Author Contributions
Conceptualization, J.Y. (Jia Yu) and T.Y.; methodology, J.Y. (Jia Yu), T.Y., and E.I.; software, J.Y. (Jia Yu); investigation, J.Y. (Jia Yu) and J.Y. (Jing Yang); resources, J.Y. (Jia Yu) and J.Y. (Jing Yang); writing—original draft preparation, J.Y. (Jia Yu); writing—review and editing, J.Y. (Jia Yu), T.Y., E.I., and J.Y. (Jing Yang); funding acquisition, J.Y. (Jing Yang). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Research structure and framework. Source: Own work.
Figure 1.
Research structure and framework. Source: Own work.
Figure 2.
The location of the study area: (a) Zhejiang province in China; (b) Ningbo city in northeast Zhejiang province; (c) Tianyige Museum in Ningbo old town. Source: Own work.
Figure 2.
The location of the study area: (a) Zhejiang province in China; (b) Ningbo city in northeast Zhejiang province; (c) Tianyige Museum in Ningbo old town. Source: Own work.
Figure 3.
The site plan of Ningbo Tianyige Museum is composed of eight architecture and garden groups. The research object Tianyige garden includes East Garden (4) and South Garden (5). Source: Own work.
Figure 3.
The site plan of Ningbo Tianyige Museum is composed of eight architecture and garden groups. The research object Tianyige garden includes East Garden (4) and South Garden (5). Source: Own work.
Figure 4.
Design manuscripts of East Garden by Lu Bingjie and Chen Congzhou of Tongji University in 1984. English version of the Chinese title: Overall Planning and Design of the Tianyige Museum. Source: Tianyige Museum. Adapted with permission from Ningbo Tianyige Museum (2021) The designer of this picture is Chinese, and the original version is only in Chinese.
Figure 4.
Design manuscripts of East Garden by Lu Bingjie and Chen Congzhou of Tongji University in 1984. English version of the Chinese title: Overall Planning and Design of the Tianyige Museum. Source: Tianyige Museum. Adapted with permission from Ningbo Tianyige Museum (2021) The designer of this picture is Chinese, and the original version is only in Chinese.
Figure 5.
Plan of Tianyige garden with garden elements. Sequence number from 1 to 21. Source: Own work.
Figure 5.
Plan of Tianyige garden with garden elements. Sequence number from 1 to 21. Source: Own work.
Figure 6.
Illustrations of main garden elements in Tianyige garden. Sequence numbers corresponding the elements in
Figure 5. Source: Own work.
Figure 6.
Illustrations of main garden elements in Tianyige garden. Sequence numbers corresponding the elements in
Figure 5. Source: Own work.
Figure 7.
Classification of accessible open garden space according to the four main spatial elements, with spatial elements plans, space plans and diagrams. Source: Own work.
Figure 7.
Classification of accessible open garden space according to the four main spatial elements, with spatial elements plans, space plans and diagrams. Source: Own work.
Figure 8.
Plans of twenty garden units of four types in Tianyige garden, with 1.5-m square grids. Source: own work.
Figure 8.
Plans of twenty garden units of four types in Tianyige garden, with 1.5-m square grids. Source: own work.
Figure 9.
Seating plan of Tianyige garden, containing primary seating and supplementary or secondary seating. Source: Own work.
Figure 9.
Seating plan of Tianyige garden, containing primary seating and supplementary or secondary seating. Source: Own work.
Figure 10.
Convex map calculations of Tianyige garden: (a) Choice [Norm] with a radius of 3; (b) Choice [Norm] with a radius of 5; (c) Integration [HH] with a radius of 3; (d) Integration [HH] with a radius of 5. Source: Own work.
Figure 10.
Convex map calculations of Tianyige garden: (a) Choice [Norm] with a radius of 3; (b) Choice [Norm] with a radius of 5; (c) Integration [HH] with a radius of 3; (d) Integration [HH] with a radius of 5. Source: Own work.
Figure 11.
Visitor flow in Tianyige Museum on 6 July (Saturday), and 10 July (Wednesday), 2019. Data source: Tianyige Museum, author’s drawing.
