Understanding Deterioration due to Salt and Ice Crystallization in Scandinavian Massive Brick Masonry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Neo-Gothic Brick Architecture in Sweden
3. Finding, Recognizing and Understanding Salt and Ice Deformation in Brick Masonry
3.1. Sodium Sulphate
3.2. Black Crust from Gypsum
3.3. Chlorides
3.4. Calcium Carbonates
3.5. Ice Formation
3.6. The Behaviour of Different Salts That Cause Degradation
3.7. The Moisture Transport Phenomenon and Degradation of The Masonry Core
4. Case Studies Using Hemp-Lime as Sacrificial Plaster
4.1. ÖRgryte New Church
4.2. Test Lab in Lund
5. Discussion—What Can Be Done to Prevent Salt-Related Damage in Masonry?
- Minimising water supply from the outside;
- Adapting internal surface layers so that moisture transport can be controlled and drying can take place;
- Applying climate control measures (primarily indoors);
- The climate envelope must of course have a functioning water run-off and drainage.
- Repair of lime plaster with a dense plaster based on cement;
- Painting with latex paint on a lime plaster [4].
Results and Discussion of the Hemp-Lime Case Studies
6. Concluding Remarks
- The masonry’s behaviour in terms of absorption and evaporation, both externally and internally;
- Thermal and moisture movements, adhesion and compatibility between bricks and pointing mortars;
- Pore structure and frost resistance of porous materials;
- Minimisation of crystallization cycles on and near wall surfaces through climate control.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Chemical Formula | Critical RH for Crystallization at 20 °C [%] | Solubility [g/L] | Molar Mass [g/molar] |
---|---|---|---|---|
halite | NaCl | 75 | 360 | 58.5 |
thenardite | Na2SO4 | 82 | 162 | 142 |
mirabilite | Na2SO4·10H2O | 91 | 900 | 322 |
gypsum/ettringite | CaSO3·2H2O | ~100 | 2.4 | 172 |
lime/calcite | CaCO3 | ~100 | 14·× 10−3 | 100 |
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Balksten, K.; Strandberg-de Bruijn, P. Understanding Deterioration due to Salt and Ice Crystallization in Scandinavian Massive Brick Masonry. Heritage 2021, 4, 349-370. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010022
Balksten K, Strandberg-de Bruijn P. Understanding Deterioration due to Salt and Ice Crystallization in Scandinavian Massive Brick Masonry. Heritage. 2021; 4(1):349-370. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010022
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalksten, Kristin, and Paulien Strandberg-de Bruijn. 2021. "Understanding Deterioration due to Salt and Ice Crystallization in Scandinavian Massive Brick Masonry" Heritage 4, no. 1: 349-370. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010022