, and self-healing technologies to enhance durability and reduce environmental impact. Advanced retrofitting techniques, particularly fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems, modularized steel reinforcement, and hybrid approaches, effectively improve resilience against environmental and operational stresses. Computational tools and machine learning offer promising pathways for optimizing mixture designs and enhancing sustainability. However, critical challenges remain, including scalability issues, performance variability, economic feasibility, and the lack of standardized guidelines. Addressing these challenges will require coordinated efforts across academia, industry, and regulatory bodies to establish performance-based guidelines, develop standardized testing protocols, and conduct comprehensive lifecycle assessments. The findings of this review contribute valuable insights for enhancing infrastructure resilience, reducing environmental impacts, and supporting global sustainability initiatives aimed at achieving net-zero emissions and climate resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure: Enhancing Structural Resilience and Promoting Sustainability)

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18 pages, 6030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uncertainty Quantification to Assess the Generalisability of Automated Masonry Joint Segmentation Methods

by Jack M. W. Smith and Chrysothemis Paraskevopoulou

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040098 - 18 Apr 2025

Abstract

Masonry-lined tunnels form a vital part of the world’s operational railway networks. However, in many cases their structural condition is deteriorating, so it is vital to undertake regular condition assessments to ensure their safety. In order to reduce costs and improve the repeatability [...] Read more.

Masonry-lined tunnels form a vital part of the world’s operational railway networks. However, in many cases their structural condition is deteriorating, so it is vital to undertake regular condition assessments to ensure their safety. In order to reduce costs and improve the repeatability of these assessments, automated deep learning-based tunnel analysis workflows have been proposed. However, for such methods to be applied in practice to a safety-critical situation, it is necessary to validate their conclusions. This study analysed how uncertainty quantification methods can be used to assess the test time performance of neural networks trained for masonry joint segmentation without the laborious labelling of additional ground truths. It applies test-time augmentation (TTA) and Monte Carlo dropout (MCD) to evaluate both the aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties of a selection of trained models. It then shows how these can be used to generate uncertainty maps to aid an engineer’s interpretation of the neural network output. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Infrastructure Health Monitoring: Advancements in Sensors and Analysis)

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24 pages, 4944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Riding and Stopping Behaviors at Motorcycle Box Intersections: A Case Study in Chiang Mai City, Thailand

by Wachira Wichitphongsa, Nopadon Kronprasert, Moe Sandi Zaw, Pongthep Pisetsit and Thaned Satiennam

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040097 - 16 Apr 2025

Abstract

A motorcycle box intersection is a signalized intersection with advanced stop lines or stopping spaces intended for motorcycles, creating a waiting area in front of other vehicles. This study introduces the External Driver Model (EDM) with microscopic traffic simulation using PTV Vissim 2024 [...] Read more.

A motorcycle box intersection is a signalized intersection with advanced stop lines or stopping spaces intended for motorcycles, creating a waiting area in front of other vehicles. This study introduces the External Driver Model (EDM) with microscopic traffic simulation using PTV Vissim 2024 software, which replicates the filtering and stopping behavior of motorcycles in mixed traffic on intersection approaches. This research aims to evaluate the traffic performance of motorcycle boxes with respect to motorcycle departure times, headway intervals, lane-filtering rates, and vehicle movement patterns at 12 signalized urban intersections in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The results show that the motorcycle box intersection has improved traffic efficiency, reduced motorcycle departure time, and maintained a constant distance between cars and other vehicles. Signalized intersections with motorcycle boxes improved traffic flow efficiency by favoring motorcycles without affecting car delays. Spatial-temporal visualization further supported the clustering characteristics of motorcycles in motorcycle-stopping areas, contributing to more orderly and predictable behavior in traffic. Furthermore, the lane-filtering rates demonstrated significant improvement at intersections equipped with motorcycle boxes compared to conventional intersection designs. These findings indicated that motorcycle boxes are valuable for motorcycle traffic management and intersection safety in urban areas with high volumes of motorcycle traffic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Road Design and Traffic Management)