Figure 11.
Visitor flow in Tianyige Museum on 6 July (Saturday), and 10 July (Wednesday), 2019. Data source: Tianyige Museum, author’s drawing.
Figure 12.
Illustrations of visitors and activities in Tianyige garden: (a) Student groups resting under the eaves of Ninghui Hall (B2) of the East Garden; (b) Student groups playing in verandas (C2) of the East Garden; (c) Tour groups at Linquanya Hall (B3) of the East Garden; (d) Individual visitors at Ninghui Hall (B2) of the East Garden; (e) Visitors staying in waterside space (A1) of the East Garden; (f) Visitors staying in waterside space (A4 and A5) of the South Garden. Source: Own work.
Figure 12.
Illustrations of visitors and activities in Tianyige garden: (a) Student groups resting under the eaves of Ninghui Hall (B2) of the East Garden; (b) Student groups playing in verandas (C2) of the East Garden; (c) Tour groups at Linquanya Hall (B3) of the East Garden; (d) Individual visitors at Ninghui Hall (B2) of the East Garden; (e) Visitors staying in waterside space (A1) of the East Garden; (f) Visitors staying in waterside space (A4 and A5) of the South Garden. Source: Own work.
Figure 13.
Five observational areas in Tianyige garden: water, architecture, and rockery parts in the East Garden, and the northern and southern yards of the South Garden. Source: Own work.
Figure 13.
Five observational areas in Tianyige garden: water, architecture, and rockery parts in the East Garden, and the northern and southern yards of the South Garden. Source: Own work.
Figure 14.
Calculation method of stay visitor number in grids: (a) Original records with one dot as a stay visitor; (b) Calculation of stay visitor number in each grid; (c) The shading of grids representing the number of visitor stays. Source: Own work.
Figure 14.
Calculation method of stay visitor number in grids: (a) Original records with one dot as a stay visitor; (b) Calculation of stay visitor number in each grid; (c) The shading of grids representing the number of visitor stays. Source: Own work.
Figure 15.
Visitor stay distribution maps in three periods: (a) Map 1 in the Saturday morning of 6 July 2019; (b) Map 2 in the Saturday afternoon of 6 July 2019; (c) Map 3 on the Wednesday afternoon of 10 July 2019. Source: Own work.
Figure 15.
Visitor stay distribution maps in three periods: (a) Map 1 in the Saturday morning of 6 July 2019; (b) Map 2 in the Saturday afternoon of 6 July 2019; (c) Map 3 on the Wednesday afternoon of 10 July 2019. Source: Own work.
Figure 16.
Box plots of visitor stay mean and coefficient of variation in three periods: (a) Box plots of visitor stay mean, with an outlier C5 in Map 2 and 3; (b) Box plots of visitor stay coefficient of variation, with outliers D2 in Map 2 and C2 in Map 3. Source: Own work.
Figure 16.
Box plots of visitor stay mean and coefficient of variation in three periods: (a) Box plots of visitor stay mean, with an outlier C5 in Map 2 and 3; (b) Box plots of visitor stay coefficient of variation, with outliers D2 in Map 2 and C2 in Map 3. Source: Own work.
Figure 17.
Characteristics of visitor stay distribution and four types of garden space: (a) Visitor stay density of four types in column charts; (b) Visitor stay dispersion of four types in column charts; (c) Characteristics of four types of garden space and four typical garden units in radar charts. Source: Own work.
Figure 17.
Characteristics of visitor stay distribution and four types of garden space: (a) Visitor stay density of four types in column charts; (b) Visitor stay dispersion of four types in column charts; (c) Characteristics of four types of garden space and four typical garden units in radar charts. Source: Own work.
Table 1.
Relationship with spatial elements of twenty garden units. Source: own work.
Table 1.
Relationship with spatial elements of twenty garden units. Source: own work.
