A Study of the Impact of Graphite on the Kinetics of SPS in Nano- and Submicron WC-10%Co Powder Compositions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Sintering of Submicron Powders
3.2. Sintering of Nanopowders
4. Discussion
4.1. Analysis of Kinetics of Isothermal Sintering of Submicron Powders
4.2. Analysis of the Kinetics of Non-Isothermal Sintering of Nano- and Submicron Powders
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Ref. | Hard Alloy | Sintering Mode (1) | Characteristics of Hard Alloys | Initial Powder | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V, °C/min | P, MPa | Ts, °C | ts, min | ρ/ρth, % | XRD Phase Composition | d, μm | Hv, GPa | KIC, MPa⋅m1/2 | |||||
[13] | WC-11Co | 200 | 25 | 1100 | 5 | ~97 | No data | 0.77 | 92.5 HRA | - | 544 nm (7) | ||
[14] | WC-8Co | ~25–30 | 10–25 | 1150–1200 | 5–18 | 100 | No data | 0.35 | - | - | 0.12–0.15 μm (7) | ||
[15] | WC-8Co | 1000 | 60 | 1150 | 65 s | 98.4 | WC, Co | 0.42 | 18.81 | 10.5 (3) | <0.4 μm (7) | ||
WC-10Co | 98.9 | 0.38 | 17.56 | 11.6 (3) | |||||||||
WC-12Co | 99.2 | 0.365 | 17.35 | 12.2 (3) | |||||||||
[16] | WC-10Co | No data | 30 | 1200 | 5 | 98.72 | WC, W2C, Co | 0.7 | 17.19 | - | 0.491% O | ||
30 | 1300 | 5 | 99.34 | ~1 | 15.31 | - | |||||||
[17] | WC-11Co | 100 | 40 | 1250 | 10 | 100 | No data | 0.54 | 18.3 | 11.6 | 200 nm (7), 0.11%Cfree, 0.38%O. | ||
WC-11Co-0.3VC | 99.8 | - | 18.5 | 12.3 | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.5VC | 99.9 | 0.38 | 19.0 | 11.5 | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.7VC | 99.6 | 0.38 | 17.0 | 10.5 | |||||||||
[18] | WC-12Co | 600 | 60 | 1100 | 5 | 97 | No data | ~1 | 22.5 | 15.3 (3) | 40–80 nm (7) | ||
1200 | 99 | ~1 | 22.0 | 11.9 (3) | |||||||||
[19] | WC-10Co | 100 | 100 | 1000 | 10 | 99 | No data | ~0.3 | ~18 | ~12 | 40–100 nm (7) | ||
[20] | WC-11Co | 100 | 40 | 1200 | 5 | 97.0 | No data | - | - | - | - | ||
WC-11Co-0.3VC | 97.8 | - | - | - | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.5VC | 99.5 | - | - | - | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.2Cr3C2 | 97.6 | - | - | - | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.4Cr3C2 | 97.5 | - | - | - | |||||||||
[21] | WC-12Co | 150 | 50 | 1100 | 10 | 99.89 | No data | 0.80 | 14.5 | 10.9 | 0.42 μm (7), 5.32–5.36%C, 0.225%O | ||
WC-12Co-0.5VC | 97.66 | 0.55 | 14.9 | 10.86 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-1VC | 95.94 | 0.47 | 15.7 | 11.42 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-1.5VC | 90.08 | - | 15.87 | 11.43 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.75VC-0.25Cr3C2 | 96.64 | 0.49 | 15.9 | 12.1 | |||||||||