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36 pages, 3049 KiB

Open AccessReview

Digitalization as an Enabler in Railway Maintenance: A Review from “The International Union of Railways Asset Management Framework” Perspective

by Mauricio Rodríguez-Hernández, Adolfo Crespo-Márquez, Antonio Sánchez-Herguedas and Vicente González-Prida

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040096 - 11 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper conducts a comprehensive review of the role of digitalization in railway maintenance management, particularly through the lens of the International Union of Railways (UIC) asset management framework. The study aims to assess how digital technologies such as Big Data, the Internet [...] Read more.

This paper conducts a comprehensive review of the role of digitalization in railway maintenance management, particularly through the lens of the International Union of Railways (UIC) asset management framework. The study aims to assess how digital technologies such as Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) serve as enablers for more efficient and effective maintenance practices in the railway sector. By employing a bibliometric analysis, we identify the current trends, challenges, and gaps in the literature concerning the integration of digital tools into maintenance management frameworks. The findings reveal that while digitalization offers significant potential for optimizing maintenance operations and enhancing decision-making processes, its successful implementation requires a more integrated approach that aligns with the strategic goals of railway organizations. This paper also discusses future research directions, emphasizing the need for a global framework incorporating technological advancements and organizational change to achieve sustainable and safe railway operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Resilience of Railway Networks: Enhancing Safety and Robustness)

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13 pages, 2216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Pumice Substitution on Mortar Properties: A Case Study on Mechanical Performance and XRD Analysis

by Pablo Julián López-Gonzalez, Rodrigo Vivar-Ocampo, Humberto Raymundo González-Moreno, Oscar Moreno-Vazquez, Efrén Meza-Ruíz, Sergio Aurelio Zamora-Castro, David Reyes-González and Joaquin Sangabriel-Lomeli

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040095 - 11 Apr 2025

Abstract

The incorporation of sustainable construction is essential for minimizing the environmental footprint of cementitious composites. This research examines the mechanical behavior and microstructural features of alternative mortars in which pumice acts as a partial cement replacement. By applying the Taguchi methodology, nine mortar [...] Read more.

The incorporation of sustainable construction is essential for minimizing the environmental footprint of cementitious composites. This research examines the mechanical behavior and microstructural features of alternative mortars in which pumice acts as a partial cement replacement. By applying the Taguchi methodology, nine mortar mix variations were assessed at different pumice replacement rates (15%, 25%, and 50%), and their mechanical strength was compared against a control mixture without substitution. Additionally, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified the mineral components in the pumice to evaluate their performance and durability. Based on a statistical variance analysis (ANOVA), mortars with up to 25% substitution are suggested as they attain mechanical strength values comparable to those of a control mixture. This study contributes to the advancement of environmentally sustainable construction materials and provides valuable insights into the viability of using pumice in sustainable infrastructure developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction Materials’ Contribution to a Zero-Waste Future)

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25 pages, 3462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Road Markings on Speed Through Curves on Rural Roads: A Driving Simulator Study in Spain

by Santiago Martin-Castresana, Diego Alvarez, Fabian Andrade-Cataño and Maria Castro

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040094 - 10 Apr 2025

Abstract

Traffic accidents remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide. In Spain, a total of 9666 accidents occurred on curves in 2023, highlighting the need for effective speed management strategies. This study analyses, using a driving simulator, the effectiveness of three low-cost traffic calming [...] Read more.

