Urban Science

22 pages, 3478 KB

Open AccessPerspective

A Perspective on Urban Agriculture at the Scale of the Urban Park: Landscape Architectural Strategies for Degrowth Transitions

by Mohammad Reza Khalilnezhad, Francesca Ugolini and Alessio Russo

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110487 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Urban agriculture is increasingly recognized not only for its role in enhancing ecological resilience, food security, and social inclusion, but also for its potential to challenge dominant urban development paradigms. Agroparks, as a spatial typology, have traditionally been associated with multifunctionality, productivity, and [...] Read more.

Urban agriculture is increasingly recognized not only for its role in enhancing ecological resilience, food security, and social inclusion, but also for its potential to challenge dominant urban development paradigms. Agroparks, as a spatial typology, have traditionally been associated with multifunctionality, productivity, and land preservation. This Perspective argues that agroparks can also serve as instruments for degrowth-oriented urban transitions, particularly in the context of climate emergency and the need to reconfigure urban land use beyond growth imperatives. Through landscape architectural analysis, the Bernex Agropark (now Parc des Molliers) in Geneva is examined as a spatial prototype that transforms underutilized land into a coherent system of crop zones, civic amenities, and ecological infrastructure. The project demonstrates how landscape architecture can contribute to the regeneration of urban edges while promoting ecological productivity, cooperative stewardship, and spatial limits to urban expansion. We introduce the concept of “Agroparks and Degrowth Urbanism”, framing Bernex as both a post-growth design strategy and a governance experiment. The Perspective concludes with recommendations for integrating agroparks into urban planning: connecting them to green infrastructure networks, prioritizing ecological over economic outputs, enabling commons-based management, and supporting climate adaptation through spatial design and food system relocalization. Full article

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24 pages, 7250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deriving Environmental Properties Related to Human Environmental Perception: A Comparison Between Aerial Image Classification and Street View Image Segmentation

by Feng Qi, Michael Gover, Carlos Hernandez Ramos, Phil Ho Combatir, Sebastian Joseph, Renato Mendez and Ciro Wang

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110486 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

In recent decades, urban residents’ perceptions of their surrounding environment have been widely studied, especially pertaining to the association between environmental settings and humans’ psychological wellbeing. Many studies have used aerial imagery to derive environmental properties through image classification to approximate humans’ perceived [...] Read more.

In recent decades, urban residents’ perceptions of their surrounding environment have been widely studied, especially pertaining to the association between environmental settings and humans’ psychological wellbeing. Many studies have used aerial imagery to derive environmental properties through image classification to approximate humans’ perceived environment, while a growing number of studies use street view imagery to achieve the same with image segmentation. There is limited research comparing the two approaches. This study aims to examine how the environmental properties derived from aerial and street view images correspond with each other. We utilized two study sites in urban communities in New Jersey, United States. High-resolution aerial images were acquired and classified to derive environmental properties within set buffer zones around sample points where Google Street View images were collected for image segmentation to derive corresponding environmental properties. Several buffer sizes were experimented with. The results show that the amount of greenness and individual environmental elements derived from street view versus aerial images can be quite different at the same locations. The amount of trees derived has a greater concordance between aerial and street views than the amount of buildings derived. The amounts of grass and roads are not in agreement between the two views. Trees derived from street view images correspond with those derived from aerial better when using a small, 30 m buffer. Low-rise buildings and grass agree better when using larger buffer sizes such as 60 m and 100 m. Roads correspond better when larger buffers are employed in green environments, but smaller buffers in environments with limited greenness. Our findings indicate that the choice of buffer size used when combining environmental properties derived from both aerial and street view images together should consider both the environmental elements involved and the type of environmental settings. Full article

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21 pages, 4663 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond the Canopy: In Situ Evidence of Urban Green Spaces’ Cooling Potential Across Three Chilean Cities

by Karina Salgado, Francisco de la Barrera, Valentina Salinas, Sergio González, Sonia Reyes-Paecke, Ricardo Truffello and Agnese Salvati

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110485 - 18 Nov 2025

Abstract

Vegetation in urban green spaces plays a critical role in mitigating surface heat, yet the magnitude of this effect remains uncertain across scales and measurement methods. This study assesses the cooling performance during the summer of 94 green spaces in three Chilean cities—classified [...] Read more.