[22] | WC-10Co (2) | 6 | 60 | 1180 | 10 | 14.57 g/cm3 | No data | 0.48 | 16.43 | 13.1 | 0.8 μm (7) | ||
[23] | WC-11Co | 100 | 40 | 1200 | 5 | 99.6 | No data | - | - | - | WC: 0.25 μm, 0.38%O, 0.11%Cfree; Co: 60 nm, 0.32%O, Cr3C2: 3.6 μm, 0.22%O, 0.18%Cfree; VC: 2.94 μm, 0.24%O, 0.75%Cfree | ||
WC-11Co-0.3VC | 99.7 | - | 18.3 | ~12 | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.5VC | 99.8 | - | 18.5 | ~11.5 | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.7VC | 99.4 | - | - | - | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.2Cr3C2 | 99.3 | 0.48 | - | - | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.4Cr3C2 | 98.8 | 0.456 | - | - | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.6Cr3C2 | 98.6 | 0.435 | - | - | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.3VC-0.2Cr3C2 | 99.5 | 0.44 | 18.0 | ~13 | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.3VC-0.4Cr3C2 | 98.8 | 0.366 | 18.6 | ~12.2 | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.3VC-0.6Cr3C2 | 98.8 | 0.545 | 18.1 | ~12.8 | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.5VC-0.2Cr3C2 | 99.6 | 0.41 | 18.6 | ~16.2 | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.5VC-0.4Cr3C2 | 99.6 | 0.35 | 19.2 | ~14.2 | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.5VC-0.6Cr3C2 | 97.5 | 0.488 | 17.5 | ~14 | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.7VC-0.2Cr3C2 | 97.2 | 0.55 | - | - | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.7VC-0.4Cr3C2 | - | 0.523 | - | - | |||||||||
WC-11Co-0.7VC-0.6Cr3C2 | 98.0 | - | - | - | |||||||||
[24] | WC-12Co | 100 | 60 | 1240 | - | - | No data | 0.28 | 15.69 | ~9.4 (4) | 0.18 μm (7), 6.16%C, 0.09%Cfree | ||
WC-12Co-0.9NbC | 0.26 | ~16.4 | ~8.8 (4) | ||||||||||
WC-12Co-0.9Cr3C2 | 0.22 | ~16.5 | ~10.1 (4) | ||||||||||
WC-12Co-0.9VC | 0.18 | 17.26 | ~9.2 (4) | ||||||||||
[25] | WC-10Co | - | 60 | 1150 | 10 | ~98.7 | No data | ~0.17 | 87 HRA | ~6 | 0.2 μm (7). Co: 28 nm | ||
~97.8 | ~0.23 | 94.5 HRA | 13.5 | 0.2 μm (7) Co: 45 μm | |||||||||
[26] | WC-12Co | 100 | 60 | 1240 | 2 | 98.9 | No data | 0.27 | 15.5 | - | 0.18 μm(7), 6.16%C, 0.09%Cfree | ||
WC-12Co-0.9VC | 98.5 | 0.17 | ~17 | - | |||||||||
[27] | WC-10Co | - | 30 | 1200 | - | 95.7 | No data | - | - | - | 200 nm (7) | ||
[28] | WC-12Co | 100 | 100 | 1100 | 5 | 100 | WC, Co, W3Co3C, W6Co6C | ~0.30 | ~18.8 | ~9.0 (4) | 91 nm (7) | ||
100 | ~0.37 | ~18.3 | ~8.9 (4) | 47 nm (7) | |||||||||
100 | ~0.39 | ~17.8 | ~9.3 (4) | 127 nm (7) | |||||||||
[29] | WC-12Co-0.8C | 100 | 80 | 1100 | 5 | 99.94 | WC, Co | 0.216 | ~18.3 | ~10.6 (4) | 40–80 nm(7) | ||
