Perceptual Differences in Urban Soundscape Assessment Using Protocol Proposed in Method a of the ISO/TS 12913–2: A Cross-Language Comparison between Arabic and French Attributes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Soundscape Evaluation
3.2. Rating Difference between Arabic and French Soundscape Attributes
3.3. Correlation Coefficients between the Eight PAQs
3.4. Two-Dimensional Circumplex Models of Soundscape PAQs
4. Conclusions and Discussion
4.1. Synthesizing the Findings
4.2. Strength and Limitations
4.3. Implication on Practice and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Medvedev, O.; Shepherd, D.; Hautus, M.J. The Restorative Potential of Soundscapes: A Physiological Investigation. Appl. Acoust. 2015, 96, 20–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Qiu, M.; Li, L.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, J. Exploring the Dimensions of Everyday Soundscapes Perception in Spatiotemporal View: A Qualitative Approach. Appl. Acoust. 2021, 181, 108149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ISO 12913-1:2014; Acoustics—Soundscape—Part 1: Definition and Conceptual Framework. ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
- Jeon, J.Y.; Jo, H.I.; Santika, B.B.; Lee, H. Crossed Effects of Audio-Visual Environment on Indoor Soundscape Perception for Pleasant Open-Plan Office Environments. Build. Environ. 2022, 207, 108512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ooi, K.; Lam, B.; Hong, J.-Y.; Watcharasupat, K.N.; Ong, Z.-T.; Gan, W.-S. Singapore Soundscape Site Selection Survey (S5): Identification of Characteristic Soundscapes of Singapore via Weighted k-Means Clustering. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitchell, A. Predictive Modelling of Complex Urban Soundscapes: Enabling an Engineering Approach to Soundscape Design. Ph.D. Thesis, Institute for Environmental Design & Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Mackrill, J.; Jennings, P.; Cain, R. Exploring Positive Hospital Ward Soundscape Interventions. Appl. Ergon. 2014, 45, 1454–1460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mancini, S.; Mascolo, A.; Graziuso, G.; Guarnaccia, C. Soundwalk, Questionnaires and Noise Measurements in a University Campus: A Soundscape Study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engel, M.S.; Fiebig, A.; Pfaffenbach, C.; Fels, J. A Review of Socio-Acoustic Surveys for Soundscape Studies. Curr. Pollut. Rep 2018, 4, 220–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Axelsson, Ö.; Nilsson, M.E.; Berglund, B. A Principal Components Model of Soundscape Perception. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2010, 128, 2836–2846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitchell, A.; Erfanian, M.; Soelistyo, C.; Oberman, T.; Kang, J.; Aldridge, R.; Xue, J.-H.; Aletta, F. Effects of Soundscape Complexity on Urban Noise Annoyance Ratings: A Large-Scale Online Listening Experiment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engel, M.S.; Fiebig, A.; Pfaffenbach, C.; Fels, J. A Review of the Use of Psychoacoustic Indicators on Soundscape Studies. Curr. Pollut. Rep. 2021, 7, 359–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, T.; Liang, X.; Tu, W.; Huang, Z.; Biljecki, F. Sensing Urban Soundscapes from Street View Imagery. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2023, 99, 101915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benocci, R.; Afify, A.; Potenza, A.; Roman, H.E.; Zambon, G. Toward the Definition of a Soundscape Ranking Index (SRI) in an Urban Park Using Machine Learning Techniques. Sensors 2023, 23, 4797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bouzir, T.A.K.; Berkouk, D.; Zemmouri, N. Evaluation and Analysis of the Algerian Oases Soundscape: Case of El Kantara and Sidi Okba. Acoust. Aust. 2020, 48, 131–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berkouk, D.; Bouzir, T.A.K.; Maffei, L.; Masullo, M. Examining the Associations between Oases Soundscape Components and Walking Speed: Correlation or Causation? Sustainability 2020, 12, 4619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raimbault, M. Qualitative Judgements of Urban Soundscapes: Questionning Questionnaires and Semantic Scales. Acta Acust. United Acust. 2006, 92, 929–937. [Google Scholar]
