Universal Solar Battery Charger for Off-Grid Storage Systems †
by
and
Álvarez Díaz Gustavo
1,*, 
Paredes Sánchez J. Pablo
2,
Nuño García Fernando
3
and
Xiberta Bernat Jorge
2 1
Airbus Defence and Space, Claude-Dornier-Str., 88090 Immenstaad, Germany (in personal capacity)
2
Calle de la Independencia 13, University of Oviedo, 33004 Oviedo, Spain
3
Edif. Departamental Oeste Módulo 3, University of Oviedo, 33204 Gijón, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the International Research Conference on Sustainable Energy, Engineering, Materials and Environment, Mieres, Spain, 25–27 July 2018.
Proceedings 2018, 2(23), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231482
Published: 15 November 2018
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Research Conference on Sustainable Energy, Engineering, Materials and Environment)
1. Summary
In the present paper a synchronous buck converter battery charger from solar panel is designed, developed and analyzed.
The maximum power available is transferred into the battery thanks to a MPP tracker and the DC/DC converter (both controlled by means of a low-cost microcontroller), increasing the overall efficiency of the whole system (MPPT + voltage conversion).
The solution is able to work with different battery voltages (from 12 V to 72 V) independently of the PV panel. This flexibility allows the maximization of the efficiency of solar off-grid battery storage systems without previous analysis.
2. Project Introduction
Photovoltaic power is under continuous development worldwide. From 1.75 GW world global cumulative installed capacity on 2001 [1], to 229 GW by end of 2015 and to 700 GW estimated on 2020 [2].
On top of the environmental awareness, solar energy has the advantage of “universal accessibility”. This is a major advantage for off-grid installations in rural/isolated areas.
Most of these rural communities require a low-cost and flexible solution without technical knowledge or complex previous studies to set it up [3].
A prototype is here developed to cover this need of charging a battery from a given medium-power PV panel providing the flexibility, simplicity and low-cost required. MA-100 PV panel from Mitsubishi is chosen (Figure 1).
2.1. MPP Trackers State of the Art
The main characteristic of a PV panel is its I-V curve (current vs. voltage, Figure 2) which is not fixed but varies with temperature and solar irradiance levels. The operation point where the power extracted from the PV panel is maximum (VMPP, IMPP) is called the Maximum Power Point (MPP), and the algorithm to localize the MPP is called the MPPT tracker (MPPT).
By connecting directly the battery to the PV panel the PV panel operates at the battery voltage. A DC/DC converter with MPPT is needed as interface to force the PV panel to work as close as possible to the MPP.
The most known MPPTs are the following [6]:
- Perturbe and Observe (P&O): Simple and low cost. Typical accuracies of 80%.
- Incremental conductance: Complex and high cost (high computation devices required). Accuracies over 90%.
- Voltage control/Current control: Very simple and low cost. Accuracies over 70% are reached.
- Voltage/current sweep: Complex, medium cost. Accuracies over 90%.
- Load current/voltage maximization: Simple and low cost. Efficiencies over 90%. Just possible if the load is at constant voltage or constant current.
The last of the options presented here above is selected for this project, since the load is a pure battery and the main goal is to charge the battery with the maximum power.
2.2. DC/DC Converter
A DC/DC buck converter is chosen for this application, due to the fact that no galvanic insulation is needed and the PV panel voltage will be always higher than the battery voltage [7].
3. Project Development
3.1. Power Stage Design
In order to increase the efficiency, a synchronous buck converter is selected (both MOSFETs of the converter acting as switchers are controlled easily by the microcontroller).
The switching frequency of the converter is set to 100 kHz (best compromise between switching losses vs mass and size of the inductor).
The main power elements of the converter are the MOSFETs, the inductance and the output capacitor (M1&M2, L and C on Figure 3).
Power MOSFET selected is IRFP250 from IR. This MOSFET offers good performances under the operation conditions of the converter.