Type | Unit | Main Element | Roof | Adjacent Elements | Other Visible Elements |
---|
Type A | A1 | Water | Fully open | Water, Architecture | Veranda, Rockery |
A2 | Water | Fully open | Water, Rockery | Architecture, Veranda |
A3 | Water | Fully open | Water, Grass | Veranda, Rockery |
A4 | Water | Fully open | Water, Pavement | Architecture, Veranda |
A5 | Water | Fully open | Water, Architecture | Veranda |
Type B | B1 | Architecture | Partial roof | Architecture, Grass | Veranda |
B2 | Architecture | Partial roof | Architecture, Grass | Water, Veranda |
B3 | Architecture | Partial roof | Architecture, Grass | Water, Veranda, Rockery |
B4 | Architecture | Partial roof | Architecture, Pavement | Water, Veranda |
B5 | Architecture | Partial roof | Architecture, Grass | Water, Veranda |
Type C | C1 | Veranda | Full roof | Wall, Water | Architecture, Rockery |
C2 | Veranda | Full roof | Wall, Grass | Architecture, Rockery |
C3 | Veranda | Full roof | Wall, Rockery | None |
C4 | Veranda | Full roof | Wall, Pavement, Grass | Water, Architecture, Rockery |
C5 | Veranda | Full roof | Water, Grass | Architecture |
C6 | Veranda | Full roof | Wall, Water | Architecture |
C7 | Veranda | Full roof | Wall, Pavement | Water, Architecture |
C8 | Veranda | Full roof | Wall, Water | Architecture |
Type D | D1 | Rockery | Fully open | Rockery | Water, Architecture |
D2 | Rockery | Fully open | Rockery | None |
Table 2.
Measurement attributes of twenty garden units (in meters from length to seating). Source: own work.
Table 2.
Measurement attributes of twenty garden units (in meters from length to seating). Source: own work.
Type | Unit | Length | Width | Perimeter | Enclo. Length | Enclo. Height | Seating | L/W | D/H | Enclos. Ratio |
---|
Type A | A1 | 30.9 | 3.5 | 68.8 | 14.3 | 5.0 | 30.0 | 6.657 | 0.700 | 20.8% |
A2 | 20.2 | 1.5 | 43.4 | 20.2 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 13.467 | 0.429 | 46.5% |
A3 | 22.3 | 2.3 | 49.2 | 0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 9.696 | 2.867 | 0 |
A4 | 18.8 | 5.5 | 48.6 | 0 | 4.0 | 18.8 | 3.418 | 2.625 | 0 |
A5 | 19.4 | 5.5 | 49.8 | 24.5 | 5.0 | 10.4 | 3.804 | 1.100 | 50.0% |
Type B | B1 | 17.1 | 6.4 | 47.0 | 11.1 | 4.5 | 19.6 | 2.672 | 1.422 | 23.6% |
B2 | 17.1 | 4.1 | 69.4 | 24.7 | 4.5 | 25.6 | 4.171 | 0.911 | 35.6% |
B3 | 21.3 | 4.3 | 51.2 | 24.0 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.953 | 1.194 | 46.9% |
B4 | 15.3 | 6.7 | 44.0 | 11.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 2.284 | 1.675 | 25.0% |
B5 | 15.3 | 6.8 | 44.2 | 11.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 2.250 | 1.700 | 24.9% |
Type C | C1 | 42.8 | 1.9 | 89.4 | 44.7 | 3.0 | 60.2 | NA | 0.633 | 50.0% |
C2 | 78.5 | 1.9 | 160.8 | 80.4 | 3.0 | 34.8 | NA | 0.633 | 50.0% |
C3 | 63.6 | 1.3 | 129.8 | 97.4 | 3.0 | 29.5 | NA | 0.433 | 75.0% |
C4 | 68.6 | 1.4 | 142.8 | 71.4 | 3.0 | 49.9 | NA | 0.467 | 50.0% |
C5 | 17.9 | 1.5 | 38.8 | 9.7 | 4.0 | 13.1 | NA | 1.350 | 25.0% |
C6 | 38.0 | 1.3 | 78.6 | 45.8 | 3.0 | 40.1 | NA | 0.433 | 58.3% |
C7 | 14.8 | 1.5 | 32.6 | 16.3 | 3.0 | 18.9 | NA | 0.500 | 50.0% |
C8 | 37.8 | 1.3 | 78.2 | 67.0 | 3.0 | 20.3 | NA | 0.433 | 85.7% |
Type D | D1 | 67.0 | 0.9 | 135.8 | NA | 2 | 1.0 | NA | 0.500 | 80.0% |
D2 | 24.0 | 1.2 | 50.4 | NA | 2 | 1.0 | NA | 0.500 | 80.0% |
Table 3.