WC-12Co-0.8C-1Cr3C2 | 99.79 | 0.207 | ~18.6 | ~10.4 (4) | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.8C-1VC | 98.95 | 0.154 | ~20 | ~10 (4) | |||||||||
[30] | WC-12Co-0.8C | 100 | 80 | 1100 | 5 | 99.94 | No data | 0.216 | 20.4 | 9.1 | 30–80 nm (7) | ||
WC-12Co-0.8C-1Cr3C2 | 99.74 | 0.207 | 20.1 | 9.3 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.8C-1VC | 98.95 | 0.154 | 19.6 | 10.4 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.8C-0.5Cr3C2–0.5VC | 99.15 | 0.190 | 19.8 | 9.5 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.8C | 95.56 | 0.248 | 20.3 | 8.5 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.8C-0.5Cr3C2 | 98.18 | 0.240 | 19.9 | 8.8 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.8C-0.5VC | 97.99 | 0.235 | 19.4 | 9.0 | |||||||||
[31] | WC-12Co | 100 | 50 | 1150 | 6 | 99.8 | No data | 1.02 | 14.17 | 10.9 | |||
WC-12Co-1.3Y2O3 | 99.7 | 0.98 | 14.47 | 11.9 | |||||||||
[32] | WC-10Co- -0.2VC-0.8Cr3C2 | SPS | 100 | 60 | 1160 | 10 | 14.54 g/cm3 | WC-Co, Co6W6C | 0.35 | 17.07 | 12.1 | 90 nm (7), 5.61%C,0.19%O, 0.19%Cfree | |
HIP | 8 | - | 1420 | 60 | 14.50 g/cm3 | 0.50 | 15.43 | 13.6 | |||||
[33] | WC-10Co | 100 | 60 | 1150 | 0 | 98.0 | WC-Co | 0.085 | 20.5 | 11.13 | - | ||
[34] | WC-10Co-5TiC | 85–90 | 57.3 | 1200 | 13 | 100 | WC, Co, TiC | 1.2 | 14.84 | - | 0.45–0.9 μm (+ 5% 0.1–0.15μm) (7) | ||
[35,36] | WC-8Co | 100 | 70 | 1250 | 5 | 14.4 g/cm3 | WC, Co | 0.20 | 21.1 | 10.4 | 60 nm (7). 6.13%C, 0.09%O | ||
[37] | WC-3Co | 400 | 80 | 1400 | - | 97.1 | WC, Co | - | 19.4 | 8.8 | - | ||
WC-6Co | 97.6 | - | 17.9 | 9.1 | |||||||||
WC-9Co | 98.1 | - | 16.4 | 9.8 | |||||||||
[38,39,40] | WC-4Co | 100 | 30 | 1300 | 5 | 97.6 | No data | 0.227 | 23.20 | 10.45 (5) | 60 nm (7) | ||
WC-6Co | 97.8 | 0.258 | 21.47 | 11.2 (5) | |||||||||
WC-8Co | 98.0 | 0.314 | 19.87 | 12.27 (5) | |||||||||
WC-10Co | 98.5 | 0.356 | 18.32 | 13.16 (5) | |||||||||
WC-12Co | 98.6 | 0.362 | 17.79 | 13.69 (5) | |||||||||
WC-14Co | 98.6 | 0.374 | 17.48 | 15.46 (5) | |||||||||
WC-8Co-0.2VC-1CBN | 1250 | 98.3 | 0.246 | 20.81 | 13.01 (5) | ||||||||
[41] | WC-8Co | 100 | 70 | 1350 | 5 | - | WC, Co | 0.28 | 19.7 | 11.5 (6) | 60 nm (7) | ||
WC-8Co-0.4VC | - | 20.8 | 9.7 (6) | ||||||||||
WC-8Co-0.4Cr3C2 | - | 20.2 | 10.0 (6) | ||||||||||
WC-8Co-0.4TaC | - | 20.3 | 11.3 (6) | ||||||||||
WC-8Co-0.8VC | 0.17 | 21.8 | 9.4 (6) | ||||||||||
WC-8Co-0.8Cr3C2 | 0.23 | 20.2 | 10.4 (6) | ||||||||||
WC-8Co-0.8TaC | 0.25 | 19.9 | 10.6 (6) | ||||||||||
WC-8Co-0.4Cr3C2-0.4VC | 0.20 | 21.2 | 10.4 (6) | ||||||||||
WC-8Co-0.4%TaC-0.4VC | 0.22 | 20.8 | 10.3 (6) | ||||||||||
WC-8Co-0.4TaC-0.4Cr3C2 | - | 20.6 | 10.9 (6) | ||||||||||
[42] | WC-8Co | 100 | 40 | 1300 | 5 | 99.42 | WC, Co, Al2O3 | 1.1 | 16.2 | ~12 | 1.54 μm (7), RAl2O3 = 20 nm | ||