Vegetation in urban green spaces plays a critical role in mitigating surface heat, yet the magnitude of this effect remains uncertain across scales and measurement methods. This study assesses the cooling performance during the summer of 94 green spaces in three Chilean cities—classified in three types according to their size—combining satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST) data with high-resolution in situ thermal imaging. We performed comparisons of the cooling effects of green spaces and their components (vegetation, impermeable and semi-permeable surfaces). Spearman’s correlation analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post hoc were used to evaluate associations and differences. Results demonstrate that vegetation quantity and composition—particularly tree and shrub cover—are key determinants of cooling performance. In situ measurements reveal that green spaces are on average 9.3 °C cooler than their urban surroundings, substantially exceeding differences captured by LST. Additionally, shaded surfaces within green spaces exhibit temperature reductions of 12 °C to 17 °C compared to sun-exposed areas, underscoring the role of vegetation in mitigating surface heat extremes. These findings challenge the sole reliance on remote sensing for urban heat assessments and highlight the value of integrating ground-based observations. This study advances understanding of vegetation’s localized cooling potential in Latin American cities and provides actionable insights for urban climate resilience planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Ecosystem Services into Urban Planning: A Novel Approach for Natural Resources Management in Metropolitan Areas)

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27 pages, 5190 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Shaping Future Urbanization: A Systematic Review of Predictive and Preventive LUC Indicators for Sustainable New City Development

by Achmad Ghozali and Walter Timo de Vries

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110484 - 17 Nov 2025

Abstract

New city developments (NCDs) have significantly increased around the globe, especially in developing countries, to accommodate population growth and foster economic development. However, the uncertain footprint of NCDs often introduces trade-offs between urban expansion and sustainability, underscoring the need for integrated land use [...] Read more.

New city developments (NCDs) have significantly increased around the globe, especially in developing countries, to accommodate population growth and foster economic development. However, the uncertain footprint of NCDs often introduces trade-offs between urban expansion and sustainability, underscoring the need for integrated land use change (LUC) management. This study adopts a system-level perspective on LUC modeling to identify indicators and formulate a predictive–preventive framework for sustainable urbanization in NCDs. A bibliometric and Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of Scopus-indexed studies was conducted to extract and classify relevant indicators. The results identified fifty-six predictive indicators across five domains—physical geography, climate environment, socio-economic, urban attraction, and policy and regulation—and two preventive dimensions—environmental sustainability and urban inequality. Predictive indicators reveal how internal urban dynamics drive land expansion, while preventive indicators address ecological vulnerability, spatial equity, and sustainability constraints. This cohesive framework enhances understanding of interrelated factors in urbanization across both city-scale and regional contexts. These insights support more adaptive and proactive land management strategies, have the potential to improve future LUC simulation accuracy, and provide theoretical and practical guidance for sustainable NDC. Full article

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Graphical abstract

19 pages, 1576 KB

Open AccessReview

Smart Building–Grid Interaction in Urban Energy Transitions: A Taxonomy of Key Performance Indicators and Enabling Technologies

by Reza Amini Toosi, Maryam Gholamzadehmir and Hashem Amini Toosi

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110483 - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Urban energy systems are expected to undergo a rapid transition towards smart, sustainable, and resilient infrastructures. Within this transformation, the interaction between smart buildings and energy grids plays a critical role in shaping future urban energy solutions. Smart building–grid interaction strategies facilitate the [...] Read more.

