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Proceedings, 2024, IECTO 2024

The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics

Online | 20–22 March 2024

Volume Editor:
Demetrio Raldúa, IDAEA-CSIC, Spain

Number of Papers: 54
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Cover Story (view full-size image): The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics took place  online on 20–22 March 2024. This platform connects global researchers to share insights on chemical and material impacts [...] Read more.
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2 pages, 164 KiB  
Abstract
Nanoplastics as a Vehicle for Environmental Pollutants: A Hazard for Human Health
by Carina Ladeira and José Cabêda
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102003 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 396
Abstract
Plastic waste degrades into small particles, which depending on their size can be classified as microplastics (0 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 169 KiB  
Abstract
Reuse of Wastewater: Concerns about the Effects of Mixtures of Chemical Substances on Human Health
by José Cabêda and Carina Ladeira
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102004 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 392
Abstract
Due to global warming, new practices should be adopted in the use of wastewater in the agricultural, industrial, and urban sectors [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 169 KiB  
Abstract
Toxicity Mechanisms of Mixtures of Anionic and Non-Ionic Surfactants
by Francisco Ríos, Manuela Lechuga, Ana Isabel García-López, José María Vicaria-Rivillas and Germán Luzón
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102005 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 388
Abstract
In recent years, several toxicological studies concerning pollutants have focused on the joint toxicological assessment of co-pollutants, revealing that multiple interactions between toxics can appear and need to be described [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 180 KiB  
Abstract
Impact of Microfibers on the Marine Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum
by Francisco Ríos, Cristina Tapia-Navarro, Josefa Nuñez-Olea, Juan Francisco Martínez-Gallegos and Mercedes Fernández-Serrano
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102006 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 418
Abstract
During each wash of textile materials, millions of natural and plastic microfibers (MFs) are discharged into wastewater due to the wear and friction generated on fabrics during the washing process [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 163 KiB  
Abstract
Acorn Poisoning as a Potential Threat to Animals
by Andreia Garcês, Filipe Silva and Isabel Pires
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102007 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 505
Abstract
The acorn is the nut of oak trees (genera Quercus and Lithocarpus) that can be found in the Northern Hemisphere. They are a valuable source of food for many animals (birds, rats, squirrels, pigs), but can pose health risks when consumed in large [...] Read more.
The acorn is the nut of oak trees (genera Quercus and Lithocarpus) that can be found in the Northern Hemisphere. They are a valuable source of food for many animals (birds, rats, squirrels, pigs), but can pose health risks when consumed in large quantities. This nut contains gallotannin. When ingested, gallotannin is broken down into gallic acid and tannic acid. Tannic acid is toxic and can cause ulcers in the mouth, esophagus, and intestines, and damage the liver and kidneys. Animals that consume acorns as part of their diets (wild boars, deer, bears, birds, and squirrels) have some defense mechanisms against this toxin, such as waiting to consume them until enough groundwater has percolated through the acorns to leach the tannins or buffering the acorns with other foods. Some animals metabolize tannins better than others. Acorns can be particularly toxic to cattle, horses, and dogs, and fatal to all species when consumed in large quantities due to kidney failure. Animals with acorn poisoning may begin showing symptoms within hours or even several days after eating acorns. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, cramping, abdominal tenderness, depression, rapid weight loss, loss of appetite, tiredness, and dehydration. There is no specific treatment for acorn poisoning, with prevention being key. Limiting access to fields with many oak trees to domestic animals during the fall is one measure. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, necropsy, history, and histopathologic examination of the kidneys. Due to climate change, the weather has become increasingly dry throughout the year and forest fires are common, meaning that during autumn, often the only food available in some regions is acorns, leading to a silent killing of animals due to lack of resources. It is important that farmers and veterinarians are aware so that they can offer faster and more effective treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
1 pages, 162 KiB  
Abstract
Environmental and Human Health Benefits of Bionematicidal Volatiles in Comparison to Commercial Synthetic Nematicides
by Jorge M. S. Faria and Tomás Cavaco
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102008 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 419
Abstract
Modern farming is heavily dependent on the frequent application of pesticides that are known to disturb plant, animal, and microbial biodiversity (as well as accumulate in the environment and influence human health). Plant parasitic nematodes are some of the most damaging pathogens to [...] Read more.
