Turmeric, the dry rhizome of Curcuma longa L., is valued for its biological properties (e.g., antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties). These are mainly attributed to a group of secondary metabolites, namely curcuminoids, the most distinctive of which is curcumin. Due to their hydrophobic nature, curcuminoids are usually isolated using organic solvents, such as hexane, acetone, methanol, etc. However, due to increasing consumer demand for organic and solvent-free products, strategies for the aqueous extraction of polyphenols have gained new attention.
To this end, the aim of the present study was the optimization of curcuminoid extraction from turmeric powder using aqueous, surfactant-based mixtures, combined with ethanol, as extraction solvents. The recovery was optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD). Solid–liquid extractions were performed through stirring and mild heating (T ≤ 30 °C), while Polysorbate 80 (non-ionic) was used as the surfactant. The independent factors tested were the extraction duration (min), the ethanol concentration (% v/v) and the surfactant concentration in the solvent (% w/v). Total phenolic content (Folin–Ciocalteu assay), antioxidant activity (DPPH radical-scavenging activity assay) and curcumin concentration (UV-Vis standard curve 0.75–6 ppm) were determined in the extracts (responses). In optimized conditions, extractions were performed with other surfactant types (anionic, cationic, amphoteric) and pure ethanol, for comparison purposes. All the optimized extracts were further analysed with HPLC (curcumin standard curve 0.5–50 ppm) for the quantitative determination of curcumin and other curcuminoids.
Based on the results, the optimized extraction conditions were determined at 59 min, 29% v/v ethanol and 5% w/v surfactant. Curcumin concentration in the extracts was affected by the surfactant type and concentration (% w/v). Surfactant-based solvents yielded higher curcuminoid content compared to ethanol. The present study highlights the potential of surfactant-based extraction of curcuminoids and their possible future applications in nutraceutical or cosmeceutical formulations.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, I.M.; methodology, S.C., A.T. and I.M.; investigation, S.C., A.T. and A.K.; resources, I.M.; data curation, S.C., A.T., A.K. and I.M.; writing—original draft preparation, S.C.; writing—review and editing, I.M.; supervision, I.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Data are contained in this abstract.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
| Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