Urban energy systems are expected to undergo a rapid transition towards smart, sustainable, and resilient infrastructures. Within this transformation, the interaction between smart buildings and energy grids plays a critical role in shaping future urban energy solutions. Smart building–grid interaction strategies facilitate the bidirectional energy flow between buildings and urban energy systems and support the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into cities’ energy systems through advanced control systems, sensing technologies, and digital infrastructures. However, the adoption of these solutions remains complex due to fragmented key performance indicators (KPIs) and the diversity of enabling technologies, and it requires accurate performance-driven design and operation. Despite recent advancements, the management and evaluation of the interaction of smart buildings and urban energy systems remain challenging due to overlapping and fragmented KPIs as well as the complexity of enabling technologies. Therefore, this study aims to review the recently published research works and provide a holistic taxonomy of KPIs and enabling technologies for such interplay between smart buildings and urban energy systems to achieve the goal of sustainable energy transition in cities. The study identifies and categorizes several existing KPIs across sustainability dimensions, including technical, environmental, economic, and social, covering the KPIs to measure the performance of smart building–urban energy systems from a sustainability-aware lens, offering an integrative framework for assessing urban energy resilience and efficiency. Additionally, the study contributes to classifying the enabling technologies for smart building and urban energy system interaction and discusses the interdependencies among such technology clusters. The findings contribute to ongoing urban energy transitions by promoting systemic approaches to planning, performance evaluation, and decision-making for sustainable and equitable urban energy futures. This contributes to the sustainability of the building and energy sectors at the urban scale by promoting and helping multi-dimensional performance assessment and informed decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Futures Through Building Energy Efficiency: Integrating Innovations and Strategies)

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19 pages, 5566 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of a Floating Wetland on Nitrate and Phosphate Reduction in Urban Waterways: A 5-Year Case Study of the North Branch Canal, Chicago, Illinois, USA

by Daniel Chukwudi, Eric W. Peterson and Phil Nicodemus

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110482 - 16 Nov 2025

Abstract

Urban streams often suffer from poor water quality, in part due to nutrient pollution, especially in highly developed areas. Poor water quality, driven by high concentrations of nitrate and phosphate entering waterways from runoff, wastewater, and stormwater systems, contributes to urban stream syndrome. [...] Read more.

Urban streams often suffer from poor water quality, in part due to nutrient pollution, especially in highly developed areas. Poor water quality, driven by high concentrations of nitrate and phosphate entering waterways from runoff, wastewater, and stormwater systems, contributes to urban stream syndrome. This study evaluates the long-term performance of a floating wetland (FW) system installed in a canal of the North Branch of the Chicago River near Goose Island, an area heavily impacted by urban runoff. From 2018 to 2023, surface and subsurface water samples were collected upstream and downstream of a 90 m² FW system and analyzed for nitrate as nitrogen (NO₃-N) and phosphate (PO₄³⁻) using ion chromatography. A paired t-test and two-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant reductions (p < 0.001) in NO₃-N (mean: 1.31 mg/L surface, 1.02 mg/L at 0.3 m) and PO₄³⁻ (mean: 0.64 mg/L surface, 0.57 mg/L at 0.3 m) between waters entering and exiting the FW, with no significant seasonal differences in removal efficiency. These results highlight the FW’s consistent, year-round nutrient mitigation performance driven by plant uptake and microbial processes. Over the five-year period of the study, the FW served as a means of improving the water quality, delivering a sustainable, low-maintenance solution for urban stream management with broader implications for ecological resilience and water quality enhancement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Resources Assessment and Environmental Governance)

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14 pages, 1286 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Bulgarian Municipalities Plan for Disasters—An Analysis of the Availability and Content of the Municipal Disaster Protection Plans

by Eugenia Sarafova and Kliment Naydenov

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110481 - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study examines how Bulgarian municipalities plan for disasters through the analysis of their municipal disaster protection plans’ public availability. These documents are legally mandated and form the cornerstone of local prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. The research combined a systematic search for [...] Read more.

This study examines how Bulgarian municipalities plan for disasters through the analysis of their municipal disaster protection plans’ public availability. These documents are legally mandated and form the cornerstone of local prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. The research combined a systematic search for publicly accessible plans across all 265 municipalities with a detailed review of the plans from the 27 regional centers. A GIS dataset was constructed linking municipalities with plan availability, population data, and direct links to documents. The analysis revealed that while most municipalities publish disaster-related documentation, accessibility remains uneven and many documents are hidden in poorly organized websites or uploaded as scanned image-only PDFs, limiting usability. Structural analysis of regional center plans showed that all cover the legally required hazards of earthquake, flood, and nuclear or radiological accidents, but the depth, clarity, and inclusion of additional risks vary widely. Only a few municipalities integrate climate change and emerging hazards, while most remain focused on traditional risks. The findings point to a gap between formal compliance with the Disaster Protection Act and effective public-oriented disaster planning. Full article

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19 pages, 1376 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustaining Urban Water and Sanitation in Beira, Mozambique: From Policy to Practice Through Local Perspectives

by Michael M. Santos, Ana Vaz Ferreira, João C. G. Lanzinha and Beatriz Reyes Collado

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110480 - 15 Nov 2025

Abstract

Access to safe water and sanitation remains a pressing challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rapid urbanisation, fragile governance, and increasing climate hazards continue to undermine the sustainability of WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) services. This study examines whether Mozambique’s normative and institutional framework effectively [...] Read more.