Traffic accidents remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide. In Spain, a total of 9666 accidents occurred on curves in 2023, highlighting the need for effective speed management strategies. This study analyses, using a driving simulator, the effectiveness of three low-cost traffic calming measures—checkerboard patterns, red peripheral transverse bars, and red coloured transverse bands—on vehicle speed through curves of varying radii and directions. Additionally, it examines the influence of driver characteristics (age, gender, and experience) and road geometric features (curve radius and direction) on driving behaviour. The simulated road included ten curves with radii ranging from 26 to 190 metres (operating speeds of 30–70 km/h) with traffic calming measures placed at the tangents before the curves. The sample consisted of 48 drivers. Men exhibited faster speeds than women, while younger drivers were faster than seniors. Increased driving experience (annual distances) correlated with higher speeds. Additionally, smaller radii resulted in lower speeds. Regarding the traffic calming measures, significant differences were found mainly where the road markings were placed (tangent) and in the initial phases of the curve. Checkerboard patterns performed better in curves with smaller radii. In contrast, red coloured transverse bands showed the best performance in larger radius curves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Safety, Human Factors, and Workload in Real and Simulated Environments)

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43 pages, 31984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Seismic Analysis of a 44-Story Reinforced Concrete Building: A Comparison of Code-Based and Performance Based Design Approaches

by Mistreselasie Abate, Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelista and Vivian W. Y. Tam

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040093 - 9 Apr 2025

Abstract

Conventional seismic design regulations, even when rigorously adapted to local conditions, often fail to ensure the resilience of reinforced concrete buildings. Code-based prescriptive methods rely on simplified assumptions that do not fully capture the complex nonlinear behavior of structures during strong earthquakes, potentially [...] Read more.

Conventional seismic design regulations, even when rigorously adapted to local conditions, often fail to ensure the resilience of reinforced concrete buildings. Code-based prescriptive methods rely on simplified assumptions that do not fully capture the complex nonlinear behavior of structures during strong earthquakes, potentially underestimating seismic demands and structural vulnerabilities. This study evaluates the seismic performance of a 44-story reinforced concrete building designed per the EN-2015 code, currently adopted in Ethiopia. The building was analyzed using Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA), Linear Dynamic Time History Analysis (LDTHA), and Classical Modal Analysis in ETABS v19, with 11 ground motions from the PEER database. Ground motion scaling was performed using SeismoMatch and ETABS. Results indicate that LDTHA predicts 25.68% higher maximum story displacement, 26.49% greater inter-story drift ratios, 15.35% higher story shear, and 27.5% greater overturning moments compared to RSA. The fundamental time period for the first mode was found to be 3.956 s in Classical Modal Analysis, 3.806 s in RSA, and 3.883 s in LDTHA. These discrepancies highlight the limitations of code-based design and underscore the necessity of performance-based seismic design for achieving safer, more resilient structures in high-seismic regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure: Enhancing Structural Resilience and Promoting Sustainability)

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26 pages, 11255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Girder Profiles on the Probability of Fatigue Damage in Continuous I-Multigirder Steel Bridges

by Graziano Fiorillo and Navid Manouchehri

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040092 - 9 Apr 2025

Abstract

Fatigue is one of the main sources of mechanical failure in steel bridges. However, a few studies have investigated the relationship between the longitudinal shape of bridge girders and long-term fatigue effects. This paper shows how different girder profiles affect the probability of [...] Read more.

Fatigue is one of the main sources of mechanical failure in steel bridges. However, a few studies have investigated the relationship between the longitudinal shape of bridge girders and long-term fatigue effects. This paper shows how different girder profiles affect the probability of fatigue damage occurring in continuous I-multigirder steel bridges. The analysis was conducted using realistic traffic scenarios defined through truck data collected in USA and Canada. Monte Carlo simulations with 5000 realizations were performed on several continuous bridge configurations with different span lengths and different girder profiles. The results of the analysis showed that the probability of fatigue damage is affected by profile shape and the smoothness of the transition between the maximum and minimum height of the cross section. In particular, the probability of fatigue damage on continuous I-multigirder steel bridges can be reduced by up to 26% for typical fatigue construction details over a bridge service life of 75 years by modifying the geometry of the girders during the design phase of the bridge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bridge Modeling, Monitoring, Management and Beyond)

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16 pages, 8231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Adaptation of Railway Stations: Arrival of High-Speed Rail Network

by Juan Bautista Font Torres, Jorge Luis García Valldecabres and Luís Cortés Meseguer

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040091 - 8 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the years since the emergence of the railway, the main objective has been focused on trains arriving and stopping at stations, with stations being considered a secondary or even residual objective for bringing people or goods on or off. The arrival of [...] Read more.

