Role of Peripheral Immune Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Diagnosis of MS Disorder
2. Innate Immunity in MS
2.1. Role of TLRs in MS
2.2. NOD-Like Receptors in MS
2.3. Role of Innate Immune Cells in MS Disease
2.3.1. Role of Neutrophils in MS/EAE
2.3.2. Role of NK Cells in MS/EAE
2.3.3. Role of NKT Cells in MS/EAE
2.3.4. Role of γδ T Cells in MS/EAE
2.3.5. Role of MAIT Cells in MS/EAE
2.4. Role of Complement System in MS
3. Role of Adaptive Immune Cells in MS
3.1. Role of CD4+ T Cells in MS and EAE
3.2. Role of CD8+ Cells in MS
3.3. Role of Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) in MS or EAE
3.4. Role of B Cells in MS/EAE
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AIM2 | Absent in melanoma 2 |
APCs | Antigen-presenting cells |
ALLO | Allopregnanolone |
ASC | Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein |
BBB | Blood–brain barrier |
CIS | Clinical isolated syndrome |
CNS | Central nervous system |
CSF | Cerebrospinal fluid |
CTLA-4 | Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 |
DAMPs | Danger-associated molecular patterns |
DCs | Dendritic cells |
DMF | Dimethyl fumarate |
EAE | Experimental autoimmune encephalitis |
G-CSF | Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor |
GA | Glatiramer acetate |
GABA-A | Gamma aminobutyric acid-A |
GalCer | Galactosylceramide |
GWAS | Genome-wide association studies |
HLA | Human leukocyte antigen |
IFN | Interferon |
IL- | Interleukin |
Ig | Immunoglobulin |
LFA-1 | Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 |
MAIT | Mucosal-associated invariant T |
MBP | Myelin basic protein |
MHC | Major histocompatibility complex |
MMF | Monomethyl fumarate |
MOG | Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein |
MPO | Myeloperoxidase |
MR1 | MHC-related molecule 1 |
MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging |
MS | Multiple sclerosis |
NETs | Neutrophils’ extracellular traps |
NK | Natural killer |
NKT | Natural killer T |
NLRs | NOD-like receptors |
NOD | Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain |
PAMPs | Pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
PPMS | Primary progressive multiple sclerosis |
PRMS | Progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis |
PRRs | Pattern recognition receptors |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
RRMS | Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis |
SPMS | Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis |
TCR | T cell receptor |
Th | T helper |
TLR | Toll-like receptor |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
Tregs | Regulatory T cells |
VLA-4 | Very late antigen-4. |
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Dhaiban, S.; Al-Ani, M.; Elemam, N.M.; Al-Aawad, M.H.; Al-Rawi, Z.; Maghazachi, A.A. Role of Peripheral Immune Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Sci 2021, 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci3010012
Dhaiban S, Al-Ani M, Elemam NM, Al-Aawad MH, Al-Rawi Z, Maghazachi AA. Role of Peripheral Immune Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Sci. 2021; 3(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci3010012
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhaiban, Sarah, Mena Al-Ani, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Mahmood H. Al-Aawad, Zeinab Al-Rawi, and Azzam A. Maghazachi. 2021. "Role of Peripheral Immune Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis" Sci 3, no. 1: 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci3010012