J, Volume 8, Issue 3 (September 2025) – 15 articles

During the last decades, there have been increasing concerns in public health debates regarding the production and consumption of red meat, considering connections between the occurrence of nutrition transition and an increase in the prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases. The consumption of red meat has been linked to adverse health outcomes; however, current evidence reveals controversies regarding the intake of diverse red meats. In addition, barriers to meat consumption include sanitary legislation linked to foodborne diseases connected to livestock, whilst governments of diverse countries provide incentives for its production and export worldwide. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the evolution in the global trade of processed and unprocessed red meat from 1986 to 2023, using network analysis. Data on the trade of red meat between pairs of 216 countries were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization Database (FAOSTAT). The dataset, comprising the mean annual volume of processed and unprocessed red meat exchanged from reporting countries (origin) to partner countries (destination), was used to map global trade networks of red meats and identify global trends in red meat consumption according to country income level. The results indicate substantial intensification in the global trade of processed (0.202 in 1986 to 0.453 kg per capita in 2023) and unprocessed red meat (1.415 in 1986 to 3.315 Kg per capita in 2023). The volume of trade of unprocessed red meat remains greater than the volume processed red meat; yet, the findings indicate a threefold increase in the average weighted degree of processed red meat trade (0.002 to 0.006) from 1986 until 2023, whilst unprocessed red meat showed a twofold increase (0.009 to 0.019). The results raise public health concerns regarding the long-term consequences of consuming processed foods with high sodium and fat content. Additionally, the global trade of red meat showed fluctuations in periods of major foodborne outbreaks related to meat consumption, particularly during the 1990s. The findings of the study highlight strategies at the national level to advance food system transformations towards improvements in public health, nutrition, and sustainability. Full article

Sustainable pavement design requires a balanced consideration of economic, environmental, and social impacts. In line with Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) guidelines for sustainable roadway infrastructure, incorporating recycled materials such as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), recycled pavement material (RPM), recycled asphalt shingles (RASs), and warm-mix asphalt (WMA) has been shown to reduce natural resource depletion while promoting circular construction practices. This study investigates the structural performance of Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements constructed on RAP and RPM base layers. A series of design scenarios was modeled using site-specific laboratory and field data—particularly subgrade soil properties and climatic conditions—from El Paso and San Antonio, Texas. The analysis incorporates unsaturated soil parameters and follows the performance thresholds set by the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). Findings indicate that concrete mixture design, pavement structure, and local weather conditions are the primary drivers of distress in jointed plain concrete pavements (JPCPs). However, subsoil characteristics have a significant impact on joint faulting in JPCP and punchout occurrences in continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCPs), especially in thinner sections. Notably, the use of up to 50% recycled material in the base layer had minimal adverse effects on pavement performance, underscoring its viability as a sustainable design strategy for rigid pavements. Full article

Background/Objectives: To analyze how the different phases of the menstrual cycle affect agility in female football players. Methods: A total of 11 female football players were selected from the third tier of the Spanish Football Federation (Third RFEF) and an agility test (t-test) was conducted to measure agility during the three phases of the menstrual cycle: the menstrual, late follicular, and mid-luteal phases. These phases were determined through self-reporting and the use of ovulation test strips for luteinizing hormone detection. Perceptual variables, such as sleep quality, stress, muscle pain, and fatigue, as well as the rating of perceived exertion, were measured. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in agility performance across menstrual cycle phases (F_(2,20) = 1.86; p = 0.18). However, performance in the mid-luteal phase was slightly better compared to other phases. Similarly, no significant differences were found in perceptual variables such as fatigue, sleep quality, stress, and muscle soreness (p > 0.05), although slightly better perceptual responses were observed in the late follicular phase. Conclusions: No significant differences were found when analyzing the influence of menstrual cycle phases on agility, although performance appeared slightly better in the mid-luteal phase. No significant differences were observed in the perceptual variables. Both objective and perceptual variables should be considered in future studies or training programs based on the menstrual cycle. Full article