Access to safe water and sanitation remains a pressing challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rapid urbanisation, fragile governance, and increasing climate hazards continue to undermine the sustainability of WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) services. This study examines whether Mozambique’s normative and institutional framework effectively supports sustainable urban WASH service delivery in Beira, the country’s second-largest city. Combining a critical policy review with six semi-structured interviews involving institutional actors and community leaders, the research employs a qualitative, phenomenological design to explore the interaction between national frameworks and local practices. Findings reveal five interrelated dimensions shaping sustainability: governance coordination, infrastructure robustness and maintenance, community participation, climate resilience, and financial viability. Although post-disaster investments and recent policy reforms have led to improvements, significant challenges persist. These include overlapping institutional mandates, underdeveloped preventive maintenance systems, limited recognition and support for community-led initiatives, fragmented climate adaptation efforts, and strong dependence on external funding. The study also reveals how historical legacies, particularly colonial-era governance structures, continue to shape water and sanitation delivery. By integrating policy analysis with local perspectives, the paper contributes to debates on WASH sustainability in African cities, particularly in climate-vulnerable secondary urban centres. It highlights the need for systemic reforms that clarify institutional roles, institutionalise maintenance practices, formalise community engagement, embed nature-based adaptation strategies, and strengthen financial transparency. These changes are essential if Beira, and similar cities across sub-Saharan Africa, are to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 under mounting climate pressure. Full article

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20 pages, 1131 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nature-Based Solution for Sustainable Urban Pavement Construction in South Africa

by Douglas Aghimien and John Aliu

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110479 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

As urban areas in developing countries, including South Africa, continue to grapple with the adverse challenges of climate change and rapid population growth, there is an increasing call for nature-inspired solutions. This is because nature-based solutions (NbSs) can significantly enhance urban resilience by [...] Read more.

As urban areas in developing countries, including South Africa, continue to grapple with the adverse challenges of climate change and rapid population growth, there is an increasing call for nature-inspired solutions. This is because nature-based solutions (NbSs) can significantly enhance urban resilience by managing stormwater, reducing flooding and creating livable spaces within urban centers. One such NbS is permeable pavement, which has gained attention for its ability to allow water to infiltrate rather than run off. However, while its use is growing in developed nations, the story is not the same in South Africa, where the literature is silent on its usage and issues of flooding and other associated disasters have persisted. Therefore, this study adopts a post-positivist approach to investigate the application and challenges of permeable pavements as an NbS in South African urban areas. The study reveals a low level of permeable pavement use, albeit an encouraging level of awareness among built environment professionals. Covariance-based structural equation modelling further revealed the significant causes of this poor application. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to create incentives and frameworks that promote permeable pavement adoption in urban areas facing environmental challenges. Moreover, this research contributes to the limited literature on NbSs in South Africa, offering a foundation for future studies and addressing the pressing need for innovative solutions to flooding and urban resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization, Regional Planning and Development)

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21 pages, 1079 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rethinking Accessibility as a Cultural Generative Ecosystem

by Antonio Lauria and Ardian Ndreca

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110478 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

The paper presents a theoretical reflection on accessibility, developed through dialogue between an architect and a philosopher. It explores the cultural horizon of a transdisciplinary discipline whose conceptual boundaries remain fluid and examines the role accessibility can play in creating a freer and [...] Read more.