Modern farming is heavily dependent on the frequent application of pesticides that are known to disturb plant, animal, and microbial biodiversity (as well as accumulate in the environment and influence human health). Plant parasitic nematodes are some of the most damaging pathogens to food crops, impacting crop yield twice as much as phytophagous insects. To combat these pests, large amounts of pesticides are added to agricultural soils and eventually leach out to adjacent environments, accumulate in food and feed, and become very toxic. Volatiles produced by plants and microbes have been increasingly analysed for their anti-nematodal activities since they can present very active chemical structures suitable for developing novel biopesticides. The present study reviews the benefits of some of the most active compounds found in the literature in comparison to the most widely used commercial nematicides. By resorting to data retrieved from freely available online databases on their experimental properties, and given the use of certified software for the prediction of their environmental, toxicological, and ecotoxicological impacts, namely the US EPA Estimation Program Interface (EPI) and the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (TEST), the advantages and disadvantages of using volatiles in the development of bionematicides are discussed. Ultimately, shifting to a more sustainable usage of pesticides and to farming practices that favor biodiversity can be beneficial to crop production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 174 KiB  
Abstract
Multielemental Profile of Peritoneal Fluid in Gynaecology Patients Presenting with Uterine Myomas
by Andrea López-Botella, María José Gómez-Torres, José-Luis Todolí-Torró, Raquel Sánchez, Irene Velasco and Maribel Acién
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102009 - 3 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 457
Abstract
Introduction: Uterine myomas are benign tumours that usually grow in the uterus [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 162 KiB  
Abstract
Ecotoxicological Behavior of Functionalized Magnetic Nanohybrids in Water Flea Daphnia magna and Their Recovered Physicochemical Properties
by Juan A. Ramos-Guivar, Noemi-Raquel Checca-Huaman and Edson C. Passamani
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102010 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 342
Abstract
Magnetic nanoremediation is quite advantageous due to its fast kinetic adsorption response, high specific surface area, catalytic response, and multifaceted surface adsorption mechanism [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 141 KiB  
Abstract
The Antibacterial Efficacy and Drug Safety Profile of Trans-Cinnamaldehyde against Acinetobacter baumannii: Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics Approach
by Ivan Dolanc, Goran Slivšek, Nives Ražnjević, Sandra Mijač, Antonija Jonjić and Miran Čoklo
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102011 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 427
Abstract
Introduction: The discovery of antibiotics saves millions of lives worldwide, but in recent years bacterial antibiotic resistance has become a growing global problem as bacteria have become increasingly able to adapt to all known antibiotics [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 137 KiB  
Abstract
Enhancing Chemical-Induced Human Carcinogenic Risk Evaluation through Advanced AI Technologies
by Nelly Babayan, Helga Stopper, Lusine Khondkaryan, Ani Tevosyan, Gohar Tadevosyan, Lilit Apresyan, Lusine Adunts and Zaven Navoyan
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102012 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 459
Abstract
Introduction: Efficient cancer risk assessment is vital for sustainable practices in pharma, agriculture, and environmental protection [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 130 KiB  
Abstract
Cytotoxicity of Glyphosate Studied in Selected Human Cell Lines
by Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć, Gabriela Sokołowska, Monika Naumowicz, Urszula Wydro and Elżbieta Wołejko
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102013 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 399
Abstract
Introduction: Glyphosate is a phosphonate herbicide that has been used for 35 years, and it is still the most widely used herbicide in the world [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 127 KiB  
Abstract
Effects of Wildfire Smoke on the Reproductive Potential of Male Rats
by Vera A. Vokina, Larisa M. Sosedova, Elizaveta S. Andreeva, Mikhail A. Novikov and Evgeniy A. Titov
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102014 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Introduction [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 118 KiB  
Abstract
Impact of Sodium Ion Stress on the Mechanism of Lead Ion Migration in Electrochemical Treatment of Lead-Contaminated Soil
by Yinyin Zhang, Jiangtao Han and Libin Zang
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102015 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 339
Abstract
This study specifically validates the migration patterns of lead ions under sodium ion stress in soil and concludes that a high concentration of sodium ions, when coexisting with lead ions, diminishes the migration rate of lead ions, consequently reducing the removal efficiency of [...] Read more.
This study specifically validates the migration patterns of lead ions under sodium ion stress in soil and concludes that a high concentration of sodium ions, when coexisting with lead ions, diminishes the migration rate of lead ions, consequently reducing the removal efficiency of lead ions. 1. Introduction: Treatment of lead-contaminated soil has become a prominent research concern, with electrochemical treatment (ECT) technology demonstrating significant potential in this regard. ECT not only overcomes the drawbacks of traditional technology of soil remediation, such as long remediation periods, low efficiency, and high costs, but also enables in situ remediation. However, the influence of varying concentrations of non-contaminant ions on the removal efficiency of heavy metal ions during electrochemical treatment remediation of different naturally polluted soils remains unclear. Therefore, investigating the impact of sodium ion stress on the migration of lead ions is essential. 2. Methods: This study applies a DC power supply connected to an experimental device. The device is made of plexiglass and consists of three compartments: one soil compartment and two electrolytic compartments. A multimeter is installed with a wire between the DC power and the soil reaction device for monitoring the current. 3. Results: This study indicates a significant influence of the presence of sodium ions on the migration of lead ions during ECT. A high concentration of sodium ions induces ion competition in the soil, hindering the migration of lead ions and causing a decrease in their migration rate. Additionally, the competitive interaction between sodium ions and lead ions has a pronounced effect on the efficiency of ECT, leading to a reduction in the removal efficiency of lead ions. 4. Conclusion: These results emphasize the importance of considering sodium ion stress in the electrochemical remediation of lead-contaminated soil and provide valuable insights for optimizing electrochemical remediation strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 139 KiB  
Abstract
Microplastic Presence in Commercial Sea Salt: Sampling and Quantification Challenges
by Cristina Di Fiore, Maria Pia Sammartino, Cristina Giannattasio, Pasquale Avino and Giovanni Visco
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102016 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 858
Abstract
Introduction: The presence of microplastics in sea salt has become an issue of a public concern due to the potential negative effects that microplastics could have on human health [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 133 KiB  
Abstract
PM2.5-Induced Declined Cardiac Tolerance to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Can Be Ameliorated by Hydrogen Sulfide
by Bhavana Sivakumar and Gino Kurian
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102017 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 619
Abstract
Early studies have documented that PM2.5 can not only induce cardiac tissue toxicity, but can adversely affect the performance of the myocardium and deteriorate its tolerance to withstand ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The primary factor that contributes to the adverse impacts of PM2.5 exposure [...] Read more.