In the years since the emergence of the railway, the main objective has been focused on trains arriving and stopping at stations, with stations being considered a secondary or even residual objective for bringing people or goods on or off. The arrival of high-speed trains at stations has allowed for the creation of integrated, environmentally friendly stations which have become mobility hubs, connecting different modes of transportation and cities, as well as being clusters of economic activities that stimulate the inclusive growth of the areas where they are located. These transport infrastructures condition the social and communication relationships of many spaces. The consequences that have been demonstrated in the stations analyzed have been strengthened intermodally with other means of transport, giving value to commercial developments and old stations, as well as the environments where they are located, a development aimed beyond the railway users themselves. From an operational point of view, the main consequence of this transformation is the necessity to absorb the increase in passenger demand. The integration of the railway within an urban space is shaped through the construction of new stations within the already existing urban framework or, in some cases, by relocating them to the periphery of the city. New stations have undergone changes compared to those built a century ago. Their conception has evolved, adapting to the architecture of their time, but the most radical change they have experienced is related to the new uses that have been developed within them and how these spaces are utilized. The introduction of high-speed trains has initiated a series of reflections on new station concepts. The new operation is characterized by journey times, frequency, and comfort. This comfort is not only perceived on board a train but also in stations during a passenger’s stay, which has a direct impact on the design of stations. Provisional railway stations are valuable tools in situations where flexibility, speed, and reduced costs are required. Although they are not designed to be permanent, their ability to adapt to specific needs makes them a strategic option for temporary projects, though not in the case studied of the Valencia station. The planning of projects makes it necessary to implement proxemic standards in the design of spaces that contribute to the diversification of economic activity around and in a station itself, such as commercial, residential, or cultural areas. Full article

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24 pages, 21278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Bikeability Index and CycleRAP in Examining Urban Cycling Facilities

by Tufail Ahmed, Ali Pirdavani, Geert Wets and Davy Janssens

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040090 - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study conducts a comparative analysis of the Bikeability Index (BI) and CycleRAP in assessing urban cycling infrastructure. The BI, developed in previous research, evaluates cycling conditions through a user-centric framework incorporating safety, comfort, attractiveness, directness, and coherence. In contrast, CycleRAP employs a [...] Read more.

This study conducts a comparative analysis of the Bikeability Index (BI) and CycleRAP in assessing urban cycling infrastructure. The BI, developed in previous research, evaluates cycling conditions through a user-centric framework incorporating safety, comfort, attractiveness, directness, and coherence. In contrast, CycleRAP employs a data-driven methodology focusing on safety by assessing crash risks and severity across different cycling facilities. Using field data and online tools, this research applies both methods to bicycle infrastructure in Hasselt, Belgium, comparing their results and evaluating their alignment in identifying safety concerns and infrastructure needs. A significant correlation between BI and CycleRAP scores was observed, indicating that a higher bikeability score corresponds to reduced safety risks measured by CycleRAP. The study highlights the complementary nature of the two tools, emphasizing the broader insights of the BI and the focused safety evaluations of CycleRAP. The BI safety score extracted from the BI equation showed an even stronger correlation with CycleRAP, suggesting that despite using different methodologies, both indices can yield similar results. These findings provide meaningful guidance for urban planners seeking to enhance cycling infrastructure safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures Inspection and Maintenance)

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34 pages, 2645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Framework for Maritime Infrastructure Maintenance

by Ehidiame Ibazebo, Vimal Savsani, Arti Siddhpura, Milind Siddhpura and Poonam Savsani

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040089 - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

The maintenance of critical maritime infrastructure is essential for ensuring the safe, reliable, and efficient operations of marine seaports. This paper proposes a novel fuzzy multi-criteria decision framework for evaluating the maintenance practices and culture of maintenance-critical maritime infrastructure, such as port loading [...] Read more.

