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Abstract

Cost-Effective and Compact Measurement of Arsenic in Water (ARMINE Project-MITY) †

by
Adriana Ferancova
*,
Maarit K. Hattuniemi
,
Veijo Sutinen
,
Sami Häkkilä
,
Jay Pee Oña
* and
Jarkko P. Räty
Measurement Technology Unit, Kajaani University Consortium, University of Oulu, Kehräämöntie 7, 87400 Kajaani, Finland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the International Conference EcoBalt 2023 “Chemicals & Environment”, Tallinn, Estonia, 9–11 October 2023.
Proceedings 2023, 92(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092062
Published: 29 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of International Conference EcoBalt 2023 "Chemicals & Environment")
Versions Notes

The contamination of groundwater by arsenic is a serious concern due to the acute and long-term effects of arsenic toxicity on human health. Arsenic contamination is observed in at least 70 countries where the concentration of arsenic in drinking water exceeds the WHO provisional limit of 10 μg/L [1]. In Finland, areas with high concentrations of arsenic in groundwater [2], which affects the quality of well water used for gardening, can be found. Arsenic can enter the food chain when vegetables and fruits are watered with contaminated well water. Although the contamination in Finland mostly originates from natural arsenic, the growing number of mining activities presents a risk of additional pollution from artificial sources. Therefore, proper monitoring of the water supply is necessary to ensure safe levels of arsenic in water for human consumption. Currently, reliable methods for arsenic content determination (e.g., AAS and ICP-MS) are time-consuming and must be carried out under laboratory conditions [3,4]. The aim of our project was to develop a compact and inexpensive method for measuring arsenic concentrations in water samples using an electrochemical sensor. The method involves voltametric stripping [5], which allows for the rapid measurement of arsenic at very low concentrations (ppb levels). A handheld potentiostat with measurement and evaluation software and a mobile phone application were also made. This technology is designed for on-field monitoring of arsenic in industrial and residential areas. The project started with the laboratory-scale development of an electrochemical method for arsenic analysis, which was later implemented at a pilot scale in southern Finland. This study was performed under the ARMINE project of the Measurement Technology (MITY-Kajaani) unit of the University of Oulu (Finland) and is one of the application areas of research for health and clean technology.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.F., M.K.H. and J.P.O.; methodology, A.F., M.K.H. and J.P.O.; software, S.H. and V.S.; validation, A.F., M.K.H. and J.P.O.; formal analysis, A.F., M.K.H. and J.P.O.; investigation, A.F., M.K.H. and J.P.O.; resources, J.P.R.; data curation, A.F., M.K.H. and J.P.O.; writing—original draft preparation, J.P.O.; writing—review and editing, A.F. and J.P.R.; visualization, A.F., M.K.H. and J.P.O.; supervision, A.F. and J.P.R.; project administration, J.P.R.; funding acquisition, J.P.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by European Regional Development Fund through North Ostrobothnia Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment (Pohjois-Pohjanmaa ELY) under REACT-EU program, grant number A77835.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Pirkkala municipal office, Environmental department, for their recommendations regarding sampling and field test sites. We are also grateful to Harri Vuorenpää for the permission to perform the field test on his land.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 4th ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2022; pp. 340–343.
  2. Ruskeeniemi, T.; Backman, B.; Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K.; Sorvari, J.; Lehtinen, H.; Schultz, E.; Mäkelä-Kurtto, R.; Rossi, E.; Vaajasaari, K.; Bilaletdin, Ä. Arsenic in the Pirkanmaa region, southern Finland: From identification through to risk assessment to risk management. Geol. Surv. Finl. Spec. Pap. 2011, 49, 213–227. [Google Scholar]
  3. Feng, Y.L.; Chen, H.Y.; Tian, L.C.; Narasaki, H. Off-line separation and determination of inorganic arsenic species in natural water by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with hydride generation combined with reaction of arsenic(V) and L-cysteine. Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 375, 167–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Anezaki, K.; Nukatsuka, I.; Ohzeki, K. Determination of Arsenic(III) and Total Arsenic(III,V) in Water Samples by Resin Suspension Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Anal. Sci. 1999, 15, 829–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Mays, D.E.; Hussam, A. Voltammetric methods for determination and speciation of inorganic arsenic in the environment—A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009, 646, 6–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ferancova, A.; Hattuniemi, M.K.; Sutinen, V.; Häkkilä, S.; Oña, J.P.; Räty, J.P. Cost-Effective and Compact Measurement of Arsenic in Water (ARMINE Project-MITY). Proceedings 2023, 92, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092062

AMA Style

Ferancova A, Hattuniemi MK, Sutinen V, Häkkilä S, Oña JP, Räty JP. Cost-Effective and Compact Measurement of Arsenic in Water (ARMINE Project-MITY). Proceedings. 2023; 92(1):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092062

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ferancova, Adriana, Maarit K. Hattuniemi, Veijo Sutinen, Sami Häkkilä, Jay Pee Oña, and Jarkko P. Räty. 2023. "Cost-Effective and Compact Measurement of Arsenic in Water (ARMINE Project-MITY)" Proceedings 92, no. 1: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092062

APA Style

Ferancova, A., Hattuniemi, M. K., Sutinen, V., Häkkilä, S., Oña, J. P., & Räty, J. P. (2023). Cost-Effective and Compact Measurement of Arsenic in Water (ARMINE Project-MITY). Proceedings, 92(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092062

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