Industry 4.0 as a Challenge for the Skills and Competencies of the Labor Force: A Bibliometric Review and a Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a communication technology which makes the connectivity between the things possible. ‘‘Things can be anything like an object or a person.” [14].
- Cloud Computing (CC) is an alternative technology which enable sharing the storage of each data using on the internet for the companies which are outsourcing IT services as well as individuals [15].
- Big data is a huge amount of data generated in a homogenised way as objects on the network. This data can be structured, semi-structured and unstructured. The value of big data is that it is organised with accessibility [16].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Process of the Research
- Peer reviewed manuscript in an impact factor journal or conference proceeding.
- Related keywords have occurred at least three times in the title, abstract and keywords.
- The document has been cited at least three times.
2.2. Justification for the Methodology Used
3. Results
3.1. Bibliometric Analysis Results
3.2. Industry 4.0 Awareness and Its Impacts on the Labor Force Based on a Survey
- −
- Gender: 25% female, 75% male.
- −
- Age: 75%, 25–34 years old; 20%, 35–44 years old; 5%, 45 years and older.
- −
- Education level: 50%, postgraduate; 35%, graduate; 15%, non-graduate
- −
- The respondents worked in different positions in different fields of the economy. They were the following: marketing, computers, discrete elements methods, English literature, crisis management, senior submission and information specialist management, industrial control systems, transportation mechanics, mechanical engineer, architect, English studies, philologist, medicine, electrical engineering, structural engineering, communication, mathematics, environmental engineering (composting). These fields can give some ideas about their knowledge regarding Industry 4.0.
- −
- Work experience: 50% of them had more than 3 years of experience in the given field.
- −
- Twenty percent of the sample had not heard about the Fourth Industrial Revolution before.
- −
- To measure if COVID-19 crisis has accelerated the dependency on related Industry 4.0 technologies: 70% strongly agreed with the statement that “COVID-19 pandemic has increased the level of dependency on IT-related systems among the people”.
- −
- For the question “Whose responsibility is it to educate the people in order to meet the new requirements?” 40% replied and strongly agreed that it is the government’s responsibility, while 45% agreed it is a lifelong learning and it is the people’s own responsibility.
- −
- When the sample was asked about robots replacing humans in the labour market and whether it is in the initial stages to say so, respondents estimated positively with the statement, “Robots are replacing humans in the routine jobs (for example: self-check-in at the airport, self-checkout at the supermarket), with 50% strongly agreeing, while 45% agreed on replacing humans in complicated jobs”.
- −
- The next question considered which set of the four skills is more important. Respondents estimated that Technical (technical skills, media skills, coding skills) and Methodological (creativity, research skills, problem solving, conflict solving, decision making) are the most important.
- −
- As most of the new jobs related to Industry 4.0 require and/or prefer coding and programing skills, the study sample was asked about the ability of programing. Fifty percent responded that they cannot use programing languages, but the other 50% indicated the knowledge of more than one programing language.
- −
- The responses for the question “How do you imagine your work 10 years later in terms of these technologies?” show that the majority of respondents imagined working from a home office and/or in hybrid form. However, someone wrote for the open-end question that:
4. Discussion
- −
- Personal (flexibility, ambiguity tolerance, motivation to learn, ability to work under pressure, sustainable mindset),
- −
- Social/Interpersonal (intercultural skills, language skills, communication skills, networking skills, teamwork, ability to transfer knowledge, leadership skills),
- −
- Technical (technical skills, media skills, coding skills),
- −
- Methodological (creativity, research skills, problem-solving, conflict solving, decision making).