WC-8Co-0.25Al2O3 | 99.18 | 1.0 | 16.9 | ~12.2 | |||||||||
WC-8Co-0.5Al2O3 | 99.04 | 0.9 | 17.16 | ~12.95 | |||||||||
WC-8Co-0.75Al2O3 | 98.98 | 0.95 | 16.9 | ~12.1 | |||||||||
WC-8Co-1Al2O3 | 98.88 | 1.0 | 16.65 | ~11.6 | |||||||||
[43] | WC-8Co | 100 | 50 | 1300 | 5 | 97.2 | WC | - | 18.26 | 10.63 (6) | 2.71 μm (7) | ||
[44] | WC-10Co+graphite (3.25%C) | - | 30 | 1050 | 3 | 98.5 | WC, Co | 0.061 | 23.56 | 12.5 (6) | - | ||
[45] | WC-9Co | 100 | 45 | 1200 | 10 | 93.9 | No data | - | 14.11 | - | 3.5μm (7) | ||
50 | 1250 | 92.8 | - | 14.95 | - | 0.1 μm (7) | |||||||
[46] | WC-10Co-0.2VC-1CBN | 100 | 30 | 1300 | 5 | 98.3 | WC, Co, VC, cBN | ~1 | 20.17 | 12.19 (5) | 60 nm (7) | ||
WC-10Co-0.2VC-5CBN | 96.3 | - | 18.33 | 11.93 (5) | |||||||||
WC-10Co-0.2VC-9CBN | 89.1 | - | 11.58 | 10.25 (5) | |||||||||
WC-10Co-0.5VC-1CBN | 97.4 | - | 19.87 | 11.82 (5) | |||||||||
WC-10Co-0.5VC-5CBN | 94.1 | - | 16.26 | 11.48 (5) | |||||||||
WC-10Co-0.5VC-9CBN | 90.0 | - | 11.11 | 10.13 (5) | |||||||||
WC-10Co-0.8VC-1CBN | 96.8 | - | 20.48 | 11.78 (5) | |||||||||
WC-10Co-0.8VC-5CBN | 94.0 | - | 15.22 | 10.34 (5) | |||||||||
WC-10Co-0.8VC-9CBN | 89.3 | - | 10.75 | 9.80 (5) | |||||||||
[47] | WC-8%Co | 100 | 40 | 1250 | 5 | WC, Co | 60 nm (7) | ||||||
- ultrasonic vibration method | 99.1 | 0.28 | 18.8 | 11.4 (6) | |||||||||
- ball-milling method (12 h) | 97.1 | 0.35 | 18.1 | 11.7 (6) | |||||||||
- ball-milling method (24 h) | 94.6 | 0.42 | 17.7 | 10.5 (6) | |||||||||
[48] | WC-10Co | 50 | 50 | 1300 | 10 | 99.27 | WC, Co | - | 13.0 | 12.97 | <1 μm (7) | ||
[49] | WC-8Co | SPS | - | 50 | 1200 | 5 | - | No data | ~1 | 13.5 | 16.46 | - | |
Sinter-HIP | 6 | 1500 | - | - | ~0.5 | 18.73 | 12.09 | ||||||
[50] | WC-12Co | 100 | 50 | 1200 | 5 | ~98.1 | WC, Co, CeO2 | 0.34 | 18.7 | 12.5 | 200 nm (7), RCeO2 = 10 nm 0.11%Cfree | ||
WC-12Co-0.05CeO2 | ~98.6 | 0.27 | 19.05 | 13.4 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.1CeO2 | ~99.5 | 0.22 | 19.98 | 14.4 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.3CeO2 | ~98.2 | 0.23 | 19.62 | 14.3 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.6CeO2 | ~98.0 | 0.23 | 19.1 | 12.9 | |||||||||
[51] | WC-12Co | 100 | 80 | 1100 | 5 | 99.9 | WC, Co | 0.216 | 18.47 | - | 40–80 nm (7) | ||
WC-12Co-1Cr3C2 | 99.8 | 0.207 | 18.72 | - | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.5Cr3C2-0.5VC | 99.2 | 0.19 | 19.23 | - | |||||||||
WC-12Co-1VC | 98.9 | 0.154 | 19.98 | - | |||||||||
[52] | WC-10Co-0.86VC | 100 | 60 | 1150 | 0 | - | WC, Co, VC, Co3W3C | 0.127 | 19.6 | 10.2 | - | ||
WC-10Co-1.15VC | 0.123 | 19.3 | 9.9 | ||||||||||
