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Abstract

Toxicity Mechanisms of Mixtures of Anionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants †

by
Francisco Ríos
*,
Manuela Lechuga
,
Ana Isabel García-López
,
José María Vicaria-Rivillas
and
Germán Luzón
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics, 20–22 March 2024; Available online: https://sciforum.net/event/IECTO2024.
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102005
Published: 3 April 2024
Versions Notes

1. Introduction

In recent years, several toxicological studies concerning pollutants have focused on the joint toxicological assessment of co-pollutants, revealing that multiple interactions between toxics can appear and need to be described. In the case of surfactants, while individual studies of them can provide valuable information, they may not reflect real-world exposure to multiple surfactants at once. Synergistic or antagonistic effects stem from the combined toxicity of surfactants, meaning that combined effects are greater or lower than the sum of the individual effects [1,2].
In this work, we study the joint toxicity effects of anionic and non-ionic surfactants to bacteria microcrustaceans Daphnia magna. The type of action (concentration addition or response addition) and the possible related antagonistic or synergistic toxic effects are described.

2. Materials and Methods

Surfactants: Anionic surfactant ether carboxylic derivatives (EC-R12-14E3, EC-R12-14E10, and EC-R8E8) and amine-oxide-based non-ionic surfactants (AO-R14, AO-R12, and AO-Cocoamido) (supplied by Kao Corporation S.A., Tokyo, Japan) were used. Individual and binary mixtures (1:1) of the surfactants were tested. Toxicity tests: Toxicity was tested using microcrustaceans D. magna and according to the guideline UNE-EN ISO 6341 [3].

3. Results

The toxicity test of binary mixtures (1:1) reveals that concentration addition can be expected for mixtures of the most toxic surfactants from the same family (EC-EC-R12-14E10 + EC-R12-14E3, and AO-R14 + AO-R12), whereas response addition can be expected for the mixture EC-EC-R8E8 + EC-R12-14E3. Antagonism effects, less toxic than the expected, were identified for mixtures including AO-Cocoamido, but a synergism effect was identified for the mixture of EC-EC-R12-14E3 + AO-R14.

4. Conclusions

-
Antagonisms effects were identified for some mixtures of ether carboxylic derivatives and amine-oxide-based surfactants.
-
Mixtures showing antagonism effects are preferred for the selection of surfactants in the formulation of more eco-friendly products.

Supplementary Materials

The presentation materials can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/proceedings2024102005/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.R. and M.L.; methodology, F.R., A.I.G.-L. and M.L.; validation, G.L., M.L. and J.M.V.-R.; formal analysis, F.R.; investigation, J.M.V.-R. and A.I.G.-L.; data curation, F.R., M.L. and J.M.V.-R.; writing—original draft preparation, F.R. and M.L.; writing—review and editing, F.R., A.I.G.-L. and J.M.V.-R.; visualization, G.L.; supervision, F.R. and G.L., project administration, F.R.; funding acquisition, F.R. and G.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work has received the financial support provided by the University of Granada, by the Consejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación of the Andalusian Government and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) “A way of making Europe” with the research projects PPJIA2022-27 and C.ING.122.UGR23.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Ríos, F.; Lobato-Guarnido, I.; Fernández-Serrano, M. Antagonistic toxic effects of surfactants mixtures to bacteria Pseudomonas putida and marine microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Toxics 2023, 11, 344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Ríos, F.; Fernández-Arteaga, A.; Lechuga, M.; Fernández-Serrano, M. Ecotoxicological characterization of surfactants and mixtures of them. In Toxicity and Biodegradation Testing; Bidoia, E., Montagnolli, R., Eds.; Humana Press: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
  3. UNE-EN ISO 6341; Water Quality—Determination of the Inhibition of the Mobility of Daphnia Magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea)—Acute Toxicity Test (ISO 6341:2012). Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione (UNI): Milano, Italy, 2013.
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Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ríos, F.; Lechuga, M.; García-López, A.I.; Vicaria-Rivillas, J.M.; Luzón, G. Toxicity Mechanisms of Mixtures of Anionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants. Proceedings 2024, 102, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102005

AMA Style

Ríos F, Lechuga M, García-López AI, Vicaria-Rivillas JM, Luzón G. Toxicity Mechanisms of Mixtures of Anionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants. Proceedings. 2024; 102(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102005

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ríos, Francisco, Manuela Lechuga, Ana Isabel García-López, José María Vicaria-Rivillas, and Germán Luzón. 2024. "Toxicity Mechanisms of Mixtures of Anionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants" Proceedings 102, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102005

APA Style

Ríos, F., Lechuga, M., García-López, A. I., Vicaria-Rivillas, J. M., & Luzón, G. (2024). Toxicity Mechanisms of Mixtures of Anionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants. Proceedings, 102(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102005

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