Collaborative Changes between Soil Fauna and Urbanization Gradients in Guangzhou’s Remnant Forests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Site Selection
2.2. Soil Sampling
2.3. Indicators and Experimental Methods
2.3.1. Measurement of Soil Physicochemical Properties
2.3.2. Soil Fauna Sampling and Identification
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Physicochemical Characteristics of Remnant Forests along Urbanization Gradient in Guangzhou
3.2. Soil Fauna Biodiversity of Remnant Forests along Urbanization Gradient in Guangzhou
3.2.1. Composition of Soil Fauna Community
3.2.2. Diversity of Soil Fauna
3.3. The Relationship between Soil Fauna Biodiversity and Environmental Factors in Remnant Forests along Urbanization Gradient in Guangzhou
3.3.1. The Correlation Analysis between Soil Fauna Community Diversity Indices and Various Environmental Factors
3.3.2. The Redundancy Analysis between the Dominant Soil Fauna Groups in Remnant Forests and Various Environmental Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Analysis of Soil Fauna Community Diversity in Remnant Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests along Urbanization Gradient
4.2. Analysis of the Mechanism of Soil Fauna Community Changes in Remnant Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests along Urbanization Gradient
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Gradient | Urban | Suburban | Exurban | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indicator | ||||
pH | 7.27 ± 0.14 a | 5.98 ± 0.34 b | 5.18 ± 0.34 b | |
SOM (%) | 4.76 ± 0.89 a | 2.66 ± 0.47 b | 2.42 ± 0.25 b | |
TN (%) | 0.45 ± 0.04 a | 0.28 ± 0.05 b | 0.15 ± 0.01 c | |
Zn (mg/kg) | 147.62 ± 25.00 a | 71.81 ± 13.43 b | 80.26 ± 13.40 b | |
Cu (mg/kg) | 45.33 ± 9.11 a | 25.24 ± 6.16 a | 26.90 ± 11.29 a | |
Pb (mg/kg) | 78.04 ± 12.51 a | 40.38 ± 6.06 b | 50.01 ± 6.53 ab | |
Cd (mg/kg) | 0.45 ± 0.07a | 0.28 ± 0.05 ab | 0.22 ± 0.06 b | |
P(Zn) | 1.52 ± 0.27 a | 0.70 ± 0.14 b | 0.83 ± 0.14 b | |
P(Cu) | 1.42 ± 0.28 a | 0.70 ± 0.13 a | 0.84 ± 0.35 a | |
P(Pb) | 1.30 ± 0.21 a | 0.62 ± 0.08 b | 0.83 ± 0.11 b | |
P(Cd) | 4.11 ± 0.61 a | 2.41 ± 0.39 b | 1.97 ± 0.53 b | |
Nemerow index | 3.26 ± 0.49 a | 1.88 ± 0.30 b | 1.64 ± 0.40 b | |
N | 67,617 ± 18,247 a | 51,125 ± 7034 a | 67,107 ± 10,515 a | |
S | 11.00 ± 0.49 a | 12.29 ± 0.94 a | 12.86 ± 0.91 a | |
C | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.27 ± 0.02 b | 0.30 ± 0.00 ab | |
H’ | 1.33 ± 0.06 b | 1.61 ± 0.09 a | 1.47 ± 0.02 ab | |
J | 0.56 ± 0.03 b | 0.65 ± 0.03 a | 0.58 ± 0.01 ab | |
D | 0.91 ± 0.04 a | 1.05 ± 0.09 a | 1.07 ± 0.07 a | |
DG | 32.61 ± 5.97 a | 46.04 ± 8.41 a | 54.80 ± 13.44 a |
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Grade | Pi | Pollution Assessment | Ni | Pollution Assessment |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pi ≤ 1.0 | No pollution | Ni ≤ 0.7 | No pollution |
