Fostering National Identity Through Sustainable Heritage Conservation: Ushaiger Village as a Model for Saudi Arabia

Abstract

As the Middle East experiences rapid growth due to its oil wealth, there is a pressing need to balance contemporary development with the preservation of its rich cultural heritage. This study focuses on Ushaiger Village in Saudi Arabia, an example of traditional Najid architecture that was once abandoned and has now been brought back to life through restoration. This research tracks the restoration steps, looks at how old buildings are being reused today, and assesses the effectiveness of these efforts through a survey of 80 local residents and tourists. The results show significant improvements in preserving the village, with over 100 buildings restored using traditional, environmentally friendly materials like mud and limestone. This restoration has won strong support from the community and has boosted the local economy by increasing tourism and supporting local businesses, aligning well with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 goals. This study illustrates that caring for heritage sites can promote economic and environmental health, providing a model for integrating cultural heritage into national development plans. Ushaiger Village’s story highlights the benefits of thoughtful conservation, showing that it can enhance community life and keep cultural identities alive within the Saudi Vision 2030.

1. Introduction

In recent decades, Middle Eastern countries, particularly Saudi Arabia, have witnessed rapid urban growth fueled by the economic boom brought about by oil discovery and exportation. This shift has transformed cities like Dubai, Doha, and Riyadh into contemporary global hubs, leading to the rise of contemporary urban landscapes at the expense of traditional ones. However, this rapid urbanization has presented a significant challenge in balancing ongoing development with the need for sustainable growth and cultural preservation, especially in the context of the post-oil era [1,2]. As the region seeks to diversify its economy, debates have emerged regarding the integration of local culture and traditions into development strategies that balance modernization with the conservation of heritage. This tension between progress and preservation has become a focal point of discussion [3].

In Saudi Arabia, this transition toward modern urban planning began in the 1970s with the discovery of oil, which marked a shift away from traditional vernacular villages made of mud-brick and other locally sourced materials [4,5]. The inhabitants of these villages relocated to newly constructed, modern homes equipped with advanced technologies, such as air conditioning and contemporary construction techniques. During this period, governmental policies were pivotal in driving the country’s urbanization [6,7,8], dramatically increasing the percentage of urbanized areas from 10% to 75% between 1950 and 1992. In their pursuit of modernity, these policies resulted in the widespread abandonment of traditional architectural models, which are considered outdated and inadequate for the country’s new Vision 2030 of prosperity and progress [9].

Consequently, many historic villages, including Ushaiger Village, fell into neglect. Ushaiger, situated north of Riyadh, was abandoned in 1970 following the construction of a nearby modern village. Years of neglect have left Ushaiger in a dilapidated state, with many buildings suffering from structural collapse and material loss. Despite these challenges, recent years have seen a resurgence in efforts to conserve Saudi Arabia’s heritage [6,10,11], spurred by national regulations and initiatives to preserve the country’s cultural values and promote the adaptive reuse of its historic structures. These efforts reflect a growing recognition of the importance of safeguarding Saudi Arabia’s heritage in the face of modernization [8,12,13].

The rapid urbanization that replaced traditional Saudi settlements has led to the deterioration of many historic sites in terms of their physical structures and cultural relevance. Over several decades, the extensive abandonment of these villages has caused significant damage to the architectural and cultural fabric of these once-thriving communities. Although governmental and private efforts have been undertaken to restore and rehabilitate some of these sites [14,15], questions still need to be answered regarding the long-term sustainability of current conservation and reuse strategies [8,16]. These efforts must be examined to determine whether they effectively promote the socio-cultural, environmental, and economic values necessary for sustainable heritage preservation [17,18].

Ushaiger Village, once a vibrant settlement, offers a valuable case study for understanding how heritage conservation and adaptive reuse can contribute to sustainable development. The village has undergone significant rehabilitation involving public and private stakeholders to restore its traditional buildings for contemporary uses. However, there remains an open question about the sustainability of these interventions, particularly concerning their long-term impact on the local community and the broader national heritage framework. The challenge lies in ensuring that the conservation of such sites aligns with the goals of national strategies like Saudi Vision 2030, which emphasizes sustainable urban growth while preserving cultural identity.

This research aims to assess the current state of preservation and reuse in Ushaiger Village, with a particular focus on evaluating the sustainability of these efforts [19,20]. The study’s objectives are to investigate the condition of Ushaiger’s heritage buildings and their adaptation to contemporary needs, assess the effectiveness of public and private interventions in promoting sustainable reuse, and highlight the role of local communities in the restoration process [21,22,23]. The research also examines the awareness of heritage values among local residents and proposes guidelines for sustainable conservation and reuse strategies that align with national goals, including Saudi Vision 2030.

The methodology adopted for this study includes collecting and analyzing historical documents and maps, documenting conservation interventions, and using metric surveys to assess buildings still in need of restoration. A questionnaire was also administered to local residents and tourists to gauge their understanding of the importance of heritage preservation and sustainability. The study further analyses the conservation of traditional materials, cultural values, and environmental adaptation techniques, aiming to promote a holistic approach to heritage conservation that includes tourism investment as part of broader sustainable development strategies [8,16,24].

The preservation and reuse of historic villages like Ushaiger are critical for safeguarding Saudi Arabia’s cultural identity and for promoting sustainable development that aligns with national objectives such as Saudi Vision 2030. This research contributes to bridging the gap between heritage conservation and contemporary urban planning by developing a sustainable methodology for assessing and implementing adaptive reuse strategies. The findings will offer valuable insights into how traditional building materials and techniques can be integrated into contemporary conservation practices, fostering cultural, social, economic, and environmental sustainability in line with Saudi Arabia’s long-term development goals [25].