Early studies have documented that PM2.5 can not only induce cardiac tissue toxicity, but can adversely affect the performance of the myocardium and deteriorate its tolerance to withstand ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The primary factor that contributes to the adverse impacts of PM2.5 exposure on the heart is subcellular changes, with particular emphasis on mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and deterioration of pro-survival signaling pathways. Despite the ongoing efforts to uncover the mechanistic changes induced in the heart by PM2.5 exposure, no studies have presented strategies for mitigating PM2.5-induced cardiotoxicity or enhancing the tolerance of the myocardium to withstand IR injury. Considering the potential of hydrogen sulfide, a gasotransmitter known to protect the heart from pathologies linked to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, we explored the efficacy of H2S in attenuating PM2.5-associated increased IR injury. Female Wistar rats were exposed to 250 μg/m3 of PM2.5 for 3 h daily for 21 days, after which the hearts were isolated and mounted on an isolated rat heart apparatus. H2S was administered directly to the PM2.5-exposed hearts, after which the hearts were subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion to induce IR injury. Our results revealed that the ability of the PM2.5-exposed myocardium to withstand IR injury had considerably improved. The pivotal mechanism driving these beneficial changes was the preservation of mitochondrial function (improved bioenergetics, respiration) along with quality control mechanisms. The improvement in mitochondrial function was also reflected in terms of reduced oxidative stress and activation of pro-survival signaling pathways. Based on these findings, we concluded that hydrogen sulfide holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for enhancing the myocardium’s resilience to additional stressors in the form of IR injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 159 KiB  
Abstract
Impact of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Environment and Human Health: Evidence Retrieved from Biomonitoring Studies
by Joana Teixeira, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Simone Morais and Marta Oliveira
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102018 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 464
Abstract
The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different environmental matrices has significant repercussions on ecosystems and human health [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 126 KiB  
Abstract
Removal of Uranium (VI) from the Water Environment Using Mechanochemical-Activated Organoclay
by Iryna Kovalchuk
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102019 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 376
Abstract
The contamination of the environment in the uranium-mining region of Ukraine occurs as the result of the technological processes of mining and processing of uranium raw materials [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 131 KiB  
Abstract
Target Analysis and Suspect Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Tap Water Samples throughout Chinese Cities
by Tieqing You and Jia Bao
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102020 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 310
Abstract
1 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 126 KiB  
Abstract
Target Analysis and Suspect Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Maternal–Newborn Paired Samples near Fluorochemical Facilities
by Xinyi Lu and Jia Bao
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102021 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 395
Abstract
1 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 150 KiB  
Abstract
Endogenous–Exogenous Chemicals with Neurotoxic Potential
by Peter S. Spencer
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102022 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 505
Abstract
Introduction: While certain highly reactive chemicals are neurotoxic at high environmental concentrations, low endogenous concentrations of the same substances are required for normal neurophysiological function [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 144 KiB  
Abstract
Oxidative Potential as a Health Risk Estimation of Ambient PM2.5 in Chiang Mai City, Northern Thailand: A Study in 2021
by Teetawat Santijitpakdee, Tippawan Prapamontol, Pitakchon Ponsawansong, Sawaeng Kawichai, Nichakorn Taejajai, Wenhuai Song, Fang Cao and Yanlin Zhang
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102023 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 421
Abstract
This study aims to ascertain the oxidative potential (OP) of PM2 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 132 KiB  
Abstract
Self-Poisonings by Use of ‘Suicide Kits’ and a ‘Home-Made’ Multi-Xenobiotics Mixes: Are They a Growing Problem in Forensic Toxicology?
by Karolina Nowak, Paweł Szpot, Agnieszka Chłopaś-Konowałek, Kaja Tusiewicz, Olga Wachełko and Marcin Zawadzki
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102024 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 369
Abstract
Year by year, the field of psychiatry faces an escalating crisis, particularly concerning children and adolescents [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 154 KiB  
Abstract
Exploring the Role and Regulation of HIF-1 in Manganese Toxicity Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model
by Zehua Tao
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102025 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 330
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic manganese exposure has been associated with multiple health consequences, including neurological, behavioral, and cognitive impairments [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 143 KiB  
Abstract
The Role of the HIF-1α-BNIP3 Pathway in Acrylonitrile-Induced Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Toxicity
by Jing Hu
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102026 - 28 May 2024
Viewed by 803
Abstract
Acrylonitrile (AN) is an important chemical raw material, and it is widely used in the production of fibers, plastics and resins [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
1 pages, 139 KiB  
Abstract
Potential Risk of Cyclopiazonic Acid Toxicity in Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) Poisoning
by Lakkur Sannaiah Mamatha Bhanu
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102027 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 770
Abstract
Kodo millet, a staple food in North India, is frequently consumed, but its consumption can lead to intoxication and poisoning. Kodo millet is a rich source of nutrition, with anti-oxidant and medicinal properties, and is typically cultivated in dry and semi-arid regions. It [...] Read more.