- Kang, J.; Zhang, M. Semantic Differential Analysis of the Soundscape in Urban Open Public Spaces. Build. Environ. 2010, 45, 150–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitchell, A.; Oberman, T.; Aletta, F.; Erfanian, M.; Kachlicka, M.; Lionello, M.; Kang, J. The Soundscape Indices (SSID) Protocol: A Method for Urban Soundscape Surveys—Questionnaires with Acoustical and Contextual Information. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 2397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aletta, F.; Kang, J.; Axelsson, Ö. Soundscape Descriptors and a Conceptual Framework for Developing Predictive Soundscape Models. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2016, 149, 65–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puyana Romero, V.; Maffei, L.; Brambilla, G.; Ciaburro, G. Acoustic, Visual and Spatial Indicators for the Description of the Soundscape of Waterfront Areas with and without Road Traffic Flow. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aumond, P.; Can, A.; De Coensel, B.; Botteldooren, D.; Ribeiro, C.; Lavandier, C. Modeling Soundscape Pleasantness Using Perceptual Assessments and Acoustic Measurements along Paths in Urban Context. Acta Acust. United Acust. 2017, 103, 430–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasegawa, Y.; Lau, S.-K. Comprehensive Audio-Visual Environmental Effects on Residential Soundscapes and Satisfaction: Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2022, 220, 104351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, J.; Thorogood, M.; Pasquier, P. Emo-Soundscapes: A Dataset for Soundscape Emotion Recognition. In Proceedings of the 2017 Seventh International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII), San Antonio, TX, USA, 23–26 October 2017; pp. 196–201. [Google Scholar]
- Cain, R.; Jennings, P.; Poxon, J. The Development and Application of the Emotional Dimensions of a Soundscape. Appl. Acoust. 2013, 74, 232–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Axelsson, Ö. How to Measure Soundscape Quality. In Proceedings of the Euronoise 2015 Conference, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 31 May–3 June 2015; pp. 1477–1481. [Google Scholar]
- Puyana-Romero, V.; Ciaburro, G.; Brambilla, G.; Garzón, C.; Maffei, L. Representation of the Soundscape Quality in Urban Areas through Colours. Noise Mapp. 2019, 6, 8–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masullo, M.; Maffei, L.; Iachini, T.; Rapuano, M.; Cioffi, F.; Ruggiero, G.; Ruotolo, F. A Questionnaire Investigating the Emotional Salience of Sounds. Appl. Acoust. 2021, 182, 108281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fisher, J.D. Situation-Specific Variables as Determinants of Perceived Environmental Aesthetic Quality and Perceived Crowdedness. J. Res. Personal. 1974, 8, 177–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Russell, J.A.; Lanius, U.F. Adaptation Level and the Affective Appraisal of Environments. J. Environ. Psychol. 1984, 4, 119–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mccormick, I.A.; Walkey, F.H.; Taylor, A. The Stress Arousal Checklist: An Independent Analysis. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 1985, 45, 143–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradley, M.M.; Lang, P.J. Measuring Emotion: The Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 1994, 25, 49–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gil, S.; Le Bigot, L. Seeing Life through Positive-Tinted Glasses: Color–Meaning Associations. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e104291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aletta, F.; Masullo, M.; Maffei, L.; Kang, J. The Effect of Vision on the Perception of the Noise Produced by a Chiller in a Common Living Environment. Noise Control Eng. J. 2016, 64, 363–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitchell, A.; Oberman, T.; Aletta, F.; Kachlicka, M.; Lionello, M.; Erfanian, M.; Kang, J. Investigating Urban Soundscapes of the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Predictive Soundscape Modeling Approach. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2021, 150, 4474–4488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- ISO, TS 12913-2:2018; Acoustics—Soundscape Part 2: Data Collection and Reporting Requirements. ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.