2. Literature Review

2.1. Heritage Conservation in Saudi Arabia

Heritage conservation has long been a topic of global importance, with various international organizations and charters emphasizing the need to preserve cultural and natural heritage. In Saudi Arabia, however, heritage conservation efforts are relatively recent. The first major legal framework for heritage protection was the Antiquities Law in 1972 [14].

The first major legal framework for heritage protection in Saudi Arabia, the Antiquities Law of 1972, coincided with the adoption of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in the same year. This international convention emphasized the global need for heritage conservation, influencing national policies, including Saudi Arabia’s early steps toward heritage preservation and providing a foundation for the Kingdom’s later comprehensive legal framework in 2014.

Before the enactment of the Antiquities Law in 1972, heritage conservation practices in Saudi Arabia were largely informal and localized. Many conservation efforts were initiated by individuals, communities, or local authorities, typically driven by religious or cultural motivations to preserve key sites such as mosques, markets, and other significant structures. These efforts were often uncoordinated and lacked a formal legal framework, making it difficult to ensure consistent protection and maintenance across the Kingdom. The introduction of the Antiquities Law in 1972 marked a significant shift, formalizing conservation practices and providing the legal structure needed to preserve and protect heritage sites on a national scale. This legislation, alongside subsequent policies, established a more systematic approach to heritage conservation, making it a critical milestone in the Kingdom’s efforts to safeguard its cultural heritage

However, it was not until 2014, with the passing of the Law of Antiquities, Museums, and Urban Heritage [15], that heritage gained comprehensive legal recognition [26]. The establishment of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities (SCTA) [26], later renamed the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage (SCTH) [26], marked a significant step toward recognizing the importance of urban heritage preservation. The SCTH has implemented a series of regulations aimed at conserving Saudi Arabia’s architectural and cultural heritage, with initiatives such as the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Cultural Heritage Program (2017) emphasizing the integration of heritage conservation into national development plans [27,28].

Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 [9] explicitly calls for the preservation of the Kingdom’s heritage as part of its efforts to diversify the economy through tourism. Vision 2030 aims to valorize traditional architecture, support rehabilitating historic sites, and foster a sense of national identity through cultural preservation. While the preservation of cultural heritage is widely acknowledged as crucial, there remains a need to critically examine the social and ideological underpinnings of what constitutes “cultural heritage” both globally and within the Saudi context. Globally, cultural heritage is often framed through the lenses of identity, power, and history, influenced by dominant narratives that may exclude marginalized perspectives or alternative histories. This framing can lead to selective preservation that reinforces specific cultural ideologies, often aligned with national or political agendas. In Saudi Arabia, the construction of cultural heritage is intricately tied to the Kingdom’s national identity and its modernization strategies, particularly under Vision 2030. While this vision emphasizes the integration of heritage into economic and developmental frameworks, it risks prioritizing heritage sites that align with national aspirations over those with less political or economic utility. This ideological shaping raises questions about whose histories and identities are being preserved and celebrated, and whose are overlooked. Addressing these dimensions is vital for fostering a more inclusive and critical approach to heritage conservation, ensuring it serves as a platform for diverse cultural expressions rather than a tool for homogenized identity construction.

Recent political and social changes under the leadership of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman have significantly influenced cultural heritage policies in Saudi Arabia. These shifts are closely tied to the Vision 2030 initiative, which positions cultural heritage as a key element in fostering national identity and economic diversification. The Najd region, where Ushaiger Village is located, holds particular importance as the birthplace of the Saudi state. This historical significance aligns with the broader narrative promoted by Vision 2030, which seeks to valorize the Kingdom’s roots while integrating them into contemporary national development strategies. Heritage conservation efforts in Najd, including Ushaiger’s restoration, reflect this dual aim of preserving historical authenticity and promoting modernization. The emphasis on the region underscores the role of cultural heritage in consolidating national identity while fostering a sense of continuity amidst rapid socio-economic transformation.

The SCTH has classified urban heritage sites into high-, moderate-, and low-significance categories based on their historical and cultural value [26]. Ushaiger Village, a historic settlement northwest of Riyadh, falls into the category of significant heritage, with recent restoration efforts highlighting the potential of heritage reuse for economic and cultural development [3].

2.2. Global Approaches to Heritage Reuse

The preservation of cultural heritage is a national and global concern, with numerous international organizations such as United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) advocating for safeguarding cultural landmarks. The Venice Charter (1964) [29], one of the foundational documents for heritage conservation, emphasizes the importance of respecting historical authenticity and the original materials of heritage sites during restoration efforts (ICOMOS, 1964). The Washington Charter (1987) further extended this by focusing on the conservation of historic towns and urban areas, stressing the need to preserve urban heritage within its social and cultural context [30,31].

As defined by UNESCO, sustainable heritage reuse involves incorporating environmental, social, economic, and cultural criteria into conservation practices. The New Urban Agenda [32] and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [33] emphasize the importance of integrating heritage preservation into broader urban planning strategies. These documents outline sustainable approaches to heritage conservation that foster community involvement, ensure environmental sustainability, and promote economic growth through tourism and other cultural industries [34,35,36,37,38,39,40].

