The Influence of the Rolling Direction on the Mechanical Properties of the Al-Alloy EN AW-5454-D
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation, Performing of Analyses, and Testing
Metallographic Sample Preparation
2.3. Microstructural Analysis
2.3.1. Sample Preparation and Performance of the Hardness Measurements HV5
2.3.2. Sample Preparation and Performance of the Tensile Testing
2.4. Tensile Testing
Sample Preparation and Performance of the Charpy Impact Toughness Tests
2.5. Instrumented Charpy Test
Sample Preparation and Performance of the Testing of Fracture Mechanics
2.6. Fracture Mechanics
2.7. Analysis of the Fracture Surfaces
- Tensile testing: ALT3, ATT2, BLT2, and BTT1;
- Charpy testing with labels: ALC1, ATC1, BLC1, and BTC1;
- Fracture mechanics with labels: ALF1, ALF2, ATF1, and ATF2, at the sites where the crack was initiated from the notch, and at fractures that were about 1 mm away from the notch.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure
3.2. Hardness Measurements
3.3. Tensile Testing
3.4. Charpy Testing Results
3.5. Results of the Fracture Mechanics
3.6. EDX Analysis of Sample Fracture Surfaces for Fracture Mechanics
4. Summary and Conclusions
- On average, the measured hardness on the thinner sheet was 5% higher than the measured hardness on the thicker sheet.
- In the tensile testing, the longitudinal elongation of the thicker sheet was 11.5% greater than the transverse, and the longitudinal elongation of the thinner sheet was 0.7% greater than the transverse.
- Examined fracture surfaces show that the fractures are predominantly ductile but include some small local brittle zones.
- In the Charpy tests, the average work needed to break a thicker plate in the longitudinal direction was more than 20% greater than the work needed to break it in the transverse direction. In the case of the thinner sheet metal, the work required to break the specimen in the longitudinal direction was more than 40% greater than the work required to break the specimen in the transverse direction.
- In the Charpy tests, the intermetallic particles in the longitudinal samples were mostly intact, their distribution appeared random, and the upper part of the fracture showed tough areas along the edges of the pits, which indicates a better toughness than the tests in the transverse direction. More crushed intermetallic particles were observed at the fractures of the transverse samples, and their distribution appeared to be more oriented in the direction of rolling. This is reflected in the higher energy required for fracturing, which will be used in the future by the appropriate orientation of the sheet metal according to the direction of rolling in laser hybrid welding of subassemblies.
- The critical size of the JIC integral, as well as the fracture toughness of the longitudinally rolled SENB specimen, was about 50% greater than that of the transverse specimen. This was also confirmed by the higher resistance curve J–∆a.
- The state of the intermetallic particles on the mechanical SENB fractured surfaces was different from the intermetallic particles in the Charpy hammer fractures. On the longitudinal samples, the particles of the second phase were crushed, while the particles of the second phase on the samples in the transverse direction were mostly whole. The texture on the thinner sheet was stretched and oriented with more compressed intermetallic particles, which were smaller than on the thicker sheet.
- Particle resistance to crack growth in the longitudinal SENB specimen contributed to the energy that inhibited the crack. We will try to take advantage of this by properly orienting the sheet metal according to the direction of rolling in the preparation of welded joints.
