Psychological Security of Urban Dwellers and the Subject–Spatial Environment of the City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Theoretical Foundations and Concepts
1.2. Factors Affecting Psychological Security of Urban Residents
- Duration of residence in the city: the length of continuous residence in one location.
- Intra-city moves: a change of residence and living conditions within the same city.
- The movement of individuals during their day-to-day activities (also referred to as daily movement practices). This includes the trajectories of activities such as “home–work”, “home–shop”, “home–work–work–shop–restaurant”, and so on, i.e., the typical patterns of movement of urban dwellers throughout a single day.
- Type of housing: e.g., apartment/detached house, room, year of construction, floor, number of meters per person, etc.
1.3. Psychological Security and Intra-City Moves
1.4. Psychological Security and Duration of Residence in the City
1.5. Psychological Security and Quality of Housing
1.6. Psychological Security and Movement Throughout the Day
- To determine private and integral indicators of psychological security of city residents.
- To identify the gender and age characteristics of the psychological security indicators of urban residents.
- To determine the relationship of objective factors of the urban environment (the specific interactions of residents with these factors) with integral and private indicators of psychological security in city residents.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
3. Result and Discussion
- Movement between the individual’s residence and their place of work or study.
- Movement between the individual’s home, place of work or study, and a nearby commercial establishment or public park.
- Movement between the individual’s home and other locations such as commercial establishments, public parks, or leisure facilities. In this case, the individual does not engage in paid or remotely managed work activities from their home base.
- Movement within the urban environment on a continuous or nearly continuous basis in pursuit of professional or personal business (Figure 12).
4. Conclusions and Proposals
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author(s) | Signs of Psychological Security |
---|---|
Q.J. Wilson and G.L. Kelling (broken windows theory, 1982) [22] | There is a correlation between an individual’s physical environment and the probability of that individual engaging in criminal behavior. |
J. Appleton (prospect-refuge theory, 1975) [26] | The possibility of observation, the distance to observe and hear, the presence of social control, accessibility, and the physical presence of others create a safe environment for habitation. |
A.V. Krasheninnikov (2020) [30] | Segmentation of habitat. |
O.A. Baevskiy (1985) [29] | The interrelationship between the delineation of boundaries and the subsequent development of land. |
N.S. Bruce, W.J. Davies (2014) [36] | The familiar sounds of city life: the noise of cars, streetcars, bell-ringing, etc. |
A.S. Dosen, M.J. Ostwald (2013) [37] | Visual complexity. |
W. Wei et al. (2017) [38] | Mild climate. |
G. Van Hal (2015) [39] | Unemployment rate, migration processes, socio-economic challenges. |
J. Wang, R. Long, H. Chen, Q. Li (2019) [6] | Emotional background and confidence level; adaptability of behavior. |
A. Bingley (2013) [47]; P.B. Warr (1990) [48]. | Habitual surroundings; familiar environment. |
H. Staats, T. Hartig (2004) [49] | The presence of significant others, such as friends or family members. |
Psychological Security Parameter | Males | Females | Mann–Whitney U Value | Level of Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Freedom | M = 2.88; SD = 0.45 | M = 2.85; SD = 0.43 | 6456.000 | 0.620 |
Comfort | M = 3.60; SD = 0.78 | M = 3.62; SD = 0.70 | 5911.000 | 0.872 |
Self-Efficacy | M = 3.57; SD = 0.65 | M = 3.40; SD = 0.63 | 5911.000 | 0.139 |
Trusting Relationships | M = 3.70; SD = 0.80 | M = 4.02; SD = 0.65 | 5657.500 | 0.0047 |
Control | M = 3.34; SD = 0.75 | M = 3.41; SD = 0.61 | 6518.000 | 0.704 |
Trustworthiness | M = 3.64; SD = 0.80 | M = 3.726; SD = 0.63 | 6355.000 | 0.500 |
Overall Indicator of Psychological Security | M = 3.45; SD = 0.55 | M = 3.49; SD = 0.45 | 6357.500 | 0.503 |
Statistical Indicators | Parameters of Urbanites’ Psychological Security | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freedom | Comfort | Self-Efficacy | Trusting Relationships | Control | Trustworthiness | Overall Indicator | |
Kruskal–Wallis H-Test | 3.521 | 14.712 | 19.558 | 12.523 | 10.526 | 16.370 | 15.641 |
p-level of significance | 0.318 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.015 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Statistical Indicators | Parameters of Urbanites’ Psychological Security | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freedom | Comfort | Self-Efficacy | Trusting Relationships | Control | Trustworthiness | Overall Indicator | |
Kruskal–Wallis H-Test | 1.054 | 16.037 | 16.139 | 17.833 | 5.721 | 12.845 | 18.018 |
p-level of significance | 0.590 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.057 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
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Zotova, O.; Tarasova, L. Psychological Security of Urban Dwellers and the Subject–Spatial Environment of the City. Urban Sci. 2024, 8, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030119
Zotova O, Tarasova L. Psychological Security of Urban Dwellers and the Subject–Spatial Environment of the City. Urban Science. 2024; 8(3):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030119
Chicago/Turabian StyleZotova, Olga, and Lyudmila Tarasova. 2024. "Psychological Security of Urban Dwellers and the Subject–Spatial Environment of the City" Urban Science 8, no. 3: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030119