The maintenance of critical maritime infrastructure is essential for ensuring the safe, reliable, and efficient operations of marine seaports. This paper proposes a novel fuzzy multi-criteria decision framework for evaluating the maintenance practices and culture of maintenance-critical maritime infrastructure, such as port loading and unloading machinery and equipment. The proposed framework incorporates three distinct multi-criteria decision-making tools Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis, Weighted Aggregate Sum Product Assessment, and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution. Fuzzy logic is incorporated into the framework to enhance the precision and robustness of the evaluation process. To form the basis of the assessment, the framework is structured around five key maintenance practice criteria: planning and scheduling; data collection and analysis; documentation and record keeping; maintenance personnel training; and competency, and four important maintenance culture criteria: leadership commitment, proactive and preventive approach, safety and compliance focus, and continuous improvement and learning. To validate the framework, an empirical evaluation was conducted, analyzing maintenance practices and culture across six Nigerian seaports. Data collection uses a questionnaire administered to relevant maintenance experts in the ports, ensuring a comprehensive and expert-informed analysis. The data collected was then analyzed using the fuzzy multi-criteria decision framework. The results provide valuable and actionable insights into the current maintenance practices and maintenance culture of the ports, identifying areas for improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart, Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructures, 3rd Edition)

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20 pages, 4917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Analysis of Freeway Off-Ramps Incorporating Heterogeneous Traffic Flows

by Zixuan Zhang, Zhenxing Niu, Yichen Liu and Yan Li

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040088 - 6 Apr 2025

Abstract

Highway exit ramps play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of road networks. As automated vehicles progressively integrate into highways, it is essential to investigate whether these exit ramps can accommodate the safe and efficient operation of heterogeneous traffic [...] Read more.

Highway exit ramps play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of road networks. As automated vehicles progressively integrate into highways, it is essential to investigate whether these exit ramps can accommodate the safe and efficient operation of heterogeneous traffic flows. This study constructed a basic simulation test using the SUMO simulation platform to analyze the adaptability of motorway exit ramps in a heterogeneous traffic environment. The simulation model incorporated the Krauss car-following model for the longitudinal dynamics of manual-driving vehicles, the ACC/CACC car-following model for automated vehicles, the LC2013 lane-changing model for manual-driving vehicles, and the game-theoretic lane-changing model for automated vehicles. The results reveal that in the absence of automated vehicles, the comprehensive cost is minimized with a deceleration lane length of 215 m, offering superior adaptability compared to the current standard of 180 m. As the proportion of automated vehicles gradually increases to surpass 40%, the rate of improvement in traffic flow, operational speed, and overall operational costs diminishes. Under these conditions, heterogeneous traffic flows exhibit limited adaptability to the existing road infrastructure. However, when the deceleration lane is extended to 200 m, the exit ramp shows optimal adaptability for heterogeneous traffic flows. Full article

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18 pages, 5199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Concrete Sealer and Salt Usage on Concrete Bridge Deck Condition and Life Cycle Cost

by Wei Huang, Hao Wang and Danny Xiao

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040087 - 6 Apr 2025

Abstract

The objective of this study is to analyze bridge deck condition deterioration and evaluate the impact of concrete sealer and salt usage on deck condition and life-cycle cost. To achieve this goal, machine learning models were built to predict the evolution of bridge [...] Read more.