WC-10Co-2VC | 0.102 | 20.2 | 9.7 | ||||||||||
WC-10Co-5VC | 0.097 | 21.0 | 9.0 | ||||||||||
WC-10Co-10VC | 0.097 | 18.46 | 8.0 | ||||||||||
[53] | WC-12Co | 50 | 79.6 | 1220 | 3 | 96.9 | WC, Co | 0.192 | ~15 | ~9 | SBET = 3.932m2/g (7) | ||
100 | 63.7 | 1250 | 5 | 97.1 | 0.182 | ~15.4 | ~9 | ||||||
400 | 79.6 | 1300 | 1 | 95.5 | 0.194 | ~13.5 | ~9.2 | ||||||
[54] | WC-12%Co | - | - | 1250 | 5 | 99.8 | No data | 0.195 | 16.7 | 10.6 | - | ||
[55] | WC-9Co-0.6VC | 100 | 50 | 1200 | - | 98.83 | No data | 0.042 | 13.76 | 13.0 | 3.5 μm (7) | ||
WC-9Co-0.6Cr3C2 | 1200 | 99.15 | 0.036 | 14.59 | 12.3 | ||||||||
WC-9Co-0.6VC | 1200 | 97.47 | 0.02 | 8.52 | 11.23 | 10 nm (7) | |||||||
1300 | 98.43 | 0.042 | 6.05 | 10.25 | |||||||||
WC-9Co-0.6Cr3C2 | 1200 | 97.54 | 0.019 | 8.0 | 9.0 | ||||||||
1300 | 98.36 | 0.039 | 14.45 | 13.15 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.6VC | 1200 | 98.35 | 0.037 | 9.57 | 9.41 | ||||||||
1300 | 98.78 | 0.065 | 14.32 | 8.53 | |||||||||
WC-12Co-0.6Cr3C2 | 1200 | 97.55 | 0.071 | 3.12 | 10.15 | ||||||||
1300 | 99.13 | 0.071 | 15.2 | 9.23 | |||||||||
[56] | WC-5Co | - | 50 | 1400 | 10 | 98 | No data | - | 13.71 | - | 300 nm (7), “core WC—shell Co” | ||
1450 | 98 | - | 12.78 | - | |||||||||
WC-10Co | - | 1400 | 10 | 97 | - | 12.72 | - | ||||||
1450 | 96 | - | 13.49 | - | |||||||||
[57] | WC-12Co | 100 | 60 | 1250 | 10 | 98.2 | WC, Co | 0.22- 0.591 | 19.8- 23.6 | - | - | ||
[58] | WC-12Co | 106 | 50 | 1130 | 5 | 13.8 g/cm3 | WC, Co | 2.22 | 13.19 | 14.6 | 2.3 μm (7) |
Appendix B
Investigation of Uniformity of the Phase Composition of the WC-10Co Hard Alloys Obtained by SPS
Processing Stage | Depth from the Surface L, μm | Fraction of the η-Phase (Co3W3C), % Mass | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Specimen #1 | Specimen #2 | Specimen #3 | ||
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 150 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 340 | “Traces” of η-phase detected | ||
4 | 380 | 12.7 ± 0.8 | 12.1 ± 0.7 | 15.2 ± 0.9 |
5 | 440 | 17.5 ± 0.9 | 13.7 ± 0.8 | 16.6 ± 0.9 |
6 | 500 | 17.7 ± 0.9 | 19.8 ± 0.9 | 18.2 ± 0.9 |
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Powder | Concentration, wt.% | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | C | O | N | Co | Fe | Al | Ti | Mo | Cr | Ta | V | |
α-WC submicron powder (series #1) | balance | 6.07 | 0.14 | - | <10−3 | 3 × 10−3 | <10−3 | <10−3 | 10−3 | 10−3 | <10−3 | 0.15 |
α-WC nanopowder (series #2) | balance | 6.36 | 0.75 | 0.06 | <10−3 | 9.6 × 10−5 | 1.9 × 10−4 | - | 5.4 × 10−5 | 2 × 10−5 | - | - |
