Experimental and Numerical Assessment of the Hot Sheet Formability of Martensitic Stainless Steels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Initial State of Test Material
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.2.1. Procedure and Parameter Setup for the Thermomechanical Treatment of MSS
2.2.2. Definition of the Forming Temperature
2.2.3. Experimental Hot Deep Drawing Test
2.2.4. Determination of the Maximum Drawing Force and Maximum Drawing Depth
2.2.5. Determination of the Maximum Hardness of Specimen
2.3. Thermophysical Calculations
2.4. Structure of the FE-Model
2.5. Statistical Study–Analysis of Variance
3. Results
3.1. Martensitic Stainless Steel Alloys
3.2. Cooling Behaviour of Austenized MSS
3.3. Phase Transformation by Thermophysical Calculations
3.4. Influence of the Alloy Composition and the Forming Temperature on the Forming Forces
3.5. Influence of the Blank Diameter on the Maximum Drawing Depth
3.6. Influence of the Austenitzation Temperature and the Forming Temperature on the Hardness
3.7. Influence of the Austenitzation Time and the Forming Temperature on the Hardness
4. FE-Simulation of the Thermomechanical Treatment for MSS
4.1. Distribution of the Plastic Strain in the Cup
4.2. Distribution of the Contact Pressure between Workpiece and Tool during Forming
4.3. Simultaneous Cooling and Forming Behaviour during the Thermomechanical Treatment
5. Statistical Study—Analysis of Variance
5.1. Resulting Vickers Hardness
5.2. Resulting Maximum Drawing Depth
6. Discussion
6.1. Influence of the Alloy Composition and the Process Parameters on the Forming Forces
6.2. Influence of the Process Parameters on the Maximum Drawing Depth
6.3. Influence of the Process Parameters on the Mean Hardness
7. Conclusions
- Deep drawability:
- Forming forces:
- Hardenability:
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Austenitization Temperature Tγ (°C) | Austenitization Time tdwell (s) | Initial Forming Temperature (°C) | Blank Diameter (mm) | Flange Gap (mm) | Ram Speed (mm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1050, 1150 | 120, 300 | 700, 800, 900 | 170, 180, 190, 200 | 2.5 | 20 |
Austenitization Temperature (Tγ) (°C) | Austenitization Time (tdwell) (s) | Initial Forming Temperature (°C) | Blank Diameter (mm) | Flange Gap (mm) | Ram Speed (mm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1050 | 300 | 700, 800, 900 | 170 | 2.5 | 20 |
Alloy | C | Cr | Si | Mo | Mn | P | S | Ni | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X12Cr13 | 0.11 | 11.54 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.021 | <0.001 | 0.33 | 0.18 |
X30Cr13 | 0.36 | 13.47 | 0.47 | 0.94 | 0.42 | 0.021 | 0.002 | 0.38 | 0.06 |
X46Cr13 | 0.48 | 13.62 | 0.47 | 0.02 | 0.63 | 0.026 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.23 |
Alloy | Condition | Yield Strength (MPa) | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Fracture Elongation A50mm (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
X12Cr13 | Supply condition | 518 ± 19 | 651 ± 19 | 17 ± 0.1 |
X30Cr13 | Supply condition | 361 ± 6 | 611 ± 5 | 26 ± 0.2 |
X46Cr13 | Supply condition | 371 ± 3 | 633 ± 3 | 26 ± 0.1 |
Input Parameter | Degree of Freedom | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alloy | 2 | 159,651.02 | 79,825.51 | 78.74 | 5.46 × 10−6 |
Austenitization | 2 | 7344.17 | 3672.08 | 3.62 | 0.08 |
Forming temperature | 2 | 3406.55 | 1703.28 | 1.68 | 0.25 |
Alloy-Austenitization | 4 | 10,915.19 | 2728.80 | 2.69 | 0.11 |
Alloy-Forming temperature | 4 | 7230.37 | 1807.59 | 1.78 | 0.22 |
Austenitization-Forming temperature | 4 | 1323.33 | 330.83 | 0.33 | 0.85 |
Error | 8 | 8110.44 | 1013.80 | ||
Total | 26 | 197,981.07 |
Input Parameter | Degree of Freedom | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alloy | 2 | 159,651.02 | 79,825.51 | 78.74 | 5.46 × 10−6 |
Austenitization | 1 | 4485.71 | 4485.71 | 4.42 | 0.07 |
Dwell time | 1 | 2858.46 | 2858.46 | 2.82 | 0.13 |
Forming temp. | 2 | 3406.55 | 1703.28 | 1.68 | 0.25 |
Alloy-Austenitization | 2 | 2191.47 | 1095.73 | 1.08 | 0.38 |
Alloy-Dwell time | 2 | 8723.72 | 4361.86 | 4.30 | 0.05 |
Alloy-Forming temperature | 4 | 7230.37 | 1807.59 | 1.78 | 0.22 |
Austenitization-Forming temperature | 2 | 227.48 | 113.74 | 0.11 | 0.89 |
Dwell time-Forming temp. | 2 | 1095.85 | 547.92 | 0.54 | 0.60 |
Error | 8 | 8110.44 | 1013.80 | ||
Total | 26 | 197,981.07 |
Input Parameter | Degree of Freedom | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alloy | 2 | 17.36 | 8.68 | 0.78 | 0.49 |
Austenitization | 2 | 147.48 | 73.74 | 6.59 | 0.02 |
Forming temperature | 2 | 83.52 | 41.76 | 3.73 | 0.07 |
Alloy-Austenitization | 4 | 27.39 | 6.85 | 0.61 | 0.67 |
Alloy-Forming temperature | 4 | 89.86 | 22.46 | 2.01 | 0.19 |
Austenitization-Forming temperature | 4 | 69.90 | 17.47 | 1.56 | 0.27 |
Error | 8 | 89.54 | 11.19 | ||
Total | 26 | 525.05 |
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Birnbaum, P.; Meza-García, E.; Landgraf, P.; Grund, T.; Lampke, T.; Kräusel, V. Experimental and Numerical Assessment of the Hot Sheet Formability of Martensitic Stainless Steels. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2020, 4, 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4040122
Birnbaum P, Meza-García E, Landgraf P, Grund T, Lampke T, Kräusel V. Experimental and Numerical Assessment of the Hot Sheet Formability of Martensitic Stainless Steels. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2020; 4(4):122. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4040122
Chicago/Turabian StyleBirnbaum, Peter, Enrique Meza-García, Pierre Landgraf, Thomas Grund, Thomas Lampke, and Verena Kräusel. 2020. "Experimental and Numerical Assessment of the Hot Sheet Formability of Martensitic Stainless Steels" Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 4: 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4040122