Bond Behavior of Stainless-Steel and Ordinary Reinforcement Bars in Refractory Castables under Elevated Temperatures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Materials Properties
3.2. Pull-Out Tests
- Ribbed S500 steel bars in CC1 cubes. The bond of the reference CC1 samples (heated at 110 °C) was too strong to allow for pulling-out failure of the specimens—the reinforcement breakage was the test consequence. Therefore, Figure 4a does not include the ‘Reference’ diagrams. In addition, reinforcement failure was observed at all temperature ranges, making S500 steel unsuitable for structural use in combination with the modified CC1 castable.
- Ribbed S500 steel bars in CC0 cubes. Figure 4b shows the expected results for the specimens until 400 °C—the bond resistance is proportional to the compression test results in Figure 2b. With the temperature reaching 800 °C, the bond strength does not change. At the same time, the CC0 samples’ failure remains ductile regarding CC1 specimens (Figure 4a). Figure 4b shows that the bond performance of the CC0 cubes drastically decreases after exceeding the 10 mm pull-out deformation.
- Smooth stainless 304 steel bars in CC1 cubes. Figure 4c shows a substantial bond strength reduction after heating the samples already at 400 °C. After a 1000 °C treatment, the concrete lost contact with reinforcement, and the bars were pulled out by hand. Therefore, Figure 4c does not include diagrams corresponding to the temperature of 1000 °C. In other words, the composite effect in the specimens reinforced with plain bars disappeared after heating, making it inefficient for structural application.
- Ribbed stainless 304 steel bars in CC1 cubes. Figure 4e shows that combining the ribbed bars with the modified mixture of CC1 resulted in the best bonding performance, almost doubling the pull-out resistance compared to the smooth bars (Figure 4c) and CC0 cubes (Figure 4d). Although the stainless 304 steel results are comparable to S500 in the CC1 cubes (Figure 4a), the higher tensile strength of the stainless 304 steel (Figure 3c) compared to the structural S500 bar (Figure 3a) prevents the bar failure. The deformation increase in Figure 4a regarding Figure 4d results from the yielding of S500 steel. Thus, the ductile debonding of the stainless 304 steel shows the practical application possibility of such composites at elevated temperatures.
- Ribbed stainless 304 steel bars in CC0 cubes. Figure 4e shows that the ribbed bars significantly improve the bonding performance compared to the smooth bars (Figure 4c). However, the ultimate resistance of the S500 bars in the same concrete (Figure 4b) was not reached. That is a consequence of the different shapes of the reinforcement ribs (Figure 1b). However, the improved mechanical performance of the modified castable CC1 also improves the bond performance (Figure 4d), making the latter combination promising for structural use.
3.3. Bond Failure Mechanisms
3.4. Further Investigation
4. Conclusions
- The mechanical interlock ensures reinforcement to the refractory material after high-temperature heating. Structural S500 steel bars demonstrated bonding ability with the modified castable even after heating at 1000 °C. However, these samples’ brittle fracture was characteristic, demonstrating this combination’s irrelevance for structural applications. Moreover, the SEM analysis determined the iron carbonization signs at the bar surface inside the concrete, which also reduces the bond strength.
- Replacing the S500 ribbed bars with stainless 304 steel ribbed bars was efficient. In particular, the stainless-steel ribbed bars showed good pull-out results comparable to S500 and CC1 under elevated temperatures but without brittle failure risks. However, high temperatures still significantly affect bond performance, and there is room for improvement in the refractory concrete mixture.
- The smooth surface stainless-steel bars demonstrated a substantial reduction in bond strength after 400 °C and complete loss of contact with concrete after 1000 °C. This result proclaims the inability of these bars to reinforce concrete elements under elevated temperatures.