- Watcharasupat, K.N.; Jaratjarungkiat, S.; Lam, B.; Jitwiriyanont, S.; Ooi, K.; Ong, Z.-T.; Pichetpan, N.; Akaratham, K.; Suthiwan, T.; Rojtinnakorn, M. Quantitative Evaluation Approach for Translation of Perceptual Soundscape Attributes: Initial Application to the Thai Language. Appl. Acoust. 2022, 200, 108962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berkouk, D.; Bouzir, T.A.K.; Boucherit, S.; Khelil, S.; Mahaya, C.; Matallah, M.E.; Mazouz, S. Exploring the Multisensory Interaction between Luminous, Thermal and Auditory Environments through the Spatial Promenade Experience: A Case Study of a University Campus in an Oasis Settlement. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aletta, F.; Oberman, T.; Axelsson, Ö.; Xie, H.; Zhang, Y.; Lau, S.-K.; Tang, S.-K.; Jambrošić, K.; De Coensel, B.; Van den Bosch, K. Soundscape Assessment: Towards a Validated Translation of Perceptual Attributes in Different Languages; Institute of Noise Control Engineering: Wakefield, MA, USA, 2020; Volume 261, pp. 3137–3146. [Google Scholar]
- Yörükoğlu, P.D.; Bayrak, Ö.T.; Çoban, N.A.; Osma, U.E.; Aletta, F.; Oberman, T.; Mitchell, A.; Kang, J. Translation of Soundscape Perceptual Attributes from English to Turkish. Appl. Acoust. 2023, 209, 109391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lam, B.; Chieng, J.; Watcharasupat, K.N.; Ooi, K.; Ong, Z.-T.; Hong, J.Y.; Gan, W.-S. Crossing the Linguistic Causeway: A Binational Approach for Translating Soundscape Attributes to Bahasa Melayu. Appl. Acoust. 2022, 199, 108976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sudarsono, A.S.; Setiasari, W.; Sarwono, S.J.; Nitidara, N.P.A. The Development of Standard Perceptual Attributes in Indonesian for Soundscape Evaluation: Result from Initial Study. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. 2021, 25, 215–222. [Google Scholar]
- Papadakis, N.M.; Aletta, F.; Kang, J.; Oberman, T.; Mitchell, A.; Stavroulakis, G.E. Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation Methodology for Soundscape Attributes—A Study with Independent Translation Groups from English to Greek. Appl. Acoust. 2022, 200, 109031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tarlao, C.; Aumond, P.; Lavandier, C.; Guastavino, C. Converging towards a French Translation of Soundscape Attributes: Insights from Quebec and France. Appl. Acoust. 2023, 211, 109572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bilen, A.O.; Can, Z.Y. An Applied Soundscape Approach for Acoustic Evaluation—Compatibility with ISO 12913. Appl. Acoust. 2021, 180, 108112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeon, J.Y.; Hong, J.Y.; Lavandier, C.; Lafon, J.; Axelsson, Ö.; Hurtig, M. A Cross-National Comparison in Assessment of Urban Park Soundscapes in France, Korea, and Sweden through Laboratory Experiments. Appl. Acoust. 2018, 133, 107–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aumond, P.; Gaillard, M.; Rouy, L.; Suárez, E.; Lavandier, C. Translating Soundscape Descriptors with Facial Emojis. Appl. Acoust. 2023, 208, 109342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Antunes, S.M.; Michalski, R.L.X.N.; de Ulhôa Carvalho, M.L.; Alves, S.; Ribeiro, L.C. A European and Brazilian Cross-National Investigation into the Portuguese Translation of Soundscape Perceptual Attributes within the SATP Project. Appl. Acoust. 2023, 211, 109472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raimbault, M.; Lavandier, C.; Bérengier, M. Ambient Sound Assessment of Urban Environments: Field Studies in Two French Cities. Appl. Acoust. 2003, 64, 1241–1256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouzir, T.A.K.; Berkouk, D.; Boucherit, S.; Khelil, S.; Matallah, M.E.; Zemmouri, N. Evaluation of Soundscape Variations through the Open Public Spaces in Saharan Cities: A Case of Biskra, Algeria. Environ. Res. Eng. Manag. 2022, 78, 39–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berkouk, D.; Bouzir, T.A.K.; Boucherit, S.; Khelil, S.; Mahaya, C.; Matallah, M.E. Evaluation of the Soundscapes through the Cafe Terraces before and after the COVID-19 Lockdown in Coastal Cities in Algeria. Noise Vib. Worldw. 2022, 53, 377–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ISO 639-3: 2007; Codes for the Representation of Names of Languages—Part 3: Alpha-3 Code for Comprehensive Coverage of Languages. SIL International: Dallas, Texas, USA, 2007. Available online: https://iso639-3.sil.org/ (accessed on 13 April 2023).