Configurational attributes of twenty garden units (calculation values of convex map). Source: own work.
Table 3.
Configurational attributes of twenty garden units (calculation values of convex map). Source: own work.
Type | Unit | Connectivity | Choice [Norm] R3 | Choice [Norm] R5 | Integration [HH] R3 | Integration [HH] R5 |
---|
Type A | A1 | 6 | 0.229 | 0.270 | 2.015 | 1.382 |
A2 | 2 | 0.152 | 0.083 | 1.137 | 1.039 |
A3 | 3 | 0.163 | 0.163 | 1.604 | 1.218 |
A4 | 3 | 0.166 | 0.235 | 1.726 | 1.299 |
A5 | 5 | 0.226 | 0.260 | 1.814 | 1.281 |
Type B | B1 | 7 | 0.447 | 0.333 | 2.195 | 1.328 |
B2 | 6 | 0.216 | 0.183 | 1.896 | 1.311 |
B3 | 5 | 0.456 | 0.287 | 1.924 | 1.242 |
B4 | 6 | 0.340 | 0.316 | 1.917 | 1.350 |
B5 | 5 | 0.397 | 0.258 | 1.793 | 1.206 |
Type C | C1 | 3 | 0.258 | 0.184 | 1.599 | 1.052 |
C2 | 3 | 0.144 | 0.183 | 1.457 | 1.218 |
C3 | 6 | 0.302 | 0.148 | 1.538 | 1.201 |
C4 | 5 | 0.141 | 0.114 | 1.459 | 1.174 |
C5 | 3 | 0.136 | 0.111 | 1.636 | 1.233 |
C6 | 2 | 0.167 | 0.164 | 1.121 | 0.965 |
C7 | 4 | 0.176 | 0.142 | 1.504 | 1.143 |
C8 | 3 | 0.128 | 0.067 | 1.184 | 0.990 |
Type D | D1 | 3 | 0.145 | 0.115 | 1.325 | 1.031 |
D2 | 2 | 0.133 | 0.071 | 1.062 | 1.004 |
Table 4.
Visitor stay distribution statistics of twenty garden units in three periods. Source: Own work.
Table 4.
Visitor stay distribution statistics of twenty garden units in three periods. Source: Own work.
Type | Unit | Grid | Visitor Number | Mean | Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation |
---|
Map 1 | Map 2 | Map 3 | Map 1 | Map 2 | Map 3 | Map 1 | Map 2 | Map 3 | Map 1 | Map 2 | Map 3 |
---|
Type A | A1 | 44 | 20 | 34 | 7 | 0.455 | 0.773 | 0.159 | 0.820 | 1.097 | 0.479 | 1.802 | 1.419 | 3.013 |
A2 | 11 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 0.091 | 0.727 | 0.091 | 0.302 | 0.786 | 0.302 | 3.319 | 1.081 | 3.319 |
A3 | 23 | 7 | 17 | 6 | 0.304 | 0.739 | 0.261 | 0.470 | 0.810 | 0.541 | 1.546 | 1.096 | 2.073 |
A4 | 46 | 27 | 33 | 9 | 0.587 | 0.717 | 0.196 | 0.909 | 0.981 | 0.500 | 1.549 | 1.368 | 2.551 |
A5 | 38 | 11 | 44 | 12 | 0.289 | 1.158 | 0.316 | 0.611 | 0.945 | 0.574 | 2.114 | 0.816 | 1.816 |
Sum | 162 | 66 | 136 | 35 | 0.407 | 0.840 | 0.216 | 0.744 | 0.977 | 0.507 | 1.828 | 1.163 | 2.347 |