Kodo millet, a staple food in North India, is frequently consumed, but its consumption can lead to intoxication and poisoning. Kodo millet is a rich source of nutrition, with anti-oxidant and medicinal properties, and is typically cultivated in dry and semi-arid regions. It is often infected by fungal species rather than bacterial and virus pathogens, causing economic crop loss and adversely affecting grain and fodder yield. Ergot, a parasitic fungal endophyte found in Kodo millet ear heads, can cause poisoning when consumed. Moreover, Kodo millet grains are frequently infested with Aspergillus tamarii Kita, which produces a significant amount of the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a neurotoxin produced by certain A. flavus and Aspergillus oryzae strains, which produce aflatoxins. Mycotoxicosis outbreaks in humans are not well characterized, and the direct correlation between mycotoxin consumption and toxic effects In Vivo is not well established. CPA, a specific inhibitor of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, can adversely affect broiler chicken health, as demonstrated by toxicological evaluation of aflatoxins and CPA alone or in combination. Most toxins have reported acute and chronic effects in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, including humans, despite thefact that their specific modes of action are unclear. This review explores fungal pathogens, the toxicity of CPA to animals and humans, both by itself and in combination with other mycotoxins, as well as biocontrol strategies and storage methods for better utilization of Kodo grains post harvest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 149 KiB  
Abstract
A Historical Drug or a Current Problem? Determination of Methaqualone and Its Analogs in Biological Material via UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS
by Kaja Tusiewicz, Marcin Zawadzki and Paweł Szpot
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102028 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 519
Abstract
Introduction: Methaqualone was introduced to the market in the 1960s as a sedative–hypnotic drug, intended as an alternative to compounds in the barbiturate group [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 142 KiB  
Abstract
Geospatial Deposition of Toxic Heavy Metals and Metalloids between a Pond and the Associated Agricultural Ecosystem in a Non-Industrialized Rural Area in West Bengal, India
by Ishika Pal, Farhan Jamil, Upama Das, Swapnanil Mondal, Srinwanti Bandyopadhyay and Chayan Munshi
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102029 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 415
Abstract
Introduction: Toxic heavy metals and metalloids are biohazards, which are known to contaminate the environment [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 151 KiB  
Abstract
Assessment of Exposure to Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets: Human Risk Evaluation
by Mudassar Sanaullah
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102030 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 353
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the negative impact of unforeseen contaminants like metals in commonly consumed food items, posing a threat to human well-being [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 139 KiB  
Abstract
Toxic and Essential Metals in Stenella coeruleoalba: Assessment of Marine Environmental Pollution and Dolphin Health Status
by Clara Naccari, Vincenzo Ferrantelli, Roberto Bava and Ernesto Palma
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102031 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 328
Abstract
Heavy metals are environmental contaminants and can easily accumulate and biomagnificate in various species (fishes and mammalians) at the top of the aquatic food chain [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 144 KiB  
Abstract
Ecotoxicological Effects of Polystyrene Particles on Cyprinus carpio: A Laboratory Assessment
by Stefania Gheorghe, Catalina Stoica and Anca Maria Harabagiu
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102032 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 456
Abstract
Global consumption has led to an increased and persistent plastic pollution in the aquatic environments. Due to their small size, plastic particles are omnipresent, affecting aquatic biota. Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer and one of the most widely used plastics. Its accumulation in [...] Read more.
Global consumption has led to an increased and persistent plastic pollution in the aquatic environments. Due to their small size, plastic particles are omnipresent, affecting aquatic biota. Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer and one of the most widely used plastics. Its accumulation in the environment endangers the health of aquatic organisms. This study aims to investigate the acute (7 days) and chronic (75 days) toxicity of spherical polystyrene particles (20, 200, 430 µm) on Cyprinus carpio fish using OECD methodology. No mortality or behavioral changes were recorded after acute or chronic tests conducted on 1, 10, 100 mg/L polystyrene particles. Polystyrene showed bioavailability mainly through ingestion with food, causing weight loss in fish. Fish lots exposed to the polystyrene mix (particle sizes of 20, 200, 430 µm and 1.2 mg PS/L total concentration) showed changes in physiological indices but without major significance compared to control lots. After 75 days of chronic exposure of fish to a mix of polystyrene particles, organs were collected for sub-lethal effect investigation. Polystyrene was found to cause oxidative stress in fish organs. A very significant increase in the activity of the enzymes catalase and glutathione reductase, correlated with lipid peroxidation in gills, were observed. In the liver, catalase and glutathione S transferase activity increased, but there were no lipid peroxidation effects. Also, alanine transferase and aspartate transferase activity showed significant changes. Regarding the vitellogenesis initiated in the liver, vitellogenin activity increased by 40%. EROD activity saw a 20% increase compared to control fish, indicating stress enzyme expression. Instead, acetylcholinesterase showed significant inhibition (>80%) in the brain and muscle. The protein profile showed new stress protein expression compared to the control in the gills and liver. Based on the results of our study, the introduction of new regulations monitoring the accumulation of microplastics in surface water is an urgent matter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 118 KiB  
Abstract
Arsenic-Induced Neurotoxicity: A Study on the Brain–Behaviour Circuit
by Chayan Munshi, Alpana Mukhuty, Arindam Bandyopadhyay, Paritosh Mondal, Arpan Dey Bhowmik, Pallab Shaw and Shelley Bhattacharya
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102033 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 463
Abstract
Introduction: Arsenic is a highly toxic metalloid and an environmental contaminant which predominantly affects the aquatic ecosystem [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 162 KiB  
Abstract
The Impact of Occupational Exposure on Workers’ Respiratory Microbiota
by Sandra Lavandeira, Marta Oliveira, Maria José Alves and Simone Morais
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102034 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 347
Abstract
Several recent studies have demonstrated that occupational exposure to chemical and biological pollutants alters the human microbiome [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 135 KiB  
Abstract
Thiram Effects on HeLa TI Cells
by Varvara Maksimova, Anzhelika Bukina, Guzel Khayrieva, Valeriia Popova, Marianna Yakubovskaya and Kirill Kirsanov
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102035 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 476
Abstract
Dithiocarbamate pesticides possess a diverse array of molecular mechanisms, making them multifunctional substances [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 140 KiB  
Abstract
Effects of Non-Lethal Arsenic Contamination on Manifesting Fin Strokes in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
by Tithi Paul and Chayan Munshi
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102036 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 396
Abstract
Introduction: The locomotion of fish is considered to be crucial in regulating activities such as prey predation and foraging [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
1 pages, 118 KiB  
Abstract
Methylmercury-Induced Ferroptosis May Be Attenuated by Vitamin K in PC12 Cells
by Yanli Lin
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102037 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 352
Abstract
Introduction: As a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, methylmercury (MeHg) induces toxic effects in the nervous system [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 164 KiB  
Abstract
Development of an ICP-MS/MS-Based Methodology for the Analysis of (Ultra) Trace Elements in Follicular Fluid Samples of Patients Undergoing IVF Treatment
by Núria Ferrer-Cortés, Andrea López-Botella, María José Gómez-Torres, José-Luis Todolí-Torró, Raquel Sánchez, Sergio Rogel, Raiza Paul and Jon Aizpurua
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102038 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 484
Abstract
Introduction: The presence of heavy metals in the environment has been linked to female infertility [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 129 KiB  
Abstract
Fine Aerosol Toxicity in Urban Environments of the Eastern Mediterranean
by Despina Paraskevopoulou, Kalliopi Tavernaraki, Irene Maria Vrettou, Maria Tsagkaraki, Aikaterini Bougiatioti and Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102039 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 305
Abstract
In October 2022, the European Commission published a proposal for a revision of the Ambient Air Quality Directive, introducing stricter thresholds for pollution, more closely aligned with new limits set by the WHO, and strengthening rules for air quality monitoring to support preventive [...] Read more.