The objective of this study is to analyze bridge deck condition deterioration and evaluate the impact of concrete sealer and salt usage on deck condition and life-cycle cost. To achieve this goal, machine learning models were built to predict the evolution of bridge deck rating. The deck maintenance history shows that the average bridge age at deck overlay and deck replacement is around 25 and 50 years, respectively. Deck overlay can improve deck condition from an average rating of 6.3 to 7.1, and deck replacement can efficiently recover deck condition from an average rating of 5.3 to 8.5. The effect of concrete sealer on bridge deck condition is only observable at the stage before the first overlay, indicating that concrete sealer may not be effective over the long term. More usages of prewet salt and salt brine in anti-icing result in slightly higher deck condition ratings, while more dry salt in deicing presents slightly lower deck condition ratings, indicating the benefits of salt brine over dry salt. When concrete sealer is applied every 2 or 4 years, it can help extend the service life of the bridge deck by around 1~2 years. If concrete sealer is applied every 12 years, a 6% reduction in life cycle cost could be achieved. Full article

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21 pages, 6826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Mixed FEM for Studying Jointed Concrete Pavement Blowups

by Daniele Baraldi

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040086 - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

This work aims to study the compressive buckling and consequent blowup of jointed concrete pavements due to thermal rise. For this purpose, a simple and effective mixed FEM, originally introduced for performing static and buckling analyses of beams on elastic supports, is extended [...] Read more.

This work aims to study the compressive buckling and consequent blowup of jointed concrete pavements due to thermal rise. For this purpose, a simple and effective mixed FEM, originally introduced for performing static and buckling analyses of beams on elastic supports, is extended for performing a preliminary study of jointed concrete pavements. An elastic Euler–Bernoulli beam in frictionless and bilateral contact with an elastic support is considered. Three different elastic support models are assumed, namely a Winkler support, an elastic half-space (3D), and half-plane (2D). The transversal pavement joint or crack is modeled employing a hinge at the beam midpoint with nil rotational stiffness. Numerical tests are performed by determining critical loads and the corresponding modal shapes, with particular attention to the first minimum critical load related to pavement blowup. From a theoretical point of view, the results show that minimum critical loads converge to existing results in the case of Winkler support, whereas new results are obtained in the case of the 2D and 3D support types. Associated modal shapes have maximum upward displacements at the beam midpoint. The second and subsequent critical loads, together with the corresponding sinusoidal modal shapes, converge to existing results. From a practical point of view, minimum critical loads represent a lower bound for estimating axial forces due to thermal variation causing jointed pavement blowup. Full article

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21 pages, 7725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trip Generation Models for Transportation Impact Analyses of Shopping Centers in Croatia

by Deana Breški, Biljana Maljković and Mihaela Senjak

Infrastructures 2025, 10(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10040085 - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

For effective transportation planning, land use, travel behavior, and infrastructure capacity should be optimized to support sustainable urban growth and reduce congestion. Every new site development generates traffic volume, which can affect the quality of traffic flow in the surrounding road network. Therefore, [...] Read more.

For effective transportation planning, land use, travel behavior, and infrastructure capacity should be optimized to support sustainable urban growth and reduce congestion. Every new site development generates traffic volume, which can affect the quality of traffic flow in the surrounding road network. Therefore, trip generation, which predicts future travel demand, is a crucial step in the traditional four-step transportation model. In this context, the main objective of this study is to develop a model for estimating vehicle trip generation due to the construction of a shopping center, which is a significant traffic generator. The survey was conducted in Split (Croatia) at five existing locations, and linear regression analysis was used to develop models for different time periods. The results indicated that vehicle trips are strongly correlated with the gross floor area of shopping centers, with a high coefficient of determination. Additionally, this study presents a comparison of measured traffic volumes with estimates using ITE Trip Generation Manual equations. The findings suggest that these vehicle trip estimates should be reduced by approximately 40%. Since no previous studies have been conducted on the impact of land use on trip generation in the Republic of Croatia, the developed models represent a first step in creating a database that should be expanded with new data. Estimating the traffic generated by a new site development is a crucial component of traffic management, as it helps planners and engineers assess its impact on the surrounding road network and implement necessary measures to ensure efficient and safe traffic flow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Road Design and Traffic Management)

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