β-Co powder | - | 0.12 | 0.41 | 0.04 | balance | 2.2 × 10−3 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Graphite Concentration, wt.% | Series 1 Powder | Series 2 Powder | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ρ/ρth, % | d, μm | fη, wt.% | T1, °C | T2, °C | ρ/ρth, % | d, μm | fη, wt.% | T1, °C | T2, °C | |
0 | 99.6 | 0.4–0.5 | 8 | <800 | 1100 | 100.2 (*) | 0.1–0.5 | >40 | 850 | 1050 |
0.1 | 99.7 | 0.4–0.5 | 6 | <800 | 1100 | - | - | - | - | - |
0.2 | 99.5 | 0.4–0.5 | 0 | <800 | 1080 | - | - | - | - | - |
0.3 | 99.4 | 0.4–0.5 | 0 | <800 | 1060 | - | - | - | - | - |
0.4 | 99.5 | 0.4–0.5 | 0 | <800 | 1060 | - | - | - | - | - |
0.5 | 99.3 | 0.4–0.5 | 0 | <800 | 1040 | 100.0 | 0.1–0.5 | 33 | 850 | 1025 |
1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | 98.6 | 0.1–1 | 14 | 820 | 1000 |
1.5 | - | - | - | - | - | 96.3 | 0.1–5 | 0 | <800 | 990 |
Graphite Concentration, wt.% | Mechanical Properties (1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Series #1 | Series #2 | |||
Hv, GPa | KIC, MPa·m1/2 | Hv, GPa | KIC, MPa·m1/2 | |
0 | 18.6 | 5.9 | 19.5–20 (2) | 5–6 (2) |
0.5 | 20.9 | 5.4 | 19.3 | 5.7 |
1.0 | - | - | 19.5 | 7.7 |
1.5 | - | - | 19.4 | 8.0 |
Graphite Concentration, wt.% | Activation Energy Qs(I), kTm (±2.5 kTm) | Activation Energy Qs(II), kTm (±2 kTm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Series 1 | Series 2 | Series 1 | Series 2 | |
0 | 10 | 14 | 34 | 18 |
0.1 | 11 | - | 30 | - |
0.2 | 9 | - | 16 | - |
0.3 | 8 | - | 17 | - |
0.4 | 9 | - | 14 | - |
0.5 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 25 |
1.0 | - | 7 | - | 20 |
1.5 | - | 8 | - | 12 |
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Lantcev, E.; Nokhrin, A.; Malekhonova, N.; Boldin, M.; Chuvil’deev, V.; Blagoveshchenskiy, Y.; Isaeva, N.; Andreev, P.; Smetanina, K.; Murashov, A. A Study of the Impact of Graphite on the Kinetics of SPS in Nano- and Submicron WC-10%Co Powder Compositions. Ceramics 2021, 4, 331-363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4020025
Lantcev E, Nokhrin A, Malekhonova N, Boldin M, Chuvil’deev V, Blagoveshchenskiy Y, Isaeva N, Andreev P, Smetanina K, Murashov A. A Study of the Impact of Graphite on the Kinetics of SPS in Nano- and Submicron WC-10%Co Powder Compositions. Ceramics. 2021; 4(2):331-363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4020025
Chicago/Turabian StyleLantcev, Eugeniy, Aleksey Nokhrin, Nataliya Malekhonova, Maksim Boldin, Vladimir Chuvil’deev, Yuriy Blagoveshchenskiy, Nataliya Isaeva, Pavel Andreev, Kseniya Smetanina, and Artem Murashov. 2021. "A Study of the Impact of Graphite on the Kinetics of SPS in Nano- and Submicron WC-10%Co Powder Compositions" Ceramics 4, no. 2: 331-363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4020025