Several international case studies demonstrate the potential of adaptive reuse in heritage conservation. For instance, the reuse of traditional buildings in historic cities across Europe [41,42,43] has become a model for sustainable conservation, ensuring that historic buildings remain relevant by adapting them to contemporary needs [44]. These case studies highlight the importance of involving local communities in conservation efforts and using adaptive reuse strategies to preserve cultural heritage while enhancing the quality of life.

2.3. Saudi Heritage Reuse in Practice

In Saudi Arabia, the focus on heritage reuse has gained traction in recent years, driven by the government’s desire to preserve national identity while fostering economic growth through tourism. Reusing traditional Saudi architecture, particularly in the central region, has emerged as a key strategy for preserving cultural heritage. The traditional architecture of the Najd region [4,45,46,47,48], which includes Ushaiger Village, is characterized by mud-brick buildings that are highly adapted to the desert climate [1,49]. These structures, however, became vulnerable to abandonment and collapse due to the country’s rapid urbanization and the shift toward modern construction techniques [6,50,51,52,53,54].

Ushaiger Village, abandoned in the 1970s, provides an important example of heritage reuse in practice. The village has undergone extensive rehabilitation, with private owners and government bodies working together to restore and adapt traditional homes for contemporary use. This process aligns with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, which seeks to enhance the value of cultural heritage through tourism and sustainable development. Recent efforts in Ushaiger have focused on restoring the village’s buildings while maintaining their historical integrity, particularly emphasizing using traditional materials and techniques in the conservation process.

Despite these efforts, the concept of adaptive reuse in Saudi Arabia remains relatively underdeveloped compared to global standards. Studies have noted that many heritage conservation projects in the Kingdom need a clearer framework for integrating sustainability into conservation strategies [55]. While efforts in historic cities such as Jeddah and Diriyah have made strides in adaptive reuse, the broader application of sustainable principles across Saudi Arabia’s heritage sites remains inconsistent [7,56].

Recent research has highlighted the need for a more comprehensive approach to heritage reuse in Saudi Arabia that aligns with global sustainability goals and the country’s cultural heritage preservation efforts. This includes developing specific guidelines for heritage interventions, establishing stronger collaboration between public and private entities, and promoting greater community involvement in conservation efforts [10]. The case of Ushaiger Village illustrates the potential of heritage reuse to promote cultural, economic, and environmental sustainability. However, it also underscores the challenges in developing a consistent framework for heritage conservation across the Kingdom.

2.4. Gaps in the Literature

While significant progress has been made in heritage conservation in Saudi Arabia, several gaps remain in the literature. First, there is a lack of comprehensive studies assessing the sustainability of current heritage reuse interventions, particularly regarding their long-term social, cultural, and economic impact. Many heritage sites, including Ushaiger, have been restored for tourism purposes, but these efforts often prioritize short-term gains over long-term sustainability. The absence of detailed guidelines for adaptive reuse further complicates the implementation of sustainable conservation practices.

Additionally, local communities in Saudi Arabia have historically played a limited role in heritage conservation, despite their potential to contribute valuable insights and resources. This lack of community engagement has been identified as a key barrier to successfully implementing sustainable heritage reuse strategies [7,10]. Furthermore, while Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 emphasizes the importance of heritage conservation, there remains a need for a more robust policy framework that explicitly links heritage reuse to broader sustainability goals, such as the United Nations’ (UN’s) Sustainable Development Goals [33].

The current study aims to address these gaps by providing a detailed assessment of the adaptive reuse strategies applied in Ushaiger Village, with a focus on sustainability and community involvement. By examining how heritage conservation practices can align with global sustainability standards, this research seeks to contribute to the development of a more comprehensive approach to heritage reuse in Saudi Arabia.

3. Research Methodology

The methodology adopted in this research introduces a novel approach to heritage conservation in Saudi Arabia by integrating multiple dimensions of data collection, sustainable assessment, and community involvement. As shown in Figure 1, the research begins with a case study selection, followed by comprehensive data collection through archival research and field surveys. The findings are then evaluated using well-defined conservation criteria, ensuring that the integrity of traditional materials and techniques is preserved. Community engagement plays a vital role in this process, emphasizing the social dimension of heritage conservation. A unique aspect of this methodology is the emphasis on sustainable reuse assessment, which measures the current state of preservation and ensures the long-term viability of these interventions. The final stage includes a thorough analysis of the collected data and a focus on ethical considerations. This integrated framework balances conservation with sustainability, making it adaptable to similar heritage projects.

3.1. Case Study Approach

This research adopts a case study methodology to assess the conservation and adaptive reuse of Ushaiger Village, a historic settlement located approximately 200 kilometers northwest of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Figure 2). Ushaiger Village is an exemplary site of traditional Najdi architecture constructed with local materials [47,50]. It was abandoned during the rapid urbanization following the 1970s oil boom. However, recent restoration efforts, led by both private owners and governmental bodies, have brought new life to the village, making it a vital case study for understanding heritage conservation and reuse strategies in the Kingdom [57].

This research relied on both primary and secondary sources, including archival documents, maps, photographs, and articles from governmental and private institutions. These resources provided a foundation for understanding the village’s historical context and the extent of its deterioration before restoration efforts began. Additionally, fieldwork was conducted to gather primary data through site visits, during which a small area survey was carried out with participants including instructors, students, local community members, visitors, tour guides, and government representatives.

3.2. Data Collection and Field Surveys

The data collection process incorporated both document analysis and field surveys to capture the full spectrum of Ushaiger’s heritage conservation [19,58,59,60,61]. Primary documents, such as historical maps and photographs, were reviewed to establish a baseline understanding of the village’s original urban fabric and its subsequent deterioration over time. These archival materials were essential in tracing the village’s historical evolution and understanding the various factors contributing to its abandonment in the 1970s.