In October 2022, the European Commission published a proposal for a revision of the Ambient Air Quality Directive, introducing stricter thresholds for pollution, more closely aligned with new limits set by the WHO, and strengthening rules for air quality monitoring to support preventive action and targeted measures [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 127 KiB  
Abstract
Review on the Toxicity and Safety of Medicinal Plants during Pregnancy
by Aniket Rajesing Girase, Javesh Kashinath Patil, Devshree Yashwantbhai Patel, Harsha Vasudev Chaudhari and Sachinkumar Madhukar Mahajan
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102040 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 856
Abstract
Introduction: Although herbs are widely used and considered safe, they can be toxic, especially during pregnancy [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
1 pages, 126 KiB  
Abstract
Plant-Based Approaches for Wastewater Management: A Comprehensive Review of Phytoremediation Techniques
by Krishna Neeti, Reena Singh and Abhishek Kumar
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102041 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 630
Abstract
Wastewater management is a complex issue that requires attention due to the presence of harmful pollutants, toxic particles, and emerging contaminants that originate from industrial activities. These pollutants can contaminate the soil and surface water, and infiltrate groundwater, posing health risks to humans [...] Read more.
Wastewater management is a complex issue that requires attention due to the presence of harmful pollutants, toxic particles, and emerging contaminants that originate from industrial activities. These pollutants can contaminate the soil and surface water, and infiltrate groundwater, posing health risks to humans and animals alike. The emerging contaminants in wastewater, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and flame retardants, are primarily synthetic organic compounds that pose serious risks to human health and biota. The demand for freshwater is increasing, which necessitates significant investments in capital and energy for water treatment plants. This review article explores the innovative use of plants in wastewater treatment, specifically through bioaccumulation. Various phytoremediation techniques, such as phytovolatilization, phytoextraction, phytofiltration, rhizofiltration, phytodegradation, phytostabilization, and phytoassimilation, are explored as sustainable alternatives. Aquatic plants, such as water hyacinth, duckweed, and water lettuce, stand out for their exceptional phytoremediation capabilities. These plants can be used to remove pollutants from wastewater, making it safe for reuse or discharge into the environment. The use of plants in wastewater treatment is a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach that can help address the growing water scarcity problem. By using phytoremediation techniques, we can reduce the need for expensive and energy-intensive treatment methods, while also promoting the growth of green spaces in urban areas. This article underscores the potential of plant-based strategies in wastewater management, emphasizing their role in mitigating environmental contaminants and safeguarding public health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 128 KiB  
Abstract
Model Optimization of PPCP Removal from Simulated Wastewater via Electrocoagulation
by Wenkai Zhang, Jia Bao and Yang Liu
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102042 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 404
Abstract
With the increasing presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aqueous environments, PPCPs have posed serious biological and environmental impacts and threatened human health [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
1 pages, 125 KiB  
Abstract
Fatal Dermal Absorption of Organophosphate Insecticide
by Shankar M Bakkannavar and Vinod C Nayak
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102043 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 411
Abstract
Organophosphate compounds are one of the leading causes of death due to poisoning worldwide due to their easy accessibility as insectides and pesticides. Ninety-five percent of pesticide poisonings occur in developing countries, especially in the Asia–Pacific region. Moreover, in countries like India, pesticides [...] Read more.