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. Number | Document Title | Number of Citations | Links | Journal Name | Journal Impact Factor | Journal Cite Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[14] | Scanning the Industry 4.0: A Literature Review on Technologies for Manufacturing Systems | 378 | 0 | Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal | 4.336 | 9 |
[9] | Holistic Approach for Human Resource Management in Industry 4.0 | 297 | 21 | Procedia CIRP | 0.6 | 3.3 |
[10] | Smart operators in industry 4.0: A human-centered approach to enhance operators’ capabilities and competencies within the new smart factory context | 249 | 29 | Computers & Industrial Engineering | 5.431 | 7.9 |
[16] | Big data analytics as an operational excellence approach to enhance sustainable supply chain performance | 126 | 1 | Resources, Conservation and Recycling | 10.204 | 14.7 |
[19] | Supporting Remote Maintenance in Industry 4.0 through Augmented Reality | 119 | 5 | Procedia Manufacturing | 1.794 | 1.39 |
[24] | Placing the operator at the center of Industry 4.0 design: Modelling and assessing human activities within cyber-physical systems | 107 | 5 | Computers & Industrial Engineering | 5.431 | 7.9 |
[11] | Enabling Technologies for Operator 4.0: A Survey | 85 | 6 | Applied Sciences | 2.679 | 3 |
[30] | Industry 4.0 and the human factor—A systems framework and analysis methodology for successful development | 71 | 4 | International Journal of Production Economics | 7.885 | 12.2 |
[40] | Influences of the Industry 4.0 Revolution on the Human Capital Development and Consumer Behavior: A Systematic Review | 71 | 10 | Sustainability | 3.251 | 3.9 |
[31] | Empowering and engaging industrial workers with Operator 4.0 solutions | 71 | 3 | Computers & Industrial Engineering | 5.431 | 7.9 |
[39] | A training system for Industry 4.0 operators in complex assemblies based on virtual reality and process mining | 69 | 0 | Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing | 5.666 | 12.5 |
[37] | Text mining of industry 4.0 job advertisements | 68 | 4 | International Journal of Information Management | 14.098 | 18.1 |
[41] | Ageing workforce management in manufacturing systems: state of the art and future research agenda | 62 | 3 | International Journal of Production Research | 8.568 | 10.8 |
[42] | Rethinking Human-Machine Learning in Industry 4.0: How Does the Paradigm Shift Treat the Role of Human Learning? | 57 | 4 | 8th CIRP Sponsored Conference on Learning Factories (CLF 2018) | N/A | N/A |
[43] | Estimating Industry 4.0 impact on job profiles and skills using text mining | 55 | 2 | Computers in Industry | 7.635 | 12 |
[44] | Augmented reality-assisted robot programming system for industrial applications | 54 | 0 | Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing | 5.666 | 12.5 |
[45] | A framework for operative and social sustainability functionalities in Human-Centric Cyber-Physical Production Systems | 53 | 2 | Computers & Industrial Engineering | 5.431 | 7.9 |
[46] | Visual computing technologies to support the Operator 4.0 | 49 | 0 | Computers & Industrial Engineering | 5.431 | 7.9 |
[47] | Social Factory Architecture: Social Networking Services and Production Scenarios Through the Social Internet of Things, Services and People for the Social Operator 4.0 | 48 | 1 | IFIP International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems | N/A | N/A |
[48] | Dynamic task classification and assignment for the management of human-robot collaborative teams in work cells | 44 | 0 | The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology | 3.226 | N/A |
Competency Category | Competencies | Related Studies |
---|---|---|
Personal | (Flexibility, ambiguity tolerance, motivation to learn, ability to work under pressure, sustainable mindset) | [1,8,52,54,55] |
Social/Inter-personal | (Intercultural skills, language skills, communication skills, networking skills, teamwork, ability to transfer knowledge, leadership skills) | [1,8,51,54,55] |
Technical | (Technical skills, media skills, coding skills). | [1,8,54,55,56,57] |
Methodological | (Creativity, research skills, problem-solving, conflict solving, decision making). | [1,8,54,55,56,57] |
Country | Documents | Citations | Total Link Strength |
---|---|---|---|
Italy | 78 | 1311 | 133 |
United States | 77 | 604 | 46 |
Germany | 49 | 399 | 53 |
India | 37 | 224 | 12 |
United Kingdom | 35 | 381 | 9 |
Spain | 29 | 348 | 37 |
Malaysia | 24 | 78 | 8 |
Australia | 23 | 217 | 13 |
Austria | 22 | 112 | 10 |
Sweden | 22 | 277 | 36 |
Portugal | 21 | 451 | 16 |
Poland | 20 | 54 | 12 |
Russian Federation | 19 | 64 | 2 |
South Africa | 19 | 85 | 11 |
Brazil | 17 | 182 | 43 |
Turkey | 15 | 83 | 6 |
China | 14 | 230 | 15 |
Canada | 13 | 161 | 17 |
France | 13 | 178 | 16 |
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Alhloul, A.; Kiss, E. Industry 4.0 as a Challenge for the Skills and Competencies of the Labor Force: A Bibliometric Review and a Survey. Sci 2022, 4, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci4030034
Alhloul A, Kiss E. Industry 4.0 as a Challenge for the Skills and Competencies of the Labor Force: A Bibliometric Review and a Survey. Sci. 2022; 4(3):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci4030034
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlhloul, Abdelkarim, and Eva Kiss. 2022. "Industry 4.0 as a Challenge for the Skills and Competencies of the Labor Force: A Bibliometric Review and a Survey" Sci 4, no. 3: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci4030034