In addition to document analysis, field surveys were conducted to assess the current condition of the village’s buildings, materials, and conservation techniques. The surveys focused on key aspects of the village’s architecture, such as the use of clay walls, limestone foundations, and palm wood roofing, as shown in Figure 3.

Physical measurements were also taken for three selected abandoned buildings: one residential, one agricultural, and the public well (Figure 4). This was carried out to study and uncover the construction methodologies, the ancient techniques employed, and the current state of preservation of these structures. Additionally, the survey data were used to create a 3D virtual model, with the aim of continuing research into the digital integration of urban heritage for sustainable preservation and growth. This digital approach seeks to further investigate how technology can enhance urban heritage conservation while promoting sustainable development in Ushaiger (Figure 5).

The assessment of Ushaiger Village was systematically divided into zones (Z1 to Z8) (Figure 6), with each zone reflecting specific characteristics regarding accessibility, usage, and conservation status. These zones were evaluated to understand the current state of preservation and adaptive reuse of the village’s buildings. Some zones, such as Z1 and Z4, were classified as fully open, with buildings actively used for residential, commercial, or public purposes, including museums and restaurants, indicating successful conservation and adaptive reuse. Other zones were marked as partially accessible or closed, with significant portions requiring further restoration efforts due to building collapses or deterioration. Each building within the zones, labeled as B1, B2, and so on, was assessed based on its function, with the village reflecting a mixture of private residences, commercial establishments, and public services such as schools and governmental offices. This zoning approach also highlighted the varying degrees of material use in restoration, with some buildings being restored using 100% traditional materials.

In contrast, others incorporated more contemporary elements due to functional needs. The conservation status within each zone varied, with some areas fully preserved and others showing signs of decay, requiring prioritization for future restoration efforts. This zonal analysis is central for directing sustainable conservation strategies, allowing stakeholders to focus on areas of higher cultural significance or greater structural risk, ensuring that both the historical integrity of Ushaiger Village and its current functional adaptation are preserved for future generations.

The buildings in Ushaiger were predominantly constructed with clay walls on limestone foundations (Figure 7). In some cases, small buildings were constructed directly on the ground without foundations, while the roofs were made of palm trunks covered with palm leaves and mud. For wealthier homes, stones replaced palm leaves to enhance durability. Larger buildings, such as mosques, featured cylindrical stone columns covered in plaster or mortar to support the roofs.

The field survey revealed varying levels of conservation throughout the village. In some areas, buildings had collapsed entirely, making it difficult to identify the original structures, while in others, restoration efforts had successfully preserved key architectural elements. A general restoration strategy was adopted to recover the main alleys, with attention given to both vertical and horizontal elements to recreate the village’s traditional atmosphere. Examples include re-laying stone pavements along walking paths, restoring walls with mud and stone, and replacing old wooden doors with replicas of the originals. Additionally, roofs visible from the streets were renovated to maintain the esthetic integrity of the village. Restored buildings, particularly those maintained by private owners, are in excellent condition and fully functional.

3.3. Interviews and Community Involvement

In order to gather qualitative insights into the restoration efforts at Ushaiger Village, interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders, including local residents, private homeowners, tourists, and officials from the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage [26]. These semi-structured interviews aimed to understand the different motivations and roles these groups played in the restoration process and the level of community involvement. Participants included male and female residents, business owners, and heritage experts from the local community, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years old. The survey responses were evaluated on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 indicates low agreement, and 5 signifies high agreement, providing a quantitative measure of participants’ perceptions regarding the effectiveness of the restoration efforts at Ushaiger Village.

Local residents and private homeowners, many of whom have personal investments in the preservation of their properties, provided insight into how they manage the restoration at their own expense, often without governmental oversight. Many expressed a deep personal connection to the village’s heritage, using their own resources to ensure that their homes retained their architectural authenticity. One example highlighted in the interviews involved a homeowner in his 50s who, driven by a desire to preserve his family’s heritage, spent years restoring his property with traditional materials. Like many others, he opened his home to tourists, offering them an authentic experience of traditional Najdi life. Female participants, particularly those involved in crafts and cultural tourism, were also important in promoting local traditions through micro-businesses and selling handmade products to visitors.

Tourists, particularly those aged 30–50, expressed their appreciation for the preservation efforts and how the experience allowed them to connect with Saudi Arabia’s cultural heritage. The SCTH officials discussed their broader conservation goals, emphasizing the need for cooperation with private owners and local communities to ensure a balanced approach between preservation and adaptation to contemporary-era living. The interviews revealed that this collaborative process was crucial in maintaining the village’s historical integrity while also making it functional for contemporary use.

The quantitative survey (Figure 8) further complements these interview insights by providing a demographic context for understanding community involvement. As seen in the figure, most respondents are female, with most participants falling in the 21–30 and 41–50 age groups. Saudi nationals comprise the largest proportion of the respondents, and most participants hold higher educational qualifications, with “Graduation and more” being the dominant educational status. The employment status shows many employed individuals and students, while the residency status reveals that most respondents do not live in a heritage site. This demographic breakdown highlights a well-educated and diverse group whose involvement and perspectives play a crucial role in the ongoing preservation and restoration efforts in Ushaiger Village. The significant participation of students in the survey highlights an emerging generation’s perspectives on heritage conservation and cultural identity. These responses may reflect broader social trends in Saudi Arabia, such as increasing awareness of cultural heritage as a key component of national identity under Vision 2030. Many students expressed a strong interest in preserving traditional architecture while embracing adaptive reuse strategies, indicating a shift toward sustainability and innovation in heritage practices. This demographic’s engagement underscores the growing influence of education and social transformation in shaping attitudes toward heritage preservation, particularly among younger Saudis, who are poised to become future custodians of the Kingdom’s cultural legacy.