It has been shown that Augmented Reality improves the efficiency and well-being of order pickers; however, the adoption of AR Headsets in real contexts is hindered by comfort, safety, and battery duration issues. AR Glasses offer a lightweight alternative, yet they are seldom addressed in the current literature, and there is a lack of user studies exploring suitable visualization designs for these devices. Therefore, this research designs three AR visualizations of target position for order picking: Numeric Code, 2D Map, and 3D Map. They take into account the layout of the repository and the constraints of a small, low-resolution monocular display. These visualizations are tested in a within-subject user study with 30 participants employing AR Glasses in a simulated order-picking task. The Numeric Code visualization resulted in lower Task Completion Time (TCT) and error rates and was also rated as the least cognitively demanding and most preferred. This highlights that, for lightweight devices, simpler graphical interfaces tend to perform better. This study provides empirical insights for the design of innovative AR interfaces in logistics, using industry-relevant devices such as AR Glasses and conducting the evaluation in an extensive laboratory setup. Full article

Although numerous observational and theoretical studies have examined the mean and turbulent structure of the tropical cyclone boundary layer (TCBL) over the open ocean, there have been comparatively fewer studies that have examined the kinematic and thermal structure of the TCBL across the land–ocean interface. This study examines the impact of different continental environments on the thermodynamic evolution of the TCBL during the landfall transition using high-resolution, full-physics numerical simulations. During landfall, the changes in the wind field within the TCBL due to the development of the internal boundary layer (IBL), combined with the formation of a surface cold pool, generates a pronounced thermal asymmetry in the boundary layer. As a result, the maximum thermodynamic boundary layer height occurs in the rear-right quadrant of the storm relative to its motion. In addition, azimuthal and vertical advection by the mean flow lead to enhanced turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in front of the vortex (enhancing dissipative heating immediately onshore) and onshore precipitation to the left of the storm track (stabilizing the environment). The strength and depth of thermal asymmetry in the boundary layer depend on the contrast in temperature and moisture between the continental and storm environments. Dry air intrusion enhances cold pool formation and stabilizes the onshore boundary layer, reducing mechanical mixing and accelerating the decay of the vortex. The temperature contrast between the continental and storm environments establishes a coastal baroclinic zone, producing stronger baroclinicity and inflow on the left of the track and weaker baroclinicity on the right. The resulting gradient imbalance in the front-right quadrant triggers radial outflow through a gradient adjustment process that redistributes momentum and mass to restore dynamical balance. Therefore, the surface thermodynamic conditions over land play a critical role in shaping the evolution of the TCBL during landfall, with the strongest asymmetries in thermodynamic boundary layer height emerging when there are large thermal contrasts between the hurricane and the continental environment. Full article

In recent years, novel Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) with a narrow width and an inward tilting mechanism, similar to motorcycles (MCs), have been proposed to prevent overturning during turns. Due to their compact size, these vehicles have inherent limitations in collision safety, making their dynamic safety and accident avoidance capabilities particularly crucial. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted using a simulated single lane change course to evaluate obstacle avoidance performance. The results reveal that PMVs equipped with an active inward tilting mechanism exhibit superior obstacle avoidance capabilities. Based on the roll moment equilibrium conditions of these vehicles, an investigation of vehicle states during avoidance maneuvers revealed that both actual and virtual tilt angles coexist in PMVs, and their combined equivalent tilt angle effectively balances the roll moment during turning. This unique mechanism, which integrates the responsiveness of passenger cars with motorcycle-like tire lateral force characteristics, underpins the exceptional obstacle avoidance capabilities of actively inward tilting PMVs. Full article

Machining chromium–nickel alloy steel is challenging due to its material properties, such as high strength and toughness. These properties often lead to tool damage and degradation of tool life, which overall impacts the production time, cost, and quality of the product. Therefore, it is essential to investigate early signs of tool damage to determine the effective machining conditions for chromium–nickel alloy steel, thereby increasing tool life and improving product quality. In this study, the early signs of tool wear were observed in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) carbide-coated tool (Seco Tools, Björnbacksvägen, Sweden) during the machining of X5CrNi18-10 steel under both dry and wet conditions. A finish turning operation was performed on the outer diameter (OD) of the workpiece with a 0.4 mm nose radius tool. At the early stage, the tool was examined from the functional side (f–side) and the passive side (p–side). The results indicate that dry machining leads to increased coating removal, more heat generation, and visible damage, such as pits and surface scratches. By comparison, wet machining helps reduce heat and wear, thereby improving tool life and machining quality. These findings suggest that a coolant must be used when machining chromium–nickel alloy steel with a PVD carbide-coated tool. Full article

