Abstract
In this paper, we study the generalized F-iterated function system in G-metric space. Several results of common attractors of generalized iterated function systems obtained by using generalized F-Hutchinson operators are also established. We prove that the triplet of F-Hutchinson operators defined for a finite number of general contractive mappings on a complete G-metric space is itself a generalized F-contraction mapping on a space of compact sets. We also present several examples in 2-D and 3-D for our results.
Keywords:
common attractor; F-Hutchinson operator; F-iterated function system; G-metric space; common fixed point MSC:
47H09; 47H10; 54C60; 54H25
1. Introduction
Fixed point theory has attracted much attention in the past few years with a vast range of applications both within and beyond mathematics [1,2,3,4]. Mustafa and Sims [5] generalized metric space by introducing the structure of G-metric space. Several researchers derived some fixed point theorems for maps satisfying a variety of contractive constraints in G-metric space [3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14].
In his 1981 seminal work, Hutchinson [15] established mathematical foundations for iterated function systems (IFSs) and showed that the Hutchinson operator defined on has as its fixed point a bounded and closed subset of called an attractor of IFS [16,17]. Several researchers have obtained useful results for iterated function systems (see [18,19] and references therein). Nazir, Silvestrov, and Abbas [20] established fractals by employing F-Hutchinson maps in the setup of metric space. Recently, Navascués [21] presented the approximation of fixed points and fractal functions by means of different iterative algorithms. Navascués et al. [22] established some useful results of the collage type for Reich mutual contractions in b-metric and strong b-metric spaces. Thangaraj et al. [23] constructed an iterated function system called Controlled Kannan Iterated Function System based on Kannan contraction maps in a controlled metric space and used it to develop a new kind of invariant set, known as a Controlled Kannan Attractor or Controlled Kannan Fractal. Recently, Nazir and Silvestrov [24] investigated a generalized iterated function system based on pair of self-mappings and obtained the common attractors of these maps in complete dislocated metric spaces, established the well-posedness of the attractor problems of rational contraction maps in the framework of dislocated metric spaces, and obtained the generalized collage theorem in dislocated metric spaces.
In this paper, we consider the triplet of generalized F-contractive operators and define generalized F-Hutchinson operators to obtain the common attractors in complete G-metric spaces. The contractive conditions are different from those in [24], and both dislocated metric spaces and G-metric spaces are independent to each other. We construct some new common attractor point results based on a generalized F-iterated function system in G-metric spaces. We define F-Hutchinson operators with a finite number of general F-contractive operators in the complete G-metric space and show that these operators are themselves general F-contractions. It is worth mentioning that we are obtaining these results without using any type of commuting conditions of selfmaps in non-symmetric G-metric space. At the end, we present several nontrivial examples of common attractors as a result of F-Hutchinson operators.
Mustafa and Sims [5] established the following notion of G-metric.
Definition 1.
Let Z be a non-empty set. A map with three arguments (ternary map) is called G-metric if
- G1:
- if ,
- G2:
- for all with ,
- G3:
- for all with ,
- G4:
- G is symmetric mapping in all its variables, meaning that it is invariant under any permutation of its variables, that is, , for all permutations σ of .
- G5:
- for all .
Then, is called G-metric space. Further, is called symmetric G-metric space whenever for all , which can be written also as , using the invariance of G under permutations of variables (axiom).
Example 1
([5,25,26]). Let be a metric space. Then, , defined by
for all , are G-metrics on Z.
Example 2.
Let be G-metric space and defined as
Then, is a metric space.
Definition 2
([25]). Let be a sequence in G-metric space Then,
- (a)
- is G-convergent sequence if, for any there is a point and a natural number N such that for all ;
- (b)
- is G-Cauchy sequence if, for any there is an such that for all
- (c)
- is G-complete when each G-Cauchy sequence in G-metric space is convergent in converges to whenever as and is Cauchy whenever as
Definition 3
([25]). Let and be two G-metric spaces. Map is G-continuous at a point when for an there exists such that and implies Further, h is G-continuous on Z when it is G-continuous on every
Proposition 1
([25]). Let be G-metric space. Then,
- (i)
- is simultaneously continuous map,
- (ii)
- for .
Consider, next, the following subsets of G-metric space (see [27]):
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
Remark 1
([28]). In G-metric space let be a mapping defined as
for all where is called a Hausdorff G-metric on
If is G-complete metric space, then the -complete metric space is also complete.