3.4. Building Condition Survey

The building condition survey of Ushaiger Village focused on evaluating the physical state of key structures, including residential homes, public buildings, and commercial spaces. This survey was structured according to a set of conservation criteria that ensured restorations adhered to the authenticity of the original materials and construction techniques, with specific attention paid to the reversibility of interventions and the esthetic impact of contemporary modifications.

The survey included 62 buildings, of which around 40% were found to be in excellent condition, preserved with 75–100% traditional materials, while approximately 20% were in partial collapse. For example, the B4 structure within Zone 2 (Z2), a residential building, was restored with a mix of contemporary and traditional materials, maintaining its historical character while adapting it for current use.

The restoration process in Ushaiger Village involved a collaborative effort between skilled artisans, architects, and local craftsmen. The materials were carefully selected based on their availability and suitability for the region’s climate and architectural heritage. The team worked in a dedicated workshop where different elements, such as palm trunks, mud-bricks, and traditional wooden beams, were processed and prepared for use in the restoration. The choice of materials was also influenced by their ability to support the structural integrity of the buildings while maintaining their historical accuracy. For instance, the team relied on locally sourced palm wood and mud, which not only reflected the traditional construction methods but also ensured sustainability in the process. The integration of different materials—such as the combination of palm trunks with contemporary reinforcements—demonstrated a careful balance between preserving the authenticity of the heritage and ensuring the longevity of the structures.

Another example is a traditional family house in Zone 3 (Z3), which used authentic mud-brick and palm trunks for restoration, ensuring its structural integrity while keeping the original esthetic intact.

The roofs of many buildings in Ushaiger Village are characterized by the use of palm trunks as lintels and roof beams, a material integral to the traditional construction techniques of the region. Palm trunks were chosen not only for their availability in the local environment but also for their strength and suitability in supporting the roof structure. This approach reflects the architectural identity of the village and its historical dependence on locally sourced, sustainable materials. The palm trunks, along with wooden beams, form a framework that supports the roof, often covered with palm fronds or other natural materials, ensuring both insulation and stability. In the restoration efforts, special care was taken to preserve these wooden elements, ensuring that any replacement or repair work used similar materials to maintain the authenticity of the original construction. This practice not only highlights the adaptation of the village’s architecture to its environment but also emphasizes the sustainable use of materials that are deeply intertwined with local cultural traditions.

Additionally, several public buildings, such as a restaurant and a traditional market, were restored for commercial use. Many buildings that had experienced structural collapse were carefully reassembled using new materials where necessary, particularly in areas requiring significant reconstruction.

To clarify the types of restoration adopted, the intervention at Ushaiger Village followed a two-pronged approach: consolidation and reconstruction. Consolidation was implemented primarily for the walls and architectural elements facing the main streets, public circulation areas, and key communal spaces such as the madrasah, mosque, water well, and other public places. This approach aimed to preserve these elements at an acceptable level, ensuring they maintain their historical integrity. On the other hand, reconstruction was applied to areas where private intervention was necessary, particularly within residential buildings in a state of significant deterioration. These included structures that had been adapted by the owners to accommodate new family needs and contemporary uses. In such cases, the reconstruction efforts allowed for the integration of modern functionality while respecting the village’s historical context and cultural heritage.

The balance between old and new materials was examined, ensuring that restorations did not overshadow the original structure, thus preserving the village’s cultural significance.

3.5. Role of Key Restoration Entities

The restoration of Ushaiger Village was a collaborative effort between multiple entities, each contributing specific expertise to different aspects of the project. The Village Restoration Committee focused on exterior restorations, including the facades, doors, roofs, and mosques. For example, the facades of buildings in Z4 were carefully restored using traditional mud-brick materials under the committee’s guidance.

Private homeowners were responsible for the interior restoration of their homes. In several cases, homeowners restored the structural elements of their properties and the traditional interiors, creating living spaces that maintained their historical charm while accommodating contemporary amenities. A homeowner in Z1, for example, restored the interior of his house using original wooden beams and traditional flooring while installing contemporary conveniences like electricity and plumbing.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage played a vital role in overseeing the restoration of the village’s outer walls and major public spaces, while the Ushaiqer Municipality took charge of infrastructure improvements, such as rainwater drainage, road paving, and lighting. Additionally, the Social Development Committee facilitated the establishment of micro-enterprises, allowing locals to develop small businesses that benefit from tourism. For example, a family in Z2 opened a traditional craft shop, supported by the committee, which became a popular stop for tourists.

Abdullah Bin Muhsin Al Mughaira, Head of Ushaiqer Center [19], initiated the project, which was made possible by funding from local businessmen. Many houses have been restored and equipped with contemporary amenities, including water and electricity, transforming Ushaiger into a thriving economic and cultural hub. Today, the village offers a traditional restaurant, a local market, and three private museums, contributing to its vibrant tourism sector and the economic revitalization of the local community. Two schools are also present, and recently, many families have returned to the village with their children, fostering the organic reuse of traditional homes and public spaces, including schools, mosques, and commercial areas. The primary interventions in Ushaiger Village were led by government institutions, providing public services, while private owners contributed by restoring their properties through a participatory reuse program.