Organophosphate compounds are one of the leading causes of death due to poisoning worldwide due to their easy accessibility as insectides and pesticides. Ninety-five percent of pesticide poisonings occur in developing countries, especially in the Asia–Pacific region. Moreover, in countries like India, pesticides are one of the most commonly used suicidal poisons because of their easy accessibility. Agriculture being the country's main source of occupation, pesticides are easily accessible throughout India. Organophosphorus toxicity can commonly occur due to household pesticide use or due to occupational exposure. Though rare, accidental poisoning can occur in people working in the pesticide industry, farmers, and sometimes in the general population. Organophosphorus compounds are absorbed by all routes and cause fatality unless treated with the appropriate antidote. Suicidal poisoning will usually be by ingestion, whereas accidental poisoning will be either inhalational or dermal. Homicidal poisoning cases with the use of organophosphorus compounds have also been reported in the literature. People may become unknowing victims of these chemicals. The dermal absorption of these compounds is common, but it rarely results in fatality. Acute poisoning is common after oral, respiratory, or dermal exposure to low-volatility or high-volatility pesticides. We present an accidental fatal case of organophosphorus poisoning wherein the mode of entry was through dermal absorption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 126 KiB  
Abstract
An Overview on Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation
by Harsha Vasudev Chaudhari, Javesh Kashinath Patil, Devshree Yashwantbhai Patel, Aniket Rajesing Girase and Hasni Hamid Yahiya Sayyed
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102044 - 13 Jun 2024
Viewed by 832
Abstract
Toxicity reduction and environmental remediation are crucial aspects of addressing pollution and protecting ecosystems and human health [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 115 KiB  
Abstract
Global Measures to Stop the Exportation of Highly Hazardous Pesticides from the EU to Developing Countries
by Ahmad Mahdavi
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102045 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 415
Abstract
Addressing the exportation of highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs) from the European Union (EU) to developing countries requires a multi-faceted approach involving regulatory measures, international cooperation, and sustainable agricultural practices [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 129 KiB  
Abstract
New Approach Methodologies: Physiological Responses of Daphnids to Pharmaceutical Mixtures
by Emma Rowan, Anne Leung, Katie O‘Rourke and Konstantinos Grintzalis
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102046 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 339
Abstract
The levels of pharmaceuticals have been continuously increasing in aquatic ecosystems over the past decade due to their extensive use in human and veterinary medicine. Traditional water monitoring methods have been proven insufficient to capture pollution due to pharmaceuticals because of sensitivity limits, [...] Read more.
The levels of pharmaceuticals have been continuously increasing in aquatic ecosystems over the past decade due to their extensive use in human and veterinary medicine. Traditional water monitoring methods have been proven insufficient to capture pollution due to pharmaceuticals because of sensitivity limits, their inability to monitor every pollutant, and their failure to provide mechanistic insights into the actions of pollutants. To combat this, new approach methodologies (NAMs) are increasingly introduced as supplementary tools that can provide sensitive metrics for pollution assessment. In addition, NAMs can bridge the gap in ecotoxicological information regarding mixtures of pharmaceuticals, which are more commonly found in aquatic ecosystems versus pharmaceuticals existing alone. In this context, freshwater sentinel species, such as the water flea known as daphnids, were used to assess the acute effects of a typical pharmaceutical mixture on various physiological and molecular responses. In addition to mortality, phenotypic and molecular endpoints such as ingestion rate and enzyme activity were measured to determine the impact of a cocktail of commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals. Specifically, diclofenac, metformin, gabapentin, amoxicillin, trimethoprim, and erythromycin were mixed in equal amounts and tested at 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L. Results showed differences in mortality, a decrease in feeding, and changes in enzyme activities, thus supporting a distinct pattern in the physiological responses of daphnids Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 127 KiB  
Abstract
Drug-Likeness, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity Prediction of Phytotoxic Terpenoids
by Obinna Kenneth Didigwu and Charles Okeke Nnadi
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102047 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 490
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the most widespread phytoconstituents, with complex chemical structures, a plurality of biological activities, and variable pharmacokinetic profiles. The emerging roles of terpenoids in drug design require an understanding of their ADME/T properties for structure modification and possible repurposing. This [...] Read more.
Terpenoids constitute one of the most widespread phytoconstituents, with complex chemical structures, a plurality of biological activities, and variable pharmacokinetic profiles. The emerging roles of terpenoids in drug design require an understanding of their ADME/T properties for structure modification and possible repurposing. This study evaluated the drug-likeness of phytotoxic terpenoids obtained from the Toxic Plants–Phytotoxins (TPPT) database via in silico prediction of their pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. The TPPT database, comprising 1586 phytotoxins, was filtered to 576 terpenoids. Using Swiss ADME, pkCSM, and ProTox II webserver tools, Lipinski’s properties and topological polar surface area (TPSA) were predicted for drug-likeness, alongside their pharmacokinetic profiles and toxicity on various organ endpoints. In total, 9.55% of the terpenoids obeyed Lipinski’s rule of five. None of the compounds inhibited hERG I, while 12.73% inhibited hERG II, implying that some were cardiotoxic. In addition, 25.45% of the compounds elicited AMES toxicity; 25.45% caused liver injury; and 32.73% caused skin sensitivity. Furthermore, 72.73% showed high Caco-2 permeability and 76.36% displayed good skin permeability, implying their suitability for transdermal drug delivery. P-glycoprotein was extruded by 29.09% of the compounds and inhibited by 34.45%; 47.27% of the compounds readily crossed the blood–brain barrier, 23.64% penetrated the central nervous system, 56.36% were sensitive to cytochrome p450 isoenzymes, 36.37% inhibited cytochrome p450 isoenzymes, 49.09% resulted in immunotoxicity, 1.82% were toxic to cells, 14.55% would cause cancer, and 21.82% showed high tolerated doses in humans. Most of them showed a high volume of distribution, were free-flowing in plasma, and demonstrated moderate bioavailability, while all had high intestinal absorption and 78.18% demonstrated good water solubility. This study identified marrubiin as a drug-like, non-toxic, and highly bioavailable terpenoid with strong potential for further optimization, and development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 166 KiB  