Lemma 1.
In G-metric space , for , the following are satisfied:
- (i)
- If then
- (ii)
- (iii)
Proof.
(i) Since for all
this implies that
(ii) Note that
(iii) Since
Similarly,
Hence,
□
Wardowski [29] defined F-contraction maps for fixed point results as follows. Let be a continuous map satisfying the following conditions:
- ()
- For such that implies that .
- ()
- For , and are equivalent.
- ()
- There exists such that
We denote a set as a collection of all F-contractions.
Definition 4.
In G-metric space a self-map is called an F-contraction on Z if for all there exists and such that
whenever
We discuss F-iterated function systems in G-metric space. First, we define generalized F-contractive operators as a preliminary result.
Definition 5.
In G-metric space let be three self-mappings. A triplet is called a generalized F-contraction mappings if for all there exists and such that
whenever
Theorem 1.
Consider G-metric space and let be continuous maps. If the triplet of mappings is a generalized F-contraction, then
- (i)
- the elements in are mapped to elements in under and
- (ii)
- if for an arbitrary the mappings are defined asthen, the triplet is a generalized F-contraction on .
Proof.
(i) Since is a continuous and the image of a compact subset under a continuous mapping, is compact, then Also,
Let . Since the triplet is a generalized F-contraction mappings on Z. Then,
for all such that . Now,
and hence,
By of F-contraction,
Consequently, there exists such that
Thus, the triplet is a generalized F-contraction mappings on . □
Proposition 2.
In G-metric space , suppose the mappings for are continuous and satisfy
for all such that for each Then, the mappings defined as
also satisfy
whenever that is, the triplet is also a generalized F-contraction on .
Proof.
We give a proof by induction. If then, the result is true trivially. For , let be self-mappings such that and are triplets of generalized F-contractions. Then, for and from Lemma 1 (iii),
Hence, the result is true for Suppose that for the result holds, that is,
whenever For
for each and from Lemma 1 (iii), we have
Hence, the result is true for . Thus, the triplet is also a generalized F-contraction on □
Definition 6.
In G-metric space let The mappings are called generalized F-Hutchinson contractive operators if for obeying it holds that
Definition 7.
In a complete G-metric space , let , be continuous maps, where each triplet for is a generalized F-contraction, then is called the generalized F-iterated function system.
Consequently, a generalized F-iterated function system in G-metric space is a finite collection of generalized F-contractions on
Definition 8.
Let be a complete G-metric space and a non-empty compact set. Then, U is the common attractor of the mappings if
- (i)
- (ii)
- There exists an open set satisfying and for any compact sets , where the limit is taken relative to the G-Hausdorff metric.
2. Main Results
Now, we establish the results of common attractors of generalized F-Hutchinson contraction in G-metric spaces.
Theorem 2.
In a complete G-metric space let be the generalized F-iterated function system. Define by
for If the mappings are generalized F-Hutchinson contractive operators, then and Φ have a unique common attractor that is,
Additionally, for any arbitrarily chosen initial set , the sequence
of compact sets converges to the common attractor .
Proof.
We show that any attractor of is an attractor of and To that end, we assume that is such that We need to show that If not, then as the mappings are generalized F-Hutchinson contractive operators, for by using (), we obtain
where
From (2), it follows that
where , a contradiction. Thus, , and so we obtain . In an analogous manner, for or for we obtain as the common attractor of , , and
We proceed by showing that , and have a unique common attractor. Let be chosen arbitrary. Define a sequence by , and If for some with then is an attractor of and from the Proof above, is a common attractor for and The same is true for or We assume that for all then by using , we have
where
Thus from (3), we have
Similarly, one can show that
and
Thus, for all
Thus,
and we obtain that which together with () implies that Now by (), there exists such that
Thus,
On taking limit as we obtain
As , there exists such that
for all So we have for all Now, for with
By the convergence of the series we obtain as . Thus, is G-Cauchy sequence in Since is a complete G-metric space, there is such that , that is,
To prove that when assuming the contrary we have
where
Thus, (4) implies
and taking the limit as yields
which is a contradiction as . Thus, Following the conclusion above, is the common attractor of , , and
For uniqueness, we consider V as another common attractor of and with Then,
Thus, (5) implies that from which we conclude that , and thus, Hence, is a unique common attractor of , and □
Remark 2.