The paper presents a theoretical reflection on accessibility, developed through dialogue between an architect and a philosopher. It explores the cultural horizon of a transdisciplinary discipline whose conceptual boundaries remain fluid and examines the role accessibility can play in creating a freer and more inclusive society. At the core of the paper lies the concept of accessibility as a Cultural Generative Ecosystem, a dynamic and evolving construct through which accessibility operates as a transformative force. This ecosystem is embedded within a conceptual framework structured around specific Fields of Inquiry (Relational, Spatial, Institutional) and Domains (Person, Society, Environment). In this perspective, accessibility is presented as a complex process rooted in humanistic values and grounded in care ethics, phenomenological experience, and human rights. The paper highlights the potential of accessibility to counter diversity-related discrimination, promote empowerment, and guide the transformation of human habitats in line with people’s needs and expectations. At the same time, it acknowledges the objective and cultural challenges involved in cultivating an accessibility-oriented mindset. Following a comprehensive theoretical and methodological groundwork that lays the foundation for a broader conceptual reframing of accessibility, the paper identifies six conceptual determinants that define its complexity in the built environment, particularly in relation to disability and the relational nature of public space. These determinants—polysemous, contextual, multi-scalar and relational, corporeal and spatial-temporal, multi-criteria, and multi-component—are examined in relation to the four interwoven dimensions that structure the Cultural Generative Ecosystem of accessibility: technical, social, organizational, and generative. Together, they offer a framework for rethinking inclusive design as a situated, relational, and ethically grounded practice. Full article

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19 pages, 14654 KB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Air Pollution in Wartime Kyiv (Ukraine): PM2.5 Spikes During Russian Missile and Drone Attacks

by Kseniia Bondar, Iryna Tsiupa and Mykhailo Virshylo

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110477 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the environmental impact of combined missile and drone attacks on Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, with a focus on the release of particulate matter (PM) into the urban atmosphere. These military strikes frequently result in the destruction of residential and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the environmental impact of combined missile and drone attacks on Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, with a focus on the release of particulate matter (PM) into the urban atmosphere. These military strikes frequently result in the destruction of residential and industrial infrastructure, as well as fires, leading to acute increases in ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Observational data were collected between 1 and 30 June 2025 using a distributed network of low-cost air quality monitoring stations aggregated by the SaveEcoBot platform. The optical particle counters, based on light scattering technology, enable real-time monitoring of airborne particulate fractions of PM2.5 along with meteorological parameters and gas pollutants. The study period included two significant attacks (10 and 17 June), during which the temporal and spatial dynamics of PM2.5 concentrations were analyzed in comparison to baseline levels observed under non-attack conditions. Raw concentrations of PM2.5 up to 241 μg/m³ were observed in the epicenters of air-strike-induced fires, while smog plumes covered half of the city area. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations were recorded during and for several hours following the attacks and corresponding air raid alerts. The findings show days of PM2.5 exceedances above the World Health Organization (WHO) daily threshold of 15 μg/m³. These results underscore the acute environmental and public health hazards posed by military assaults on urban centers. Furthermore, this research highlights the role of citizen-driven environmental monitoring as a valuable tool for both scientific documentation and potential evidentiary support in assessing the environmental impacts of warfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Environment and Sustainability)

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12 pages, 1352 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Tree Canopy, Asthma Prevalence, and Health Equity in Los Angeles: A Geospatial Analysis with Implications for Urban Forestry

by Pranav Aiyer, Aiza Mominkhawaja, Salim Surani and Hari M Shankar

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110476 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this cross-sectional, ecological study of Los Angeles County ZIP codes, we evaluated the association between tree canopy coverage and asthma prevalence. Urban tree canopy has been promoted as a way to improve air quality and mitigate urban heat, but its relationship with [...] Read more.

In this cross-sectional, ecological study of Los Angeles County ZIP codes, we evaluated the association between tree canopy coverage and asthma prevalence. Urban tree canopy has been promoted as a way to improve air quality and mitigate urban heat, but its relationship with asthma is not well established. Previous studies have shown mixed results, and little is known about whether associations differ between children and adults or across communities with varying demographic compositions. This study evaluated the association between tree canopy coverage and asthma prevalence across Los Angeles County ZIP codes. Data from 75 ZIP codes with complete information on canopy cover and asthma prevalence were analyzed using correlation, t-tests, and regression models adjusting for population density and minority population composition. Greater canopy coverage was associated with lower pediatric asthma prevalence (β = −0.625, p < 0.001); pediatric rates were 12.7% in low-canopy ZIP codes compared with 10.5% in high-canopy ZIP codes (t = 6.07, p < 0.001). This inverse relationship was stronger in ZIP codes with higher minority populations (interaction β = –0.0145, p = 0.006). In contrast, canopy coverage showed a weak but statistically significant positive association with adult asthma prevalence (β = 0.33, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that urban tree canopy may play a role in reducing pediatric asthma disparities, underscoring the potential of equitable urban forestry strategies as part of public health planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Forestry as a Strategy for Promoting Greener and Healthier Cities)