Abstract
Genetic Damage and Multi-Elemental Exposure in Populations in Proximity to Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Areas in North Colombia
by Pedro Espitia-Pérez, Lyda Espitia-Pérez, Claudia Galeano-Páez, Karina Pastor-Sierra, Ana Marcela Peñata-Taborda, Tatiana Dillenburg Saint’Pierre, Solange Cristina García and Hugo Brango
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102048 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 517
Abstract
Colombia has seen a significant increase in total gold production [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 177 KiB  
Abstract
Human Health Risks Due to Copper in Urban and Rural Topsoils from East Midlands, England
by Gurminderjeet S. Jagdev, María del Carmen Lobo-Bedmar, María Ángeles Peña Fernández, Mark D. Evans and Antonio Peña-Fernández
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102049 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 300
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to determine the distribution of copper (Cu) in topsoils from urban public parks across Leicester and its rural surroundings (Leicestershire, England) [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 178 KiB  
Abstract
Biomonitoring Chromium Contamination in Urban and Rural Topsoils from Leicestershire, England
by Gurminderjeet S. Jagdev, María del Carmen Lobo-Bedmar, María Ángeles Peña Fernández, Mark D. Evans and Antonio Peña-Fernández
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102050 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 286
Abstract
A monitoring study was performed to characterise the risks of chromium (Cr) in Leicestershire, England [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 131 KiB  
Abstract
Adding Realism to the Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Pesticides Using Probabilistic Modelling: A Case Study on Aggregate Exposure to Pyrethroids
by Ana Fernandez-Agudo, Agathi Charistou, Niki Arapaki, Kyriaki Machera, Mercedes Alba Gonzalez, Maria del Carmen Gonzalez Caballero and Jose V. Tarazona
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102051 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 302
Abstract
Pyrethroid usage has risen due to restrictions on other insecticides, prompting interest in biomonitoring data as exposure indicators [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
2 pages, 170 KiB  
Abstract
Environmental Exposure of Children to Silver in Alcalá de Henares (Spain): Risk Assessment Due to Its Presence in Topsoils
by Antonio Peña-Fernández, Manuel Higueras, María de los Ángeles Peña and Maria de Carmen Lobo-Bedmar
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102052 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 322
Abstract
Silver (Ag) is extensively used in a broad spectrum of personal care products and industrial products. Ag was analysed in scalp hair from 120 children (6 to 9 years old; 70 females) born/residing in Alcalá de Henares (Spain), and in randomly collected topsoils [...] Read more.
Silver (Ag) is extensively used in a broad spectrum of personal care products and industrial products. Ag was analysed in scalp hair from 120 children (6 to 9 years old; 70 females) born/residing in Alcalá de Henares (Spain), and in randomly collected topsoils from different urban parks (n = 97) across Alcalá. Ag was detected in all samples (LoDs in hair and topsoils in µg/g: 0.0036, 0.049), except in three hair samples. Levels of Ag were significantly higher in females (median and range, in µg/g): 0.1199 (0.0168–0.4906) vs. 0.08916 (0.0139–0.3841), and slightly lower compared to those reported in hair from children (6–10 years-old) living in Madrid [0.1107 (0.0139–0.4906) vs. 0.251 (0.132–491); all in µg/g]. These authors also reported the deposition of Ag in hair was higher in females. The Spanish capital, Madrid, is more polluted than Alcalá, which could explain our results. Thus, the levels of Ag in Alcalá’s topsoils [0.0680 (0.0492–4.0493)] were lower than those reported in other urban areas such as in Athens, Greece [0.260 (0.017–7.430); all in mg/kg]. Although the examination of the pollution index values (2.46; 0.65–53.55; data provided as mean and range) suggest some anthropogenic origin for the Ag found in the topsoils, the distribution of this contaminant was minimal and was only detected in 62 of the topsoil samples collected. Hazard quotients (HQs) for Ag were determined for ingestion and dermal contact; all values were lower than the safety thresholds for HQs (unity), suggesting a minimal risk for the population. Our results suggest that the monitored child population from Alcalá has a minimal exposure to Ag, as the geometric mean was lower than that reported in children living in Iglesias (0.095 vs. 0.13, 0–3 years-old) and much lower than that reported in children living in the polymetallic mining area in the Bolivian Altiplano (0.33, average 7.9 years-old; all in µg/g). Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)

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6 pages, 2098 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Assessment of Potential Ecological Risks of Cr, Cd, Pb, and As in Coastal Sediments
by Nezha Mejjad, Samira El Aouidi and Abdelmourhit Laissaoui
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102053 - 10 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 773
Abstract
Coastal sediments are a powerful tool for analyzing pollution levels and reconstructing history. The Oualidia lagoon plays an essential role as it provides several ecosystem services, including aquaculture, fisheries, and coastal tourism, among others. Therefore, the conservation and protection of this natural system [...] Read more.