Cyclic triaxial tests are widely used in laboratory studies to assess the liquefaction susceptibility of soils. Although standardized procedures exist for conducting these tests, there is no universally accepted criterion for defining liquefaction. The choice of a liquefaction criterion significantly influences the interpretation of test results and subsequent engineering analyses. This study evaluates the impact of different liquefaction criteria by analyzing 42 cyclic triaxial tests performed on soil mixtures containing plastic fines. Both stress-based and strain-based liquefaction criteria were applied to assess their influence on test outcomes. The analyses focused on two key parameters: the number of loading cycles required to initiate liquefaction and the normalized dissipated energy per unit volume needed for liquefaction to occur. Results indicate that for soils susceptible to liquefaction failures, these parameters remain relatively consistent across different failure criteria. However, for soils prone to cyclic mobility failures, the number of loading cycles and the dissipated energy required for liquefaction vary significantly depending on the selected failure criterion. These findings highlight the importance of carefully selecting a liquefaction criterion, as it directly affects the assessment of soil behavior under cyclic loading. A better understanding of these variations can improve the accuracy of liquefaction susceptibility evaluations and inform geotechnical design and hazard mitigation strategies. Full article

Cardiovascular disease and hypertension are major global health challenges, and increasing dietary salt intake is a known contributor. Emerging evidence suggests that excessive salt exposure during pregnancy may impact fetal development, yet its effects on early embryogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos as a model to investigate the developmental and molecular consequences of high-salt exposure during early vertebrate development. Embryos subjected to elevated salt levels exhibited delayed hatching, reduced heart rates, and significant alterations in gene expression profiles. Transcriptomic analysis revealed over 4000 differentially expressed genes, with key disruptions identified in calcium signaling, MAPK signaling, cardiac muscle development, and vascular smooth muscle contraction pathways. These findings indicate that early salt exposure can perturb crucial developmental processes and signaling networks, offering insights into how prenatal environmental factors may contribute to long-term cardiovascular risk. Full article

Cyclic triaxial tests are frequently used in the laboratory to assess the liquefaction susceptibility of soils. This paper will serve a two-fold purpose: First, it will serve to explain how the mechanics of the tests represent the stresses that occur in the field. Topics covered include the differences in the stress paths for the soil in the field and in the lab, the differences in the actual stresses applied in the lab and the field, the differences between stress-controlled and strain-controlled tests, and the effects of other aspects of the testing methodology. The development of adjustment factors for converting the laboratory test results to the field is also briefly discussed. The second purpose of the paper is to serve as a guide to interpreting cyclic triaxial test results. The topics covered will include an examination of the two main liquefaction modes and the impact that the failure criteria selected have on the analysis, the differences between stress-controlled and strain-controlled test results, energy dissipation, and pore pressure generation. The author has run more than 1500 cyclic triaxial tests over the course of his career. He has found that, while the test is fairly straightforward to perform, it requires a much deeper understanding of the test mechanics and data interpretation in order to maximize the information gained from performing the test. This paper is intended as a guide, helping engineers to gain further insights into the test and its results. It has a target audience encompassing both those who are running their first tests and those who are looking to increase their understanding of the tests they have performed. Full article