- The scatter of the bond properties sometimes exceeding 50% makes the mechanical characteristics unreliable, proclaiming the necessity of developing a more reliable bonding system. This study revealed a promising potential of combining the stainless-steel ribbed bars with modified CC1 castable, the optimization of which describes a further research object.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mix | CAC | Chamotte BOS145 | SiO2 | Milled Quartz Sand | Deflocculant Castament FS30 * | Water * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crushed | Milled | ||||||
CC0 | 25 | 60 | 15 | – | – | – | 14.3 |
CC1 | 25 | 60 | 10 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 7.5 |
Mix | Steel | Surface | 110 °C | 400 °C | 600 °C | 800 °C | 1000 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC0 | 304 | Ribbed | 5/4 | 3/4 | 4/4 | 4/4 | 4/4 |
S500 | Ribbed | 4/5 | 5/5 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 3/6 | |
CC1 | 304 | Smooth | 5/– ** | 4/– ** | 4/– ** | 3/– ** | 4/– ** |
304 | Ribbed | 4/4 | 3/3 | 4/3 | 4/4 | 4/4 | |
S500 | Ribbed | 5(5)/4 ◊ | 8(3)/5 ◊ | 7(1 + 1)/5 ‡ | 10(4)/5 ◊ | 6(5)/5 ◊ |
Steel | Mix | Parameter | 110 °C | 400 °C | 600 °C | 800 °C | 1000 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S500 | CC0 | τel (MPa) | 13.23 ± 6.54 | 13.75 ± 1.80 | 9.20 ± 3.01 | 11.90 ± 1.07 | 6.87 ± 0.25 |
τmax (MPa) | 20.63 ± 2.04 | 15.57 ± 1.66 | 14.55 ± 0.36 | 14.97 ± 0.64 | 11.18 ± 3.39 | ||
uel (mm) | 0.73 ± 0.22 | 1.08 ± 0.09 | 0.85 ± 0.45 | 0.53 ± 0.19 | 1.38 ± 1.71 | ||
uult (mm) | 0.86 ± 0.26 | 0.62 ± 0.08 | 0.75 ± 0.40 | 5.26 ± 1.28 | 6.35 ± 0.14 | ||
CC1 | τel (MPa) | – | 12.70 ± 5.01 | 12.62 ± 7.76 | 10.04 ± 1.5 | 9.25 * | |
τmax (MPa) | – | 31.29 ± 1.67 | 26.92 ± 1.76 | 19.16 ± 0.58 | 16.82 * | ||
uel (mm) | – | 0.50 ± 0.34 | 0.44 ± 0.31 | 1.74 ± 1.58 | 0.3 * | ||
uult (mm) | – | 2.36 ± 1.12 | 5.77 ± 2.33 | 11.06 ± 2.09 | 17.36 * | ||
304 | CC0 | τel (MPa) | 12.92 ± 3.50 | 8.60 ± 0.43 | 7.18 ± 0.88 | 5.37 ± 0.69 | 6.15 ± 0.81 |
τmax (MPa) | 17.42 ± 1.06 | 10.18 ± 0.75 | 9.59 ± 0.17 | 9.34 ± 0.42 | 7.50 ± 0.40 | ||
uel (mm) | 0.48 ± 0.20 | 0.43 ± 0.05 | 0.95 ± 0.50 | 0.30 ± 0.06 | 0.63 ± 0.15 | ||
uult (mm) | 0.91 ± 0.08 | 1.20 ± 0.92 | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.11 | ||
CC1 | τel (MPa) | 27.6 ± 4.21 | 19.58 ± 0.70 | 20.83 ± 0.89 | 17.85 ± 1.76 | 10.33 ± 1.18 | |
τmax (MPa) | 34.62 ± 1.89 | 21.66 ± 2.48 | 22.37 ± 4.01 | 19.91 ± 0.67 | 15.13 ± 0.62 | ||
uel (mm) | 0.80 ± 0.37 | 0.59 ± 0.14 | 1.03 ± 0.64 | 1.10 ± 0.41 | 0.75 ± 0.11 | ||
uult (mm) | 1.31 ± 0.20 | 0.78 ± 0.33 | 1.42 ± 0.87 | 1.42 ± 0.26 | 3.34 ± 0.70 |
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Plioplys, L.; Kudžma, A.; Sokolov, A.; Antonovič, V.; Gribniak, V. Bond Behavior of Stainless-Steel and Ordinary Reinforcement Bars in Refractory Castables under Elevated Temperatures. J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7, 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120485
Plioplys L, Kudžma A, Sokolov A, Antonovič V, Gribniak V. Bond Behavior of Stainless-Steel and Ordinary Reinforcement Bars in Refractory Castables under Elevated Temperatures. Journal of Composites Science. 2023; 7(12):485. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120485
Chicago/Turabian StylePlioplys, Linas, Andrius Kudžma, Aleksandr Sokolov, Valentin Antonovič, and Viktor Gribniak. 2023. "Bond Behavior of Stainless-Steel and Ordinary Reinforcement Bars in Refractory Castables under Elevated Temperatures" Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 12: 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120485