3.6. Sustainable Reuse Criteria and Community Engagement

The sustainable reuse of Ushaiger Village was assessed according to guidelines established by UNESCO and ICOMOS [30,31,62,63,64,65], focusing on integrating social, cultural, environmental, and economic criteria into the conservation process. A survey conducted among local residents, tourists, and business owners revealed significant engagement with the heritage reuse process. Out of 150 respondents, the majority expressed a high level of awareness and support for the sustainable reuse efforts, with 90% indicating that they felt the restoration preserved the village’s cultural and environmental values.

Key sustainability factors included preserving cultural and social values, as demonstrated by restoring traditional buildings that now serve as family homes, businesses, and public spaces. The economic benefits are highlighted through the promotion of heritage tourism, which has led to micro-business development and increased employment opportunities for local residents. For example, a local family in Z3 opened a small-scale museum that not only preserves the family’s heritage but also serves as an educational and tourist attraction, generating income for the family and the community.

The environmental sustainability of the restoration efforts was supported by the use of traditional materials and techniques, which are both eco-friendly and well suited to the local climate. Buildings were restored using mud-brick and limestone, which naturally regulate temperature, reducing the need for contemporary energy-intensive systems. Furthermore, the local community was actively involved in decision-making processes, with 85% of surveyed residents indicating that they had participated in restoration discussions and workshops. This high level of engagement has helped ensure that the restoration efforts meet the community’s needs while preserving the village’s cultural and historical integrity.

3.7. Data Analysis

The analysis of the collected data utilized a robust combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of public perceptions, community involvement, and the impact of heritage conservation efforts in Ushaiger Village. The quantitative data, primarily derived from questionnaires distributed to local residents, tourists, and stakeholders, were first processed using descriptive statistical methods. This involved calculating measures such as frequencies, means, and percentages to summarize general trends across various demographic groups, including age, gender, and occupation. For example, frequency distributions were used to capture the number of respondents aware of the heritage preservation efforts, while cross-tabulations provided insights into how awareness levels differed across age groups or genders.

Beyond simple descriptive statistics, inferential statistical methods were employed to explore relationships and potential correlations between variables [66]. Chi-square tests were applied to assess the relationship between categorical variables, such as the association between respondents’ educational levels and their perception of the economic benefits of heritage reuse [67]. Similarly, t-tests [68] were conducted to determine whether significant differences existed in awareness or involvement between demographic groups, such as comparing male and female respondents’ views on the effectiveness of the restoration efforts. These statistical tests helped identify trends and determine whether those trends were statistically significant, providing more concrete conclusions about the data.

For the qualitative data, thematic analysis was employed primarily derived from semi-structured interviews with local residents, private homeowners, officials from the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage, and tourists. This method involved a detailed coding process, identifying and categorizing key themes and patterns within the interview responses. The interview data were reviewed multiple times to extract recurring topics such as the motivations of private homeowners to preserve their properties, the challenges they faced, and the community’s overall involvement in restoration projects. The thematic analysis allowed for a deeper understanding of the qualitative aspects of the study, particularly regarding the social and cultural dimensions of the conservation efforts that quantitative methods may not fully capture.

In addition to thematic analysis, content analysis was used to quantify certain aspects of the qualitative data. This approach involved counting the frequency of certain themes or words mentioned by interviewees, such as references to “sustainability”, “cultural identity”, or “economic benefits”. This method provided a structured way to assess the prominence of certain concerns or positive outcomes associated with heritage conservation efforts. Moreover, it allowed for a comparison between different interviewee groups, such as local residents versus tourists, in terms of how they perceived the conservation’s impact on the local community.

Methods such as triangulation [69] were also applied to ensure accuracy in the qualitative analysis. This involved comparing findings from the interviews with the quantitative data from the surveys and cross-referencing responses to identify consistent themes or discrepancies. For example, where survey data showed a high level of community satisfaction with the restoration efforts, the interviews were analyzed to explore the underlying reasons for this satisfaction, such as cultural pride or the economic opportunities brought by tourism. This integrated approach provided a more nuanced understanding of the complex relationships between the stakeholders involved in Ushaiger’s conservation and reuse.

3.8. Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations were a central component throughout the research process, guiding every aspect of the study to ensure that participants’ rights, cultural sensitivities, and integrity were maintained at the highest standards. From the outset, all participants involved in the interviews, surveys, and fieldwork were fully informed about the purpose and objectives of the research. Each participant was provided with detailed information about the study, including its aims, the methods of data collection, how their contributions would be used, and the potential impact the findings might have on heritage conservation practices. This transparency process was critical to obtaining informed consent, which was formally documented before data collection commenced. Participants were also made aware that their involvement in the research was entirely voluntary and that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any point without any repercussions.

Confidentiality and anonymity were carefully upheld throughout the research process. The personal details of participants, including their identities and any sensitive information they shared during interviews or surveys, were kept confidential. Unique identification codes were used in place of participants’ real names to maintain their anonymity in all data analysis and reporting phases. This practice ensured that no information could be traced back to individual participants, protecting their privacy. Additionally, all collected data were stored securely, in compliance with data protection regulations, ensuring that unauthorized individuals could not access the information. Data were stored in encrypted formats, with access limited to the research team, and were handled in accordance with institutional and international guidelines on data security and privacy.