- Aletta, F.; Mitchell, A.; Oberman, T.; Kang, J.; Khelil, S.; Bouzir, T.A.K.; Berkouk, D.; Xie, H.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, R.; et al. Soundscape Descriptors in Eighteen Languages: Translation and Validation through Listening Experiments. Appl. Acoust. 2024, 224, 110109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oberman, T.; Mitchell, A.; Aletta, F.; Almagro Pastor, J.; Jambrošic, K.; Kang, J. Soundscape Attributes Translation Project (SATP) Dataset (1.2.1) [Data Set]. Zenodo 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aletta, F.; Oberman, T.; Mitchell, A.; Kang, J.; Satp Consortium. Preliminary Results of the Soundscape Attributes Translation Project (SATP): Lessons Learned and next Steps. In Proceedings of the 10th Convention of the European Acoustics Association Forum Acusticum 2023, Turin, Italy, 11–15 September 2023; European Acoustics Association: Turin, Italy, 2024; pp. 701–705. [Google Scholar]
- Lam, B.; Ooi, K.; Watcharasupat, K.N.; Ong, Z.-T.; Lau, Y.-T.; Wong, T.; Gan, W.-S. Preliminary Assessment of a Cost-Effective Headphone Calibration Procedure for Soundscape Evaluations. arXiv 2022, arXiv:2205.04728. [Google Scholar]
- Mitchell, A.; Aletta, F.; Kang, J. How to Analyse and Represent Quantitative Soundscape Data. JASA Express Lett. 2022, 2, 037201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alves, S.; Di Gabriele, M.; Carillo, S.; Masullo, M.; Maffei, L. Exploring the Soundscape and the Atmosphere of the Gigli Di Nola Cultural Festival in Italy. Emot. Space Soc. 2021, 41, 100848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vida, J.; Almagro, J.A.; García-Quesada, R.; Aletta, F.; Oberman, T.; Mitchell, A.; Kang, J. Soundscape Attributes in Spanish: A Comparison with the English Version of the Protocol Proposed in Method A of the ISO/TS 12913–2. Appl. Acoust. 2023, 211, 109516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Epstein, J.; Santo, R.M.; Guillemin, F. A Review of Guidelines for Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Questionnaires Could Not Bring out a Consensus. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2015, 68, 435–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- ISO/TS 12913-3: 2019; Acoustics—Soundscape Part 2: Data Collection and Reporting Requirements. ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019.
- Bouzir, T.A.K.; Berkouk, D.; Schwela, D.; Lahlouh, M. A Review of Noise Pollution Policies in the Arab World. Acoust. Aust. 2023, 51, 183–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouzir, T.A.K.; Berkouk, D.; Eisenman, T.S.; Schwela, D.; Azab, N.; Gomma, M.M.; Boucherit, S. Soundscapes in Arab Cities: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda. Sound Vib. 2024, 58, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Xiong, Y.; Wang, Y.; Luo, T. Soundscape Effects on Visiting Experience in City Park: A Case Study in Fuzhou, China. Urban For. Urban Green. 2018, 31, 38–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gozalo, G.R.; Carmona, J.T.; Morillas, J.B.; Vílchez-Gómez, R.; Escobar, V.G. Relationship between Objective Acoustic Indices and Subjective Assessments for the Quality of Soundscapes. Appl. Acoust. 2015, 97, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, J.Y.; Jeon, J.Y. Designing Sound and Visual Components for Enhancement of Urban Soundscapes. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2013, 134, 2026–2036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
No. | Audio ID | LAeq | Source | No. | Audio ID | LAeq | Source | No. | Audio ID | LAeq | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CG01 | 65.19 | Human | 10 | E11b | 88.86 | Traffic | 19 | VP01b | 44.7 | Nature |
2 | CG04 | 56.86 | Human | 11 | E12b | 83.03 | Equipment | 20 | W01 | 66.74 | Equipment |
3 | CG07 | 58.97 | Human | 12 | HR01 | 78.54 | Equipment | 21 | W06 | 55.4 | Nature |
4 | CT301 | 91.08 | Equipment | 13 | KT01 | 52.44 | Equipment | 22 | W09 | 77.07 | Equipment |
5 | E01b | 62.24 | Traffic | 14 | LS06 | 63.59 | Human | 23 | W11a | 58.62 | Human |
6 | E02 | 67.4 | Nature | 15 | N1 | 62.64 | Traffic | 24 | W15 | 58.06 | Traffic |
7 | E05 | 55.06 | Human | 16 | OS01c | 71.34 | Human and Traffic | 25 | W16 | 46.39 | Traffic |
8 | E09 | 61.6 | Human | 17 | OS01d | 76.78 | Human | 26 | W22 | 52.72 | Human |
9 | E10 | 69.07 | Human | 18 | RPJ01 | 55.98 | Human | 27 | W23a | 51.58 | Human |
Soundscape Attributes in English | Proposed Attributes in Arabic | Proposed Attributes in French |
---|---|---|
Eventful | Hafel Bel-Alahdath/Nabed Bel-Hayat | Animé |