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20 pages, 7820 KB

Open AccessArticle

Discontinuities, Limits and Barriers: Quantifying the Intensity of Urban Spatial Ruptures

by José Lasala and Carme Bellet

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110475 - 14 Nov 2025

Abstract

Urban fragmentation has emerged as a central issue in the study of socio-spatial dynamics in contemporary cities, reflecting processes of inequality, segregation, and spatial discontinuities. This article introduces a new methodological approach to measure fragmentation by focusing on discontinuities at limits rather than [...] Read more.

Urban fragmentation has emerged as a central issue in the study of socio-spatial dynamics in contemporary cities, reflecting processes of inequality, segregation, and spatial discontinuities. This article introduces a new methodological approach to measure fragmentation by focusing on discontinuities at limits rather than on the content of statistical units alone. The method applies robust standardization of selected socioeconomic variables—higher education, foreign-born population, and low-income population—at the census tract scale in the city of Lleida, Spain. Rupture intensity is measured through a Rupture Intensity Index, which integrates standardized differences across 217 limits. Principal component analysis identifies the most influential variables, while cluster analysis characterizes the multidimensional nature of limits. Results show that fragmentation in Lleida does not follow a simple center–periphery model but a tessellated pattern of fracture lines and gradient zones. Intense fractures emerge at borders between advantaged and disadvantaged neighborhoods, whereas gradients mark gradual transitions. The study demonstrates that limits are critical sites for observing and quantifying urban fragmentation and proposes a transferable methodology for comparative research and urban policy design in diverse urban contexts. This approach provides a replicable tool for urban analysis and the design of cohesion-oriented policies. Full article

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30 pages, 767 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Institutional Vulnerabilities: A Multi-Source SETS Framework Analysis of Flood Disaster Management Breakdown in Valencia’s Urban–Ecological Interface

by Yujeong Lee and Chang-Yu Hong

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110474 - 13 Nov 2025

Abstract

In this research, an innovative, integrative method is applied, which not only links media discourse and statutory planning documents but also involves both quantitative and qualitative analysis. By going beyond the traditional extreme of either policy review or text-based SETS frameworks, this study [...] Read more.

In this research, an innovative, integrative method is applied, which not only links media discourse and statutory planning documents but also involves both quantitative and qualitative analysis. By going beyond the traditional extreme of either policy review or text-based SETS frameworks, this study becomes the pioneer of a dual-coded, matrix-driven approach, which is capable of measuring policy–implementation gaps and empirically revealing the impact of media framing on disaster management outcomes. The 29 October 2024 Valencia flood, which claimed over 229 lives, highlights critical shortcomings in the region’s flood management policies. This study evaluates media and institutional sources to examine how public discourse aligns with post-flood management strategies. It focuses on Valencia’s statutory flood management plan, the “Pla d’acció territorial de caràcter sectorial sobre prevenció del risc d’inundació a la Comunitat Valenciana” (“Regional Action Plan for Flood Risk Prevention,” PATRICOVA) and its limited integration with the Socio–Ecological–Technological Systems (SETS) framework, which we identify as a central weakness. By analyzing Spanish media coverage, particularly from sources such as El País, ABC, and La Vanguardia, alongside government policy documents, the study reveals a gap between theoretical flood risk planning and practical disaster response. Our keyword-based text mining of leading newspapers highlights the neglect of social, ecological, and technological interactions. While PATRICOVA emphasizes nature protection and technological infrastructure, it overlooks critical societal dimensions and climate adaptation scenarios. Media analysis reveals significant failures at the SETS interfaces, especially in early warning systems, intergovernmental coordination, and community preparedness. Full article

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19 pages, 7784 KB

Open AccessArticle

A 4-Year Field Experiment on an Urban Permeable Sidewalk on Its Runoff and Surface Temperature Performance

by Chi-Feng Chen, Cheng-Han Lin and Jen-Yang Lin

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110473 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Permeable pavement is commonly used for urban stormwater management and urban heat island mitigation. It has been proven that permeable pavement has such benefits; however, the clogged permeable pavement could lose its function, and there are relatively few studies on its long-term monitoring. [...] Read more.