The buck inductor is designed to operate in continuous current mode (CCM) from 100% to 30% of the maximum output power of the converter (above 30 W). According to the maximum output power and the input and output voltages, 288 µH is the value of the inductance needed.
The capacitor value for this application is not a key parameter, since it is in parallel with a battery (which is a huge capacitor).
3.2. Control Stage MPPT
The MPPT is implemented in a low-cost microcontroller [8,9]. In order to save mass and cost, all the possible functions, such as variables sensing, analog to digital conversion and PWM generation are also implemented in the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls, then, both MOSFETs of the converter according to the MPPT and the input/output voltage relationship (Figure 3).
The MPPT algorithm is simple but effective. It regulates the PV panel in the voltage range, starting in a point close to the VOC (Red point, Figure 2). The value of the output current is sensed and stored for comparison. Then, the PV panel voltage is decreased and the output current monitored again. If the output current is higher than the previous step, the PV panel voltage is reduced again for the next step (yellow points, Figure 2). Once the output current is lower than the previous step, the previous step PV panel voltage is the MPP at those conditions (green point, Figure 2). The MPPT will keep this operation point until a significant change on the output power, meaning that the I–V curve of the PV panel, and therefore also the MPP, has changed.
4. Final Results and Conclusions
Simulation results have been compared to test results of a prototype in a test bench with a 12 V battery voltage (Table 1 and Table 2).
The proposed solution meets all the objectives proposed. It is a simple and low-cost solution that allows the charge of a battery from a PV panel with high efficiency and high flexibility to work with different battery voltages. Simulation results have been validated by test.
Author Contributions
Á.D.G. has performed the design, the simulations, the assembly of the hardware and the tests. P.S.J.P. has contributed to identify the goals of the application and with the redaction of the paper. N.G.F. has proposed the final solution and supervised the design, the test set-up and the final measurements. X.B.J. has supervised the full project and the redaction of the paper.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
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Figure 1.
MA100 (Mitsubishi) [4]. Electrical characteristics.
Figure 1.
MA100 (Mitsubishi) [4]. Electrical characteristics.
Figure 2.
I-V curve showing the MPP [5].
Figure 2.
I-V curve showing the MPP [5].
Figure 3.
Scheme of the overall solution.
Table 1.
Results from simulation with the solution and without the solution (direct connection).
| Battery | Output Power with Solution | Efficiency | Output Power with Direct Connection |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12V | 72.38W | 72.28% | 13.92W |
| 24V | 92.78W | 91.76% | 27.48W |
| 48V | 95.04W | 94.6% | 53.52W |
| 72V | 96.5W | 96% | 77.76W |
Table 2.
Results from tests with 12V battery.
| Irradiance | Pav Panel | P Extract | P Batt | ηcc/cc | ηDC/DC+MPPT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000W/m2 | 100W | 99W | 72W | 72.7% | 72% |
| 800W/m2 | 72.75W | 71W | 54W | 76% | 74.2% |
| 600W/m2 | 57W | 56W | 45W | 80.3% | 78.9% |
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MDPI and ACS Style
Gustavo, Á.D.; Pablo, P.S.J.; Fernando, N.G.; Jorge, X.B. Universal Solar Battery Charger for Off-Grid Storage Systems. Proceedings 2018, 2, 1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231482
AMA Style
Gustavo ÁD, Pablo PSJ, Fernando NG, Jorge XB. Universal Solar Battery Charger for Off-Grid Storage Systems. Proceedings. 2018; 2(23):1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231482
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustavo, Álvarez Díaz, Paredes Sánchez J. Pablo, Nuño García Fernando, and Xiberta Bernat Jorge. 2018. "Universal Solar Battery Charger for Off-Grid Storage Systems" Proceedings 2, no. 23: 1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231482
APA StyleGustavo, Á. D., Pablo, P. S. J., Fernando, N. G., & Jorge, X. B. (2018). Universal Solar Battery Charger for Off-Grid Storage Systems. Proceedings, 2(23), 1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231482