Vibrant | Hayawee/Dynameky | Dynamique |
Pleasant | Sar/Momtea | Plaisant |
Calm | Hadea | Calme |
Uneventful | Khal Men-Alahdath/Hamed | Inerte |
Monotonous | Momel/Ratyb | Monotone |
Annoying | Mozej/Ghair Momtea | Déplaisant |
Chaotic | Fawdawy/Sakheb | Chaotique |
Gender | Age (Years) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (57) | Male | Female | Mean | SD |
Arabic (30) | 16 | 14 | 36 | 8.7 |
French (27) | 9 | 18 | 31 | 8.46 |
PAQs | Percentiles | Pleasant | Vibrant | Eventful | Chaotic | Annoying | Monotonous | Uneventful | Calm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
arb | 25th | 6 | 14 | 16 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 10 | 6 |
50th | 24 | 35 | 54 | 25 | 46 | 45 | 30 | 33.5 | |
75th | 61 | 65 | 79 | 70 | 85 | 79 | 65 | 75 | |
fra | 25th | 16 | 21 | 24 | 15 | 12 | 17 | 14 | 7 |
50th | 51 | 51 | 50 | 45 | 32 | 38 | 31 | 28 | |
75th | 77 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 67 | 70.5 | 65 | 69 |
Pleasant | Vibrant | Eventful | Chaotic | Annoying | Monotonous | Uneventful | Calm | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Rank | arb | 975.01 | 1019.10 | 1149.05 | 1013.03 | 1198.63 | 1153.41 | 1109.56 | 1161.19 |
fra | 1223.10 | 1198.61 | 1126.41 | 1201.98 | 1098.87 | 1123.99 | 1147.56 | 1119.67 | |
Kruskal-Wallis (H-Test) | 74.765 | 39.138 | 0.623 | 43.370 | 12.091 | 1.051 | 1.755 | 2.094 | |
df | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.430 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.305 | 0.185 | 0.148 |
Pearson Correlation N 810 | Pleasant | Vibrant | Eventful | Chaotic | Annoying | Monotonous | Uneventful | Calm | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pleasant | p | C | 0.597 a | 0.483 a | –0.431 a | –0.632 a | –0.539 a | –0.194 a | 0.486 a | |||||||
Vibrant | 0.000 | p | C | 0.718 a | 0.001 | –0.292 a | –0.420 a | –0.378 a | 0.027 | |||||||
Eventful | 0.000 | 0.000 | p | C | 0.006 | –0.249 a | –0.441 a | –0.475 a | –0.001 | |||||||
Chaotic | 0.000 | 0.987 | 0.870 | p | C | 0.660 a | 0.287 a | –0.129 a | –0.648 a | |||||||
Annoying | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | p | C | 0.589 a | 0.158 a | –0.470 a | |||||||
Monotonous | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | p | C | 0.473 a | –0.121 a | |||||||
Uneventful | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | p | C | 0.293 a | |||||||
Calm | 0.000 | 0.442 | 0.968 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | p | C |
Pearson Correlation N 810 | Pleasant | Vibrant | Eventful | Chaotic | Annoying | Monotonous | Uneventful | Calm | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pleasant | p | C | 0.379 a | –0.060 b | –0.401 a | –0.685 a | –0.264 a | 0.054 b | 0.418 a | |||||||
Vibrant | 0.000 | p | C | 0.436 a | 0.243 a | –0.061 b | –0.383 a | –0.265 a | –0.155 a | |||||||
Eventful | 0.021 | 0.000 | p | C | 0.579 a | 0.241 a | –0.390 a | –0.616 a | –0.447 a | |||||||
Chaotic | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | p | C | 0.535 a | –0.118 a | –0.432 a | –0.646 a | |||||||
Annoying | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.000 | p | C | 0.195 a | –0.143 a | –0.513 a | |||||||
Monotonous | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | p | C | 0.527 a | 0.182 a | |||||||
Uneventful | 0.039 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | p | C | 0.565 a | |||||||
Calm | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | p | C |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Berkouk, D.; Bouzir, T.A.K.; Khelil, S.; Azab, N.; Gomaa, M.M. Perceptual Differences in Urban Soundscape Assessment Using Protocol Proposed in Method a of the ISO/TS 12913–2: A Cross-Language Comparison between Arabic and French Attributes. Urban Sci. 2024, 8, 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030116
Berkouk D, Bouzir TAK, Khelil S, Azab N, Gomaa MM. Perceptual Differences in Urban Soundscape Assessment Using Protocol Proposed in Method a of the ISO/TS 12913–2: A Cross-Language Comparison between Arabic and French Attributes. Urban Science. 2024; 8(3):116. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030116
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerkouk, Djihed, Tallal Abdel Karim Bouzir, Sara Khelil, Nader Azab, and Mohamed Mansour Gomaa. 2024. "Perceptual Differences in Urban Soundscape Assessment Using Protocol Proposed in Method a of the ISO/TS 12913–2: A Cross-Language Comparison between Arabic and French Attributes" Urban Science 8, no. 3: 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030116