Permeable pavement is commonly used for urban stormwater management and urban heat island mitigation. It has been proven that permeable pavement has such benefits; however, the clogged permeable pavement could lose its function, and there are relatively few studies on its long-term monitoring. This study monitored an in-use permeable sidewalk in central Taipei City, Taiwan, and presented its four-year performance. In the study area, the permeable sidewalk occupies nearly half of the drainage area. The onsite data showed that the average runoff reduction rate in the first year (2021) was 41.2% but decreased to 28.8% in the fourth year (2024). The differences in runoff reduction rate between different rainfall patterns are also discussed. If the permeable pavement is not cleaned, it might lose its permeability after 7 years. The results of the surface temperature monitoring show that the average surface temperature of permeable pavement is maintained at 28.8 °C over the four-year period, whereas the surface temperature of impermeable pavement increases annually. This finding verified that permeable pavement is helpful in stabilizing surface temperatures in urban areas, thereby combating the warming environment. In addition, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) was tested in this study. The results of WBGT showed that the WBGT above the permeable pavement is lower than that on impermeable pavements by about 1–2 °C from 12 p.m. to 16 p.m. This implies that permeable pavement may contribute to a comfortable thermal environment for the public. The results of this study provide crucial information for maintaining permeable pavement and enhancing its beneficial functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Built Environment, 2nd Volume)

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13 pages, 283 KB

Open AccessArticle

Backyard Poultry Farming Among Urban Poor Households in Bangladesh: Production Capacity and Potential Contribution to Food Security

by Sayaka Ushimaru, A.K.M. Kanak Pervez and Akira Ishida

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110472 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the potential influence of backyard poultry farming, which can be readily established in urban and peri-urban environments, on the production capacity of backyard poultry and its potential contribution to food security among low-income households. Publicly accessible secondary microdata [...] Read more.

This study aimed to examine the potential influence of backyard poultry farming, which can be readily established in urban and peri-urban environments, on the production capacity of backyard poultry and its potential contribution to food security among low-income households. Publicly accessible secondary microdata from the 2022 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey were used. To account for the non-random nature of backyard poultry-keeping decisions, the Heckman selection model was applied to estimate both the probability of engaging in poultry farming and the number of birds raised. The study revealed that over 20% of urban households and more than 30% of the poorest 11% households engaged in poultry farming. Although the number of birds raised is generally lower, the proportion of households raising poultry is higher among poorer households than among wealthier households. Among the poorest 11% households, the estimated per capita production of meat and eggs from backyard poultry farming was expected to be 5.4 g and 6.8 g per day, respectively. Due to data constraints, we compare production estimates with stratum-level consumption averages, providing an indication of potential contribution rather than household-level self-sufficiency. This comparison suggests that backyard poultry could serve as an important supplementary source, potentially contributing to approximately 15% of meat consumption and 47% of egg consumption for participating households from the lowest income strata. Full article

28 pages, 1047 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Dimensions and Indicators for Smart Tourist Destinations from a State of the Art

by Thaís Siqueira Garcia and Luciano Torres Tricárico

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110471 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Smart Tourism Destinations (DTIs) represent innovative places established on the basis of an infrastructure of advanced technology, whose objective is to promote accessible, sustainable development for tourist regions to enrich tourist’s experiences and inhabitants’ quality of life. Therefore, the main objective of this [...] Read more.

Smart Tourism Destinations (DTIs) represent innovative places established on the basis of an infrastructure of advanced technology, whose objective is to promote accessible, sustainable development for tourist regions to enrich tourist’s experiences and inhabitants’ quality of life. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to verify whether the phenomenon indicators of existing smart tourist destinations fit within all dimensions of a smart tourist destination. For data collection, the bibliographic survey method was used in renowned databases. Data analysis comprises two approaches, bibliometric and content analysis, applied sequentially. The results of the bibliometric analysis identify three main pillars in the current perspectives on DTIs: Management and Tourism Experience, Technology, and Sustainability, in addition, it revealed a duality between approaches from the Far East and Western Europe. The content analysis culminates in the proposition of two theoretical-conceptual models for the dimensions and indicators of DTIs, encompassing elements: Information and Communication Technologies (TICs), Governance, Innovation, Accessibility, Performance, Mobility and Infrastructure, as well as Segmented Sustainability in its economic, social, and environmental dimensions. However, the analysis highlights the lack of consensus among studies, especially DTI indicators. The results of the research highlight the insufficiency of these indicators for a comprehensive assessment, notably in the environmental dimension of sustainability. Full article