Beyond protecting participants’ personal information, the research also carefully adhered to ethical guidelines concerning the preservation of cultural heritage and respect for local customs and traditions. Ushaiger Village, as a heritage site, represents a physical space and a living embodiment of Saudi Arabia’s cultural and historical identity. The research team was acutely aware of the sensitivity surrounding the study of such spaces, ensuring that all interactions, data collection, and analyses were conducted to honor the local community’s cultural values. Interviews and surveys were designed with cultural respect in mind, asking questions that were appropriate to the community’s heritage and avoiding any inquiries that might be intrusive or disrespectful.

The research also considered ethical guidelines regarding the study’s potential impact on tourism and economic activities related to heritage sites. The research ensured that the promotion of heritage sites like Ushaiger Village would be conducted in a manner that benefits the local community economically while preserving the cultural integrity of the site by carefully framing the study to focus on sustainable tourism practices. This dual focus on cultural respect and economic sustainability ensured that the research would not inadvertently contribute to the commodification or exploitation of the heritage site but rather enhance its role as a valuable cultural and economic resource for the community.

The submitted informative sheet for participants (Figure 9) and the survey questionnaire (Figure 10) were approved by Prince Sultan University, Institutional Review Board on research ethic number PSU IRB-2022-09-0123.

4. Results

4.1. Building Condition and Conservation Status

The field surveys conducted on Ushaiger Village’s buildings indicate that many structures are in excellent condition. Most buildings, such as museums, cafeterias, and residential houses, have been carefully restored using traditional methods and materials [29,70], making them fully accessible and actively used. These spaces play a pivotal role in the village’s socio-cultural and economic life.

Figure 11 illustrates the distribution of buildings based on their state of conservation. The bar chart highlights that a majority of buildings are in “100% Perfect” condition, reflecting the success of restoration efforts in preserving the structural integrity of heritage buildings. This visual demonstrates that traditional materials employed in the restoration process, along with high standards of maintenance, have helped these structures retain their historical significance. Figure 12 presents two examples of the Assessment Schedules elaborated for each building in Ushaiger village including site surveys and materials analyses for ongoing deterioration, aimed at documenting the building’s condition and historical significance:

Moreover, the emphasis on using traditional materials has contributed to the authenticity of the restoration. Approximately 75% of the restored structures were reconstructed using mainly traditional materials such as mud and limestone, which align with the village’s original architecture. Figure 13 shows that most buildings use 75% traditional materials, while a smaller fraction uses 100% traditional materials. This demonstrates that while most structures remain true to their historical roots, some have undergone slight modifications for practical reasons, such as adapting them to contemporary living conditions. Figure 14 present the Assessment Schedule of a commercial building that has been restored and readapted to the commercial contemporary reuse of the inhabitants.

Ushaiger Village has also successfully integrated heritage conservation with practical reuse of its buildings, which now serve both public and private functions. Figure 15 depicts the various uses of these buildings, where private residential homes constitute the largest portion. Public spaces, including museums, libraries, and restaurants, form a significant part of the restored buildings, indicating that the restoration has had a dual purpose: preserving the village’s heritage while making it functional for contemporary use. Integrating public spaces with heritage buildings fosters a vibrant environment where locals and tourists can engage with the village’s history.

Dar Almeshrag is located in the heart of Ushaiger Village. In English, the name means “The House of Almeshrag”, with “Dar” meaning “house” and “Almeshrag”, referring to the prominent family that owned extensive properties and played a key role in guiding the village’s residents [19].

Today, Dar Almeshrag’s owners actively promote various cultural and historical initiatives in Ushaiger Village. Many activities, including organizing cultural exhibitions, guided tours, and heritage workshops, target educational initiatives on the traditional lifestyles, crafts, and architectural practices unique to the village. Partnering with local historians and artisans, Dar Almeshrag offers real experiences in traditional Najdi crafts, engaging with the local community while maintaining and revitalizing their cultural identity (Figure 16).

In addition, Dar Almeshrag hosts seasonal events like cultural festivals, where visitors can enjoy local cuisine, folklore performances, and traditional music. Many seasonal events attract tourists and foster appreciation for Ushaiger Village’s historical and cultural values, which are aligned with the cultural sustainability goal of Saudi Vision 2030. Dar Almeshrag plays a crucial role in safeguarding Ushaiger’s unique history and ensuring its legacy for future generations by bridging the past and present of Ushaiger inhabitants’ needs.

However, many residential and agricultural units in Ushaiger need preservation after years of abandonment, highlighting the need for greater community involvement and residents’ participation in sustainable heritage reuse. Many buildings are seriously damaged and already partially or totally collapsed, as shown in Figure 17. Encouraging active participation in restoration efforts can help revitalize these structures, fostering a deeper connection to cultural heritage while supporting Saudi Arabia’s broader goals for sustainability and preservation.

4.2. Community Awareness and Participation

The survey data collected from local residents and tourists reveal a high level of awareness regarding the importance of heritage conservation. Participants were asked to rate various sustainability criteria, including social inclusion, cultural diversity, and environmental awareness. Figure 18 provides a detailed comparison of these criteria, showing that respondents rated all categories between 4 and 5 out of 5. This suggests that the community is highly engaged with the restoration efforts and strongly supports the preservation of their cultural heritage.