In Theorem 2, take the collection of all singleton subsets of then Furthermore, if we take the mappings for each where and then the operators become
Thus, we obtain the following result on common fixed point.
Corollary 1.
Let be a generalized -iterated function system in a complete G-metric space and define the maps as in Remark 2. If there exists such that for having , the following holds
Then, , and h have a unique common fixed point Additionally, for an arbitrary element , the sequence converges to the common fixed point of , and h.
Corollary 2.
In a complete G-metric space let be the generalized F-iterated function system. Define by
for If for some , there exists such that for with it holds that
Then, there exists unique that satisfies
Additionally, for any arbitrarily chosen initial set , the sequence
of compact sets converges to the common attractor .
Proof.
From Theorem 2, we obtain that there exists unique that satisfy
Now, that is, is also an attractor of Following the similar steps for those in Proof of Theorem 2, we obtain that is also the common attractor of and By the uniqueness of the common attractor, □
Example 3.
Let and G-metric on Z be defined as
for Define by
The maps , and are continuous and non commutative.
Now, we show that for and the mappings satisfy
for all obeying for each . As
Now, by taking for , and for having
we have
Again for we have
Thus, by taking for , and for having
we have
Thus, for all satisfying for we have
That is, is the generalized F-iterated function system. Now, we define the mappings for all by
By Proposition 2, for satisfying the condition
holds. Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 2 are satisfied, and moreover, for any initial set the sequence of compact sets is convergent and has a limit, the common attractor of , and Φ. Figure 1 shows the convergence process of sequence steps at , and 8 in (a), (b), (c), and (d), respectively. The green points in the figures show the data points of convergence steps and the blue lines show the movements of data points in the different places.
Figure 1.
Iteration steps of the convergence to the common attractor of , and .
Example 4.
Let and G-metric on Z be defined as
for Define by
The maps are continuous and non-commutative. With for some and for obeying , for ,
Now, from the generalized F-iterated function system we define the mappings for by
Then, for having
holds. Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 2 are satisfied, and moreover, for any initial set the sequence of compact sets is convergent and has a limit, the common attractor of , and Φ. Figure 2 shows the convergence process of sequence steps at , and 8 in (a), (b), (c), and (d), respectively. The green points in the figures show the data points of convergence steps and the blue lines show the movements of data points in the different places.
Figure 2.
Iteration steps of the convergence to the common attractor of , and .
If we are interchanging the order of variables in maps, then we obtain a new form of common attractor of , and Φ, see for example in Figure 3. The green points in the figures show the data points of convergence steps and the blue lines show the movements of data points in the different places.
Figure 3.
Iteration steps of the convergence to the common attractor of , and .
Example 5.
Let and the G-metric on is defined as
for for where Define by
The maps , are continuous and non-commutative, and is a generalized F-iterated function system. Define by for Then for having the condition
holds. Thus, all the conditions of Theorem 2 are satisfied, and moreover, for any initial set the sequence of compact sets is convergent and has a limit, the common attractor of , and Φ (see Figure 4). The Figure 4 shows the convergence process of sequence steps at , and 8 in (a), (b), (c), and (d), respectively. The green points in the figures show the data points of convergence steps and the blue lines show the movements of data points in the different places.
Figure 4.
Iteration steps to the convergence of the common attractor of , and .
Interchanging the order of variables in maps yields a new form of common attractor of , and Φ (see Figure 5). The green points in the figures show the data points of convergence steps and the blue lines show the movements of data points in the different places.
Figure 5.
Iteration steps to the convergence of the common attractor of , and .
3. Conclusions
In this paper, we investigated a method of a generalized F-iterated function system for common attractors based on a finite family of generalized F-contractions in G-metric spaces. We obtained the fractals as a common attractor of the generalized F-iterated function system. We showed that the triplet of F-Hutchinson operators defined by the finite number of general F-contractions on a complete G-metric space is itself a generalized F-contraction mapping. We also presented several examples in 2-D and 3-D applying our results. While the figures in the examples are for the illustration of the main results of the paper, rather than the investigation of numerical aspects of convergence of iterations or its dependence on the iterated maps, they hint that the further numerical analysis of the convergence of iterations to attractors would be an interesting direction of investigation for the generalised iterated function systems and maps considered in this paper.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, methodology, T.N. and S.S.; writing—original draft preparation, T.N.; writing—review and editing, T.N. and S.S.; supervision, S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the reviewers for their useful remarks and comments that helped to improve the paper.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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