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20 pages, 16220 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fragmentation in the Environmental System of the Ecological Reserves in the Riparian Mangroves of Arroyo Moreno-Tembladeras Wetlands, Veracruz Mexico

by María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez, Bernardo Carlón-Solís, Alejandra Soto-Estrada, Arturo García-Saldaña and Gabycarmen Navarrete-Rodríguez

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110470 - 10 Nov 2025

Abstract

Landscape fragmentation is a dynamic process with multiple effects. In addition to reducing the area of priority ecosystems such as mangroves, it also generates alterations in ecological functions and environmental processes, with significant socioeconomic and ecological consequences. The objective of this research was [...] Read more.

Landscape fragmentation is a dynamic process with multiple effects. In addition to reducing the area of priority ecosystems such as mangroves, it also generates alterations in ecological functions and environmental processes, with significant socioeconomic and ecological consequences. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of anthropic development on landscape fragmentation within the Environmental System (ES) that includes the Arroyo Moreno Ecological Reserve (REAM) and the Tembladeras-Laguna Olmeca Ecological Reserve (RETLO), located in central Veracruz Mexico. Fragstats V4.3 Beta software was used to analyze landscape metrics at the patch, class, and landscape levels, using nine indicator metrics for assessing fragmentation. The analysis of the metrics at the three levels showed a reduction in the total area for some classes such as Mangrove (MG), Water Bodies (WB), and Agricultural and Livestock (AL). Class-level metrics such as total area, percentage of landscape, and number of patches showed greater differences for some classes between 2001 and 2023. However, some values increased in 2015. However, this research is considered the first study conducted in the area to comprehensively use a set of landscape metrics at three organizational levels, offering a more accurate description of the status of priority ecosystems (RAMSAR sites) such as the wetlands of the coastal zone of Veracruz. It also demonstrated the importance of the constantly expanding anthropic development in the study area over the last 20 years and the potential pressure it exerts on biodiversity conservation sites such as wetlands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Remote Sensing of Urban Forests and Their Ecological Functions)

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17 pages, 989 KB

Open AccessArticle

Travel Behaviour and Carbon Emissions of Residents of Public Housing Areas in Aotearoa, New Zealand

by Michael Keall, Ralph Chapman, Keren Love, Guy Penny, Edward Randal and Philippa Howden-Chapman

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(11), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9110469 - 9 Nov 2025

Abstract

Public housing tenants in many countries have multiple challenges, often including socioeconomic disadvantage, family health and disability limitations, and compromised potential to earn income. An understanding of this group’s travel behaviours is particularly salient when policies to limit carbon emissions are being considered [...] Read more.

Public housing tenants in many countries have multiple challenges, often including socioeconomic disadvantage, family health and disability limitations, and compromised potential to earn income. An understanding of this group’s travel behaviours is particularly salient when policies to limit carbon emissions are being considered because such policies can exacerbate transport inequities. The current study makes use of an ongoing national travel survey in New Zealand that uses in-person interviews. We studied travel behaviours from neighbourhoods with mostly public housing tenants compared to other areas with no, or low numbers of, public housing tenants. Respondents from public-housing-intensive areas tended to be younger, have lower incomes, have more dependent children, have fewer household vehicles, and reside in areas with the highest levels of socioeconomic deprivation, all features that are known to affect travel patterns. The public-housing-intensive areas had a much higher proportion of trips made as passengers and hence higher levels of car occupancy than people living in other areas. The distance driven per person was less than half that of other areas, as were carbon emissions per person arising from private vehicle travel. Public housing providers and transport planners need to collaborate so that public housing is close to public transport and active transport facilities to allow tenants ready access. Public housing tenants are likely to suffer aspects of transport poverty, and where policies designed to limit carbon emissions increase the price of fossil-fuelled private car travel, other affordable and accessible transport options need to be available. Full article

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