Kolmogorov–Arnold networks (KANs) represent a promising modeling framework for applications requiring interpretability. In this study, we investigate the use of KANs to analyze time series of water quality parameters obtained from a publicly available dataset related to an aquaponic environment. Two water quality indices (WQIs) were computed—a linear case based on the weighted average WQI, and a non-linear case using the weighted quadratic mean (WQM) WQI, both derived from three water parameters: pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and temperature. For each case, KAN models were trained to predict the respective WQI, yielding explicit algebraic expressions with low prediction errors and clear input–output mathematical relationships. Model performance was evaluated using standard regression metrics, with $R^2$ values exceeding 0.96 on the hold-out test set across all cases. Specifically for the non-linear WQM case, we trained 15 classical regressors using the LazyPredict Python library. The top three models were selected based on validation performance. They were then compared against the KAN model and its symbolic expressions using a 5-fold cross-validation protocol on a temporally shifted test set (approximately one month after the training period), without retraining. Results show that KAN slightly outperforms the best tested baseline regressor (multilayer perceptron, MLP), with average $R^2$ scores of $0.998\pm 0.001$ and $0.996\pm 0.001$, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of KAN in terms of predictive performance, comparable to well-established algorithms. Moreover, the ability of KAN to extract data-driven, interpretable, and lightweight symbolic models makes it a valuable tool for applications where accuracy, transparency, and model simplification are critical. Full article

This paper investigates how algebraic structures can encode epistemic limitations, with a focus on object properties and measurement. Drawing from philosophical concepts such as underdetermination, we argue that the weakening of algebraic laws can reflect foundational ambiguities in empirical access. Our approach supplies instruments that are necessary and sufficient towards practical falsifiability. Besides introducing this new concept, we consider, exemplarily and as a starting point, the following two fundamental algebraic laws in more detail: the associative law and the commutative law. We explore and analyze weakened forms of these laws. As a mathematical feature, we demonstrate that the existence of a weak neutral element leads to the emergence of several transversal algebraic laws. Most laws are individually weaker than the combination of associativity and commutativity, but many pairs of two laws are equivalent to this combination. We also show that associativity and commutativity can be combined to a simple, single law, which we call cyclicity. We illustrate our approach with many tables and practical examples. Full article

Polymers are essential materials in the fabrication of partial and complete dentures, where their mechanical properties directly impact durability, comfort, and clinical performance. This study examines the influence of different manufacturing temperatures on the surface hardness of polymeric materials used in dental applications. A total of 60 experimental samples with a rectangular shape of Vertex ThermoSens polymer (Vertex Dental, 3D Systems, Soesterberg, The Netherlands) were fabricated through injection molding at 280 °C and 300 °C and analyzed over time to assess changes in their properties. Hardness measurements, conducted using the EQUOTIP Shore D hardness tester (Proceq SA, Schwerzenbach, Canton of Zürich, Switzerland), indicated increased hardness over time, with higher values observed in samples fabricated at 300 °C. A two-way ANOVA was performed to evaluate the statistical significance of temperature and time on hardness, revealing a significant effect (F = 14.73, p = 0.0185). These findings suggest that processing polymers at elevated temperatures improves surface hardness, significant for denture longevity and patient comfort. Increased hardness contributes to greater wear resistance. Optimizing polymer manufacturing conditions can thus lead to improved clinical outcomes, ensuring more durable and biocompatible dental prostheses. Full article

Meteorological variables play a significant role in the transmission of viruses such as influenza and the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Previous studies have identified the relationship between changes in meteorological variables, humidity, rainfall, and temperature, and the infection rate of COVID-19 at the national level in Pakistan. However, the current study applied the logistic regression analysis technique to determine such a relationship on a more detailed scale, that is, subnational levels in addition to the national level in Pakistan, using a long-term analysis of two years of COVID-19 data. At the subnational level, the logistic regression analysis technique was applied, with infection rate as the predictive variable. The results showed an increase in the infection rate of COVID-19 with increasing humidity levels. In contrast, an increase in temperature has slowed the spread of COVID-19 cases at both the national and subnational levels. The minimum temperature was statistically significant (p < 0.001) for provinces, KPK and Sindh. Also, two federal territories, AJK and Islamabad, showed statistically significant p-values. At the national level, both maximum temperature and humidity showed such values that is, p < 0.001. We believe that this is the first study conducted in Pakistan to explore the direct and indirect relationship between variables such as temperature (min and max), humidity, and rainfall as predictive parameters for COVID-19 infection rates at a detailed level. The pattern observed in this study can help us predict the future spread of COVID-19, subject to climatic parameters in Pakistan at both the national and subnational levels. Full article