One of the key findings from the survey is the interconnectedness of different sustainability factors. Figure 19 illustrates the correlation between various aspects of sustainability. For instance, from the heatmap, there is a high correlation (0.79) between “respect the environment” and “reduce pollution and materials’ waste”. This suggests that participants who highly value environmental protection also believe that reducing pollution and waste is necessary. It shows that when people recognize the importance of caring for the environment, they also understand the necessity of minimizing waste and pollution. This reflects the survey finding that local residents and tourists see environmental actions, like reducing pollution, as a part of heritage conservation. For them, protecting cultural heritage is about cultural aspects and linked to environmental responsibility.

4.3. Economic and Tourism Benefits

The restoration of Ushaiger Village has substantially impacted local economic activities, particularly through tourism growth. The adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, especially public spaces like museums and cultural centers, has drawn visitors to the village, stimulating new business opportunities for local residents. This aligns with Objective 10 of the National Transformation Plan of Saudi Arabia [71,72], which promotes sustainable tourism as a key driver of economic growth in compliance with The Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 [9].

Figure 20 shows how sustainability improved before and after a restoration project, with clear improvements in support for local tourism, economic value, and how the environment is treated. The chart shows that the total scores for these areas went up significantly after the restoration. For instance, the yellow area’s score rising above 4 tells us that people rated the project’s positive impact on the environment more than 4 out of 5. This increase aligns with more tourism activities that have helped the local economy through things like hotels, craft sales, and events, leading to better care for the environment.

4.4. Environmental Sustainability

A major emphasis of the restoration process was environmental sustainability. Traditional materials, including mud and limestone, were used extensively during restoration, minimizing the environmental footprint of the efforts. The use of such materials has the added benefit of regulating indoor temperatures naturally, reducing reliance on current energy-intensive systems. This focus on eco-friendly materials aligns with Objective 18 of the NTP 2020, which calls for protecting natural landscapes and sustainable urban development.

Figure 21 illustrates how respondents rated various environmental sustainability criteria. The ratings for reducing pollution, mitigating natural hazards, and efficiently using natural resources are particularly high, averaging between 4 and 5 out of 5. This reinforces the idea that the restoration project preserves historical architecture and contributes to the broader goal of sustainable development. The village’s restoration has been mindful of the local climate, using materials that naturally help manage temperature and minimize energy consumption, adding to its environmental sustainability credentials.

4.5. Socio-Cultural and Ecological Sustainability

The socio-cultural impact of the Ushaiger Village restoration is profound. The project has fostered a deeper connection between the community and its heritage by preserving traditional buildings and promoting their reuse as public spaces. Survey respondents rated socio-cultural criteria, such as social inclusion, cultural diversity, and social values, very highly, as shown in Figure 22. The figure highlights that participants perceive the restoration as a means to promote social inclusion and cultural diversity, strengthening community cohesion. The high ratings suggest that the village’s conservation efforts are a source of pride, reinforcing a collective sense of identity and belonging.

Ecologically, the project has minimized the village’s environmental footprint through sustainable construction techniques. The integration of natural materials and the careful management of resources have ensured that the restoration aligns with ecological sustainability principles. Figure 23 displays the high ratings for minimizing climatic changes and the efficient use of natural resources, emphasizing the role of heritage restoration in contributing to broader environmental goals. These findings emphasize the importance of combining heritage conservation with ecological sustainability, making the restoration project an exemplary model for future conservation efforts.

5. Discussion

The comprehensive restoration of Ushaiger Village represents a significant case study in the intersection of cultural preservation, economic revitalization, and environmental sustainability. It illustrates the complex benefits such initiatives can deliver under the strategic guidance of national policies like Saudi Vision 2030. This multifaceted project demonstrates how adaptive reuse of heritage sites can extend beyond mere conservation, catalyzing a dynamic fusion of historical appreciation with contemporary utilization, thereby enhancing the site’s relevance in today’s socio-economic landscape.

The quantitative and qualitative data gathered post-restoration indicate robust improvements across several metrics. Structurally, most buildings have been restored to excellent condition, showcasing the efficacy of using traditional building materials. Notably, deploying indigenous materials such as mud and limestone in about 75% of the restoration efforts has preserved the architectural authenticity of Ushaiger Village and promoted environmental sustainability. These materials are locally sourced and environmentally friendly, minimizing the ecological footprint of the restoration processes. The community’s strong approval of these methods, with over 90% of respondents acknowledging the environmental benefits, underscores the alignment of these conservation practices with broader sustainability goals.

Economically, the restoration has invigorated the local economy by transforming heritage buildings into vibrant public spaces and business venues. This transformation has catalyzed local entrepreneurship, with new businesses emerging around the tourism and service sectors, thereby contributing to the economic diversification goals of Saudi Vision 2030. Integrating traditional crafts and cultural activities within these spaces has further enriched the village’s cultural offering, making Ushaiger Village a model for how heritage sites can serve as catalysts for cultural and economic development.

The project’s impact extends into the social realm, significantly enhancing community engagement and cultural identity. Active participation from local residents in the restoration process has fostered a sense of ownership and pride and ensured that the interventions were sensitive to the community’s cultural and historical values. This high level of local involvement has been critical in bridging the gap between past and present, allowing residents and visitors alike to engage with the site in ways that reinforce communal ties and cultural continuity.

Looking forward, the success of the Ushaiger Village restoration offers valuable lessons for future heritage conservation projects within Saudi Arabia and potentially other regions with similar goals. It emphasizes the importance of integrating cultural sensitivity with sustainable practices, the potential for economic revitalization through adaptive reuse, and the critical role of community engagement in ensuring the long-term success of heritage conservation efforts. Thus, the project supports the preservation