- The performed EDX analysis showed an increased content of Mn and Fe at all the analysed points of the sample fracture surfaces, indicative of the intermetallic phase particles Al6(Mn,Fe). The analysed microstructure was a single-phase α-alumina with present phases of Al6(Mn, Fe) and Mg2Si.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thickness [mm] | Element | Si | Fe | Cu | Mn | Mg | Cr | Zn | Ti | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | - | - | - | 0.5 | 2.6 | 0.05 | - | - | Rest | |
Maximum | 0.25 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.05 | ||
3.5 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.06 | 0.79 | 2.86 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 95.70 | |
4.0 | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.76 | 2.85 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 95.73 |
Test | Thickness [mm] | Direction | Specimen | Thickness [mm] | Direction | Specimen |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hardness testing | 4.0 | AH1, AH2, AH3 | 3.5 | BH1, BH2, BH3 | ||
Tensile testing | 4.0 | L | ALT1, ALT2, ALT3 | 3.5 | L | BLT1, BLT2, BLT3 |
4.0 | T | ATT1, ATT2, ATT2 | 3.5 | T | BTT1, BTT2, BTT3 | |
Charpy | 4.0 | L | ALC1, ALC2, ALC3 | 3.5 | L | BLC1, BLC2, BLC3 |
4.0 | T | ATC1, ATC2, ATC3 | 3.5 | T | BTC1, BTC2, BTC3 | |
Fracture mechanics | 4.0 | L | ALF1, ALF2, ALF3 | 3.5 | L | BLF1, BLF2, BLF3 |
4.0 | T | ATF1, ATF2, ATF3 | 3.5 | T | BTF1, BTF2, BTF3 |
Polishing Agent | Load [N] | Rotational Speed [rpm] | Direction of Rotation | Time [min:s] |
---|---|---|---|---|
P600 sandpaper | 20 | 300/30 | Same direction | 5:00 |
9 μm diamond suspension + lubricant | 20 | 150/30 | Opposite direction | 5:00 |
3 μm diamond suspension + lubricant | 20 | 150/30 | Same direction | 4:00 |
1 μm diamond suspension + lubricant | 20 | 150/30 | Same direction | 2:30 |
0.06 μm colloidal silica + lubricant | 20 | 150/30 | Opposite direction | 2:00 |
Specimen Thickness [mm] | Specimen | No. of Measurements | Average Sample Hardness | Std. Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
4.0 | ALH1 | 14 | 81.4 | 5.9 |
ALH2 | 13 | 84.0 | 5.1 | |
ALH3 | 10 | 85.2 | 3.3 | |
Average of all AH samples | 37 | 83.3 | 5.2 | |
3.5 | BLH1 | 12 | 87.6 | 5.6 |
BLH2 | 16 | 85.9 | 5.9 | |
BLH3 | 16 | 88.4 | 5.9 | |
Average of all BH samples | 37 | 87.2 | 5.9 |
Nominal Thickness [mm] | Thickness [mm] | Rm [MPa] | Rp0.2 [MPa] | A80 [%] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.0 | Min. Max. | 3.94.1 | 220 260 | 90 130 | 18 |
Meas. | 3.96 | 240 | 105 | 20.3 | |
3.5 | Min. Max. | 3.4 3.6 | 220 260 | 90 130 | 18 |
Meas. | 3.47 | 240 | 105 | 20.2 |
Specimen Thickness [mm] | Direction | Specimen | E [GPa] | Rm [MPa] | Rp0.2 [MPa] | Ag [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.0 | L | ALT1 | 70.42 | 250.2 | 118.6 | 16.26 |
ALT2 | 71.99 | 250.5 | 117.9 | 17.02 | ||
ALT3 | 71.22 | 249.6 | 117.8 | 19.02 | ||
Average | 71.21 | 250.1 | 118.1 | 17.43 | ||
STD | 0.64 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 1.16 | ||
T | ATT1 | 70.01 | 243.6 | 116.9 | 14.73 | |
ATT2 | 70.99 | 243.5 | 116.7 | 15.89 | ||
ATT3 | 70.01 | 243.2 | 115.3 | 15.97 | ||
Average | 70.34 | 243.4 | 116.3 | 15.53 | ||
