Unique Projects of a Universal ‘Public Park Making’ Trend Viewed on the Example of Four Global Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review: Relation between Urban Regeneration Approaches for Public Parks and Social Interaction
3. Materials and Methods for the Selected Case Studies
- ‘The Hills’ on Governors Island, New York, USA;
- ‘Ginza Sony Park’, Tokyo, Japan;
- ‘Seoullo 7017 Skypark’, Seoul, South Korea; and
- ‘Zaryadye Park’, Moscow, Russia.
4. Case Studies: Balance in Local Context and the Global ‘Park-Making’ Trend
4.1. ‘The Hills’ on Governors Island, New York, USA
- Design approaches
- Social interactions
- Role in the surrounding urban context
4.2. ‘Ginza Sony Park’, Tokyo, Japan
- Design approaches
- Social interactions
- Role in the surrounding urban context
4.3. Seoullo 7017 ‘Skypark’, Seoul, South Korea
- Design approaches
- Social interactions
- Role in the surrounding urban context
4.4. ‘Zaryadye Park’, Moscow, Russia
- Design approaches
- Social interactions
- Role in the surrounding urban context
5. Conclusions and Discussion: Defining Global ‘Public Park Making’ Trend
- The start of a “public park-making” trend with the specific purpose of promoting the image of the city;
- the global features of a public park that involve landscape and specific programs in order to show the city context experience, visual experience (viewpoints), and cultural experience. The commercial components (retail, commercial facilities) and non-commercial components (park space, leisure space, free space, etc.) of projects are re-purposed;
- hiding physical/material with the landscape; and
- redefying and strengthening the role of nature in the urban environment.
- Landscape and nature as a key tool of urbanism/ architecture (diverse flora and fauna species, natural topography, and morphology of objects);
- context viewpoints and experience of surroundings (renewed place as a ‘miniature world’ and its relationship with other built environments);
- cultural experience (for example, project as ‘an amusement park’ or ‘an experimental park’); and
- commercial facilities are given a supporting role (enriching the time spent in a park, and creating various scenarios for hanging out in a park).
- Understanding the relation between local architecture with preserving heritage and new development; and
- finding balance between public facilities and commercial facilities for urban park and urban green space projects.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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City Evaluation Index | ‘Social Interactions’ Related Criteria | How It Is Measured? | Leading City |
---|---|---|---|
Global Cities Index [4] | ‘Cultural experience’ (one of 5 criteria), can refer to ‘social interactions’ | Cultural experience: Museums, visual and performing arts, sport events, international travelers, culinary offerings, sister cities | 1-New York |
Social City Ranking [5] | ‘Social activity’, ‘Attitude to socializing’, and ‘Social milieu’ (3 criteria out of 3) | Social activity: How often residents see friends, go out to with friends, use social media. Attitude to socializing: Value placed on face-to-face interactions, entertaining at home, sociable vs selfish values. Social milieu: How often residents party, how open and tolerant they are | 1-Gothenburg, Sweden |
Global Power City Index [6] | ‘Cultural interaction’ (one of 6 criteria), can refer to ‘social interactions’ | Cultural interaction: Trendsetting Potential, Cultural Resources, Facilities for Visitors, Attractiveness to Visitors, International Interaction | 1-London |
Time Out’s City Index [7] | ‘Sociability’ criteria (one of 6 criteria), can refer to ‘social interactions’ | Sociability: “Whether the city felt welcoming or isolating” | 1-Chicago |
Author | Year | Subject of Analysis | Main Methods or Instruments |
---|---|---|---|
Cattell, Dines, Gesler & Curtis [12] | 2008 | The beneficial properties of public spaces are not reducible to natural or aesthetic criteria; it also includes social interaction and well-being | Literature review and qualitative research on multi-ethnic area of East London |
Wolch, Byrne, & Newell [13] | 2014 | Existing and potential social and therapeutic properties of public open space; concept of ‘well-being’ in public space | Literature review and case studies Hangzhou, China |
Xiao, Wang, Li, & Tang [14] | 2017 | Equality of access of public parks in Shanghai viewed through 3 dimensions: Demographic characteristics, social economic status of visitors, and social spatial structure | Case study of Shanghai (spatial clustering method) |
Sasaki [15] | 2010 | Connects urban regeneration processes in Japan with cultural creativity and social inclusion, concept of ‘culture-based production system’ | Literature review and case studies of Kanazawa and Yokohama, and Osaka |
Tonkiss [16] | 2005 | Examines different aspects related to city and social theory, including social relations and city, social movements and public spaces, subjectivity of city | Theoretical and literature review, case studies |
Waldheim [17] | 2016 | Examines theories related to landscape design, viewing landscape as urbanism and as architecture | Theoretical and literature review, case studies |
Public Park: Regeneration Project | Location in the City, Area, and Main Programs | Year of Construction | Company (Architectural Project/Design) | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|
① ‘The Hills’ on Governors Island, New York | Governors Island, Area: 133,546 m2 of new development space, 4 themed hills. Main programs: Art and culture, new development, and over 50 historic buildings [20] | 2016 completed | West 8 | |
② ‘Ginza Sony Park,’ Tokyo | Central, Area: 707 m2 above-ground section (vertical park) Main programs: Art scape Game and parking Sony Aquarium 2018 Shop and eat, Sony street [21] | 2018 (1st phase) Park/Lower park | Announced by Sony | |
③ Seoullo 7017 ‘Skypark,’ Seoul | Central, Area: 9.661 m2, which is a 938 m long overpass transformed into an elevated public garden, the minimum path width is 2.5 m Main programs: Small exhibitions, cafe, and shops, new bridges and stairs connect the viaduct with hotels and shops [22] | 2017 completed | MVRDV | |
④ ‘Zaryadye’ Park, Moscow | Central, Area: 78,000 m2 Main programs: Floating bridge, concert hall, media center, ice cave, amphitheater, “Flight over Russia” [23] | 2017 completed | Diller Scofidio + Renfro | |
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Shafray, E. Unique Projects of a Universal ‘Public Park Making’ Trend Viewed on the Example of Four Global Cities. Urban Sci. 2018, 2, 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2040107
Shafray E. Unique Projects of a Universal ‘Public Park Making’ Trend Viewed on the Example of Four Global Cities. Urban Science. 2018; 2(4):107. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2040107
Chicago/Turabian StyleShafray, Ekaterina. 2018. "Unique Projects of a Universal ‘Public Park Making’ Trend Viewed on the Example of Four Global Cities" Urban Science 2, no. 4: 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2040107