Type B | B1 | 49 | 50 | 43 | 14 | 1.020 | 0.878 | 0.286 | 1.331 | 1.130 | 0.645 | 1.305 | 1.287 | 2.255 |
B2 | 49 | 78 | 29 | 13 | 1.592 | 0.592 | 0.265 | 1.485 | 0.888 | 0.605 | 0.933 | 1.500 | 2.283 |
B3 | 38 | 47 | 38 | 17 | 1.237 | 1.000 | 0.447 | 1.125 | 1.139 | 0.760 | 0.909 | 1.139 | 1.700 |
B4 | 45 | 8 | 25 | 6 | 0.178 | 0.556 | 0.133 | 0.490 | 0.867 | 0.457 | 2.753 | 1.559 | 3.436 |
B5 | 46 | 20 | 22 | 7 | 0.435 | 0.478 | 0.152 | 0.886 | 0.781 | 0.420 | 2.037 | 1.634 | 2.763 |
Sum | 227 | 203 | 157 | 57 | 0.894 | 0.692 | 0.251 | 1.236 | 0.979 | 0.590 | 1.383 | 1.415 | 2.351 |
Type C | C1 | 42 | 36 | 26 | 15 | 0.857 | 0.619 | 0.357 | 1.072 | 0.909 | 0.618 | 1.251 | 1.468 | 1.731 |
C2 | 71 | 66 | 23 | 2 | 0.930 | 0.324 | 0.028 | 1.125 | 0.650 | 0.167 | 1.210 | 2.006 | 5.964 |
C3 | 44 | 5 | 29 | 5 | 0.114 | 0.659 | 0.114 | 0.321 | 0.888 | 0.387 | 2.816 | 1.347 | 3.395 |
C4 | 47 | 41 | 26 | 6 | 0.872 | 0.553 | 0.128 | 1.013 | 0.829 | 0.397 | 1.162 | 1.499 | 3.102 |
C5 | 12 | 3 | 27 | 17 | 0.250 | 2.250 | 1.417 | 0.622 | 1.545 | 1.084 | 2.488 | 0.687 | 0.765 |
C6 | 25 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 0.040 | 0.360 | 0.160 | 0.200 | 0.638 | 0.473 | 5.000 | 1.772 | 2.956 |
C7 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 0.182 | 0.909 | 0.545 | 0.405 | 1.446 | 1.036 | 2.225 | 1.591 | 1.901 |
C8 | 20 | 3 | 11 | 5 | 0.150 | 0.550 | 0.250 | 0.366 | 1.099 | 0.786 | 2.440 | 1.998 | 3.144 |
Sum | 272 | 157 | 161 | 60 | 0.577 | 0.592 | 0.221 | 0.934 | 0.960 | 0.591 | 1.619 | 1.622 | 2.674 |
Type D | D1 | 40 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 0.150 | 0.200 | 0.100 | 0.427 | 0.464 | 0.379 | 2.847 | 2.320 | 3.790 |
D2 | 26 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 0.115 | 0.192 | 0.115 | 0.431 | 0.567 | 0.431 | 3.748 | 2.953 | 3.748 |
Sum | 66 | 9 | 13 | 7 | 0.136 | 0.197 | 0.106 | 0.426 | 0.503 | 0.397 | 3.132 | 2.553 | 3.745 |
Sum | 727 | 435 | 467 | 159 | 0.598 | 0.642 | 0.219 | 0.998 | 0.951 | 0.558 | 1.669 | 1.481 | 2.548 |
Table 5.
Pearson correlation test with visitor stay mean and spatial attributes. Source: Own work.
Table 5.
Pearson correlation test with visitor stay mean and spatial attributes. Source: Own work.