STD | 0.46 | 0.17 | 0.71 | 0.57 | ||
3.5 | L | BLT1 | 71.91 | 251.2 | 118.1 | 16.06 |
BLT2 | 69.66 | 252.9 | 118.6 | 18.02 | ||
BLT3 | 70.15 | 254.7 | 118.5 | 17.64 | ||
Average | 70.57 | 252.9 | 118.4 | 17.59 | ||
STD | 0.97 | 1.43 | 0.22 | 0.85 | ||
T | BTT1 | 70.02 | 244.2 | 116,9 | 16.27 | |
BTT2 | 68.36 | 245.8 | 115.7 | 15.03 | ||
BTT3 | 68.85 | 245.0 | 115.6 | 15.25 | ||
Average | 69.08 | 245.0 | 116.1 | 15.52 | ||
STD | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.54 |
Specimen Thickness [mm] | Direction | Sample | Impact Energy E [J] | Ei [J] | Ep [J] | KVpov [J/cm2] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.0 | L | ALC1 | 11.10 | 5.07 | 6.03 | 36.22 |
ALC2 | 11.66 | 5.29 | 6.37 | |||
T | ATC1 | 9.37 | 3.88 | 5.49 | 30.16 | |
ATC2 | 9.51 | 3.24 | 6.27 | |||
3.5 | L | BLC1 | 10.66 | 3.87 | 6.79 | 38.73 |
BLC2 | 10.54 | 4.46 | 6.08 | |||
T | BTC1 | 7.68 | 3.06 | 4.62 | 27.64 | |
BTC2 | 7.38 | 2.24 | 5.14 |
Spectrum | Mg | Al | Mn | Fe | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spectrum 1 | 1.37 | 81.29 | 6.86 | 10.48 | 100 |
Spectrum 2 | 0.98 | 79.90 | 9.94 | 9.18 | 100 |
Spectrum 3 | 1.45 | 79.82 | 7.16 | 11.57 | 100 |
Spectrum 4 | 0.29 | 76.31 | 10.47 | 12.93 | 100 |
Spectrum 5 | 0.36 | 77.91 | 9.18 | 12.55 | 100 |
Spectrum 6 | 0.43 | 79.07 | 8.06 | 12.44 | 100 |
Mean | 0.81 | 79.06 | 8.61 | 11.52 | 100 |
Std. Dev. | 0.52 | 1.74 | 1.49 | 1.44 | |
Max. | 1.45 | 81.29 | 10.47 | 12.93 | |
Min. | 0.29 | 76.31 | 6.86 | 9.18 |
Spectrum | Mg | Al | Mn | Fe | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spectrum 1 | 0.61 | 77.90 | 8.70 | 12.79 | 100 |
Spectrum 2 | 0.49 | 73.62 | 9.32 | 16.57 | 100 |
Spectrum 3 | 0.30 | 79.15 | 7.93 | 12.62 | 100 |
Spectrum 4 | 0.33 | 68.63 | 13.92 | 17.12 | 100 |
Spectrum 5 | 0.66 | 74.52 | 9.54 | 15.28 | 100 |
Spectrum 6 | 1.45 | 53.54 | 18.10 | 26.91 | 100 |
Mean | 0.64 | 71.23 | 11.25 | 16.88 | 100 |
Std. Dev. | 0.42 | 9.41 | 3.95 | 5.26 | |
Max. | 1.45 | 79.15 | 18.10 | 26.91 | |
Min. | 0.64 | 71.23 | 11.25 | 16.88 |
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Balant, M.; Vuherer, T.; Majerič, P.; Rudolf, R. The Influence of the Rolling Direction on the Mechanical Properties of the Al-Alloy EN AW-5454-D. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8, 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8050217
Balant M, Vuherer T, Majerič P, Rudolf R. The Influence of the Rolling Direction on the Mechanical Properties of the Al-Alloy EN AW-5454-D. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2024; 8(5):217. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8050217
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalant, Matjaž, Tomaž Vuherer, Peter Majerič, and Rebeka Rudolf. 2024. "The Influence of the Rolling Direction on the Mechanical Properties of the Al-Alloy EN AW-5454-D" Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 8, no. 5: 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8050217
APA StyleBalant, M., Vuherer, T., Majerič, P., & Rudolf, R. (2024). The Influence of the Rolling Direction on the Mechanical Properties of the Al-Alloy EN AW-5454-D. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 8(5), 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8050217