Coastal sediments are a powerful tool for analyzing pollution levels and reconstructing history. The Oualidia lagoon plays an essential role as it provides several ecosystem services, including aquaculture, fisheries, and coastal tourism, among others. Therefore, the conservation and protection of this natural system requires the continuous monitoring of its environmental quality. The present study evaluates the potential ecological risks of Cr, Cd, Pb, and As in coastal sediment cores collected from the Oualidia lagoon. These sediment cores were also dated using lead-210 to study the temporal variations in the studied metals. The potential ecological risk values of the metals show a moderate ecological risk to the lagoon since the 1950s, while the toxic units indicate low toxicity. The Adverse Effect Index (AEI) values indicate a probable effect on biota due to the concentrations of Cr, As, and Cd, mainly in the surface layers. This suggests that the development of human activities in the last two decades has contributed to increased heavy metal concentrations, leading to potential ecological risks to the lagoon. Activities such as agriculture can be potential sources of Cd. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides may contribute to the increase in this heavy metal in the lagoon. This finding highlights the need for the careful monitoring and remediation of Cd levels in this aquatic system, as Cd presents a high ecological risk value among the selected heavy metals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
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7 pages, 1719 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Exploring Schiff Bases as Promising Alternatives to Traditional Drugs in the In Silico Treatment of Anti-Leishmaniasis as Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors
by Diego R. Peixoto, Carlos S. H. Shiraishi, Rui M. V. Abreu, Osmair V. Oliveira and José D. dos Santos
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102055 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 675
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp. and transmitted by sandflies, affects 2 million people worldwide yearly and is recognized as a global problem by the WHO. Current treatments, including amphotericin B, Pentamidine, and Glucantime, show limited efficacy and serious side effects. Trypanothione [...] Read more.
Leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp. and transmitted by sandflies, affects 2 million people worldwide yearly and is recognized as a global problem by the WHO. Current treatments, including amphotericin B, Pentamidine, and Glucantime, show limited efficacy and serious side effects. Trypanothione reductase is a promising protein target for developing new promising drugs against Leishmaniasis. This study explores Schiff base compounds as potential alternatives to current treatments by inhibiting trypanothione reductase. Thirty-nine structures from the PubChem database were selected and analyzed using AutoDock Vina 1.1, an in silico molecular docking tool. Promising Schiff base candidates, indicated as compound 21 (3-Quinolinamine, N-(2-quinolinylmethylene)-, compound 24 (1,3-Bis[(E)-(2-Amino-4-Ethyl-5-Hydroxy-Phenyl)Methyleneamino]Urea, and compound 39 (Naphtaldehyde disulfide Schiff base), exhibited significant inhibitory binding affinity against trypanothione reductase, outperforming commercial inhibitors. Therefore, the present study proposes alternative Schiff base compounds for treating Leishmaniasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
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6 pages, 242 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Biomonitoring Exposure to Platinum, Palladium and Rhodium in Young University Students from Leicester, England
by Antonio Peña-Fernández, Manuel Higueras, María del Carmen Lobo-Bedmar, Edna Segura and María de los Ángeles Peña
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102056 - 28 Nov 2024
Viewed by 553
Abstract
We assessed the dietary exposure to platinum group elements [PGEs; platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh)] in young adults (18–23 yrs old) at De Montfort University (DMU, England). A total of 111 (20.45 yrs old; 78 female) DMU students participated. PGEs were [...] Read more.
We assessed the dietary exposure to platinum group elements [PGEs; platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh)] in young adults (18–23 yrs old) at De Montfort University (DMU, England). A total of 111 (20.45 yrs old; 78 female) DMU students participated. PGEs were analysed in scalp hair by ICP-MS. Pt was detected in hair from sixteen female [median and IQR, in µg/g: 0.00014 (0.000036, 0.000551)] and two male participants [P95 = 0.00205, in µg/g]; Rh was detected in seven female [P95 = 0.0038, in µg/g] and six male participants [median and IQR, in µg/g: 0.00097 (0.00028, 0.00335)]. Our results suggest that DMU students show minimal exposure to PGEs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
8 pages, 1556 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Assessment of the Chemical Hazards in Herbs Consumed in Europe: Toxins, Heavy Metals, and Pesticide Residues
by Maria Carpena, Paula Barciela, Ana Perez-Vazquez, Kinga Noras, Joanna Trafiałek, Miguel A. Prieto and Monika Trząskowska
Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 2054; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102054 - 21 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 835
Abstract
The increasing global interest in herbs and spices necessitates a thorough examination of the chemical hazards associated with their consumption. The objective of this work was to provide an understanding of the current state and prevalence of chemical contaminants (toxins, heavy metals, and [...] Read more.
The increasing global interest in herbs and spices necessitates a thorough examination of the chemical hazards associated with their consumption. The objective of this work was to provide an understanding of the current state and prevalence of chemical contaminants (toxins, heavy metals, and pesticide residues) in herbs and spices consumed in Europe, facilitating informed decision-making in public health and regulatory frameworks Through an extensive literature search, contamination levels of chemical hazards among different herbs and spices were evaluated. The European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) has shown 1133 notifications for spices and herbs in the last 10 years (2013–2023). Focusing on the chemical hazards associated with the consumption of these products, mycotoxins (especially aflatoxins and ochratoxin A) and plant-derived compounds with potential health implications (e.g., pyrrolizidine alkaloids) were the most often notified. Nevertheless, besides these naturally occurring compounds, other deliberated added substances such as artificial unauthorized dyes (e.g., Sudan I, II, III, and IV) that can pose a human health risk have been identified. Finally, environmental contaminants could also be present in herbs and spices. Pesticide residues (e.g., chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, and bifenthrin) have been notified, and studies in terms of their persistence and adherence to regulatory limits and heavy metals were also investigated, focusing on cadmium, lead, and mercury due to the bioaccumulation abilities of plants. Other environmental contaminants, such as dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were considered for this study. In conclusion, this work contributed to identifying gaps and challenges in regulatory practices and to the dialog on the safety and quality of herbs and spices, offering a holistic perspective on toxins, heavy metals, and pesticide residues and fostering collaboration between all stakeholders to advance in public health protection in Europe. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics)
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