Mean | Pearson Correlation (r) |
Choice [Norm] R3 | Choice [Norm] R5 | Integration [HH] R3 | Integration [HH] R5 |
Map 1 (N = 20) | 0.380 | 0.394 | 0.552 * | 0.445 * |
Map 2 (N = 19) | 0.413 | 0.488 * | 0.580 ** | 0.517 * |
Map 3 (N = 19) | 0.302 | 0.229 | 0.331 | 0.104 |
Mean | Pearson Correlation (r) |
Length | Width | L/W (N = 9) | D/H | Enclosure ratio | Seating |
Map 1 (N = 20) | 0.018 | 0.326 | −0.113 | 0.104 | −0.271 | 0.329 |
Map 2 (N = 19) | −0.496 * | 0.417 | 0.172 | 0.277 | −0.398 | −0.074 |
Map 3 (N = 19) | −0.490 * | 0.140 | 0.192 | 0.112 | −0.119 | 0.023 |
Table 6.
Pearson correlation test with visitor stay mean and spatial attributes in two groups. Source: Own work.
Table 6.
Pearson correlation test with visitor stay mean and spatial attributes in two groups. Source: Own work.
Mean | Pearson Correlation (r) |
---|
Length | Width | L/W (N = 9) | D/H | Enclosure Ratio | Seating |
---|
Type A&B | Map 1 (N = 10) | −0.128 | 0.113 | −0.113 | −0.154 | 0.163 | 0.474 |
Map 2 (N = 10) | 0.312 | −0.108 | 0.172 | −0.196 | 0.423 | 0.041 |
Map 3 (N = 10) | 0.023 | 0.072 | 0.192 | 0.069 | 0.268 | 0.022 |
Type C&D | Map 1 (N = 10) | 0.510 | 0.737 * | NA | 0.086 | −0.444 | 0.681 * |
Map 2 (N = 9) | −0.322 | 0.360 | NA | −0.090 | −0.401 | 0.383 |
Map 3 (N = 9) | −0.718 * | 0.245 | NA | 0.054 | −0.311 | 0.121 |
Table 7.
Pearson correlation test with visitor stay coefficient of variation and spatial attributes. Source: Own work.
Table 7.
Pearson correlation test with visitor stay coefficient of variation and spatial attributes. Source: Own work.
Map 1 (N = 20) |
Pearson Correlation (r) | Coefficient of Variation 1 | Mean 1 | Length | Width |
Coefficient of Variation 1 | 1 | −0.792 ** | −0.019 | −0.358 |
Mean 1 | −0.792 ** | 1 | 0.018 | 0.326 |
Length | −0.019 | 0.018 | 1 | NA |
Width | −0.358 | 0.326 | NA | 1 |
Map 2 (N = 18) |
Pearson Correlation (r) | Coefficient of Variation 2 | Mean 2 | Length | Width |
Coefficient of Variation 2 | 1 | −0.845 ** | 0.545 * | −0.377 |
Mean 2 | −0.845 ** | 1 | −0.597 ** | 0.368 |
Length | 0.545 * | −0.597 ** | 1 | NA |
Width | −0.377 | 0.368 | NA | 1 |
Map 3 (N = 18) |
Pearson Correlation (r) | Coefficient of Variation 3 | Mean 3 | Length | Width |
Coefficient of Variation 3 | 1 | −0.856 ** | 0.437 | −0.318 |
Mean 3 | −0.856 ** | 1 | −0.387 | 0.099 |
Length | 0.437 | −0.387 | 1 | NA |
Width | −0.318 | 0.099 | NA | 1 |
Table 8.
Partial correlation test with visitor stay coefficient of variation and spatial attributes, controlling the visitor stay mean. Source: Own work.
Table 8.
Partial correlation test with visitor stay coefficient of variation and spatial attributes, controlling the visitor stay mean. Source: Own work.
Coefficient of Variation | Control | Correlation (r) |
---|
Mean 1 | Mean 2 | Mean 3 | Length | Width |
---|
Map 1 (N = 20) | None | −0.792 ** | | | −0.019 | −0.358 |
Mean 1 | | | | NA | −0.174 |
Map 2 (N = 18) | None | | −0.845 ** | | 0.545 * | −0.377 |
Mean 2 | | | | 0.094 | −0.132 |
Map 3 (N = 18) | None | | | −0.856 ** | 0.437 | −0.318 |
Mean 3 | | | | 0.222 | NA |