2 | 1.0 < Pi ≤ 2.0 | Slightly pollution | 0.7 < Ni ≤ 1.0 | Slightly pollution |
3 | 2.0 < Pi ≤ 3.0 | Lightly pollution | 1.0 < Ni ≤ 2.0 | Lightly pollution |
4 | 3.0 < Pi ≤ 5.0 | Moderately pollution | 2.0 < Ni ≤ 3.0 | Moderately pollution |
5 | Pi > 5.0 | Seriously pollution | Ni > 3.0 | Seriously pollution |
Soil Fauna Group | Urban | Suburban | Exurban | Sum by Group | Proportion (%) | Abundance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collembola | 236,824 | 121,978 | 167,727 | 526,529 | 40.47 | +++ |
Oribatida | 121,212 | 103,388 | 160,937 | 385,537 | 29.64 | +++ |
Parasiformes | 69,265 | 68,246 | 86,920 | 224,431 | 17.25 | +++ |
Diptera larvae | 12,563 | 7046 | 10,865 | 30,474 | 2.34 | ++ |
Diplopoda | 11,544 | 12,987 | 8997 | 33,528 | 2.58 | ++ |
Microdrile oligochaetes | 8828 | 13,242 | 4245 | 26,315 | 2.02 | ++ |
Symphyla | 1699 | 8489 | 6282 | 16,470 | 1.27 | ++ |
Isopoda | 2718 | 6366 | 2208 | 11,292 | 0.87 | + |
Diplura | 1869 | 4159 | 5264 | 11,292 | 0.87 | + |
Scolopendromorpha | 1699 | 1529 | 510 | 3738 | 0.29 | + |
Pauropoda | 1020 | 2209 | 3057 | 6286 | 0.48 | + |
Araneae | 1019 | 850 | 1190 | 3059 | 0.24 | + |
Protura | 850 | 2463 | 5942 | 9255 | 0.71 | + |
Acariformes | 340 | 340 | 1020 | 1700 | 0.13 | + |
Uropygi | 170 | 679 | 510 | 1359 | 0.10 | + |
Thysanoptera | 0 | 2546 | 340 | 2886 | 0.22 | + |
Coleoptera larvae | 0 | 340 | 1528 | 1868 | 0.14 | + |
Coleoptera adult | 1699 | 1019 | 2208 | 4926 | 0.38 | + |
Sum by gradient | 473,319 | 357,876 | 469,750 |
N | S | C | H’ | J | D | DG | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | −0.12 | −0.22 | 0.32 | −0.19 | −0.14 | −0.16 | −0.42 |
SOM | 0.57 ** | −0.00 | 0.27 | −0.25 | −0.31 | −0.08 | 0.09 |
TN | 0.07 | −0.38 | 0.34 | −0.31 | −0.12 | −0.40 | −0.29 |
Zn | −0.12 | −0.25 | 0.38 | −0.38 | −0.33 | −0.22 | −0.39 |
Cu | −0.03 | −0.06 | 0.24 | −0.25 | −0.24 | −0.06 | −0.15 |
Pb | 0.17 | −0.27 | 0.51 * | −0.54 * | −0.50 * | −0.29 | −0.31 |
Cd | −0.08 | −0.17 | 0.33 | −0.28 | −0.25 | −0.14 | −0.31 |
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Wu, Z.; Yu, S.; Xu, G.; Ling, Y.; Mo, L.; Chen, Y.; Wan, H. Collaborative Changes between Soil Fauna and Urbanization Gradients in Guangzhou’s Remnant Forests. Urban Sci. 2024, 8, 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030122
Wu Z, Yu S, Xu G, Ling Y, Mo L, Chen Y, Wan H. Collaborative Changes between Soil Fauna and Urbanization Gradients in Guangzhou’s Remnant Forests. Urban Science. 2024; 8(3):122. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030122
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Zhijian, Shiqin Yu, Guoliang Xu, Yunan Ling, Lingzi Mo, Yuying Chen, and Hongfu Wan. 2024. "Collaborative Changes between Soil Fauna and Urbanization Gradients in Guangzhou’s Remnant Forests" Urban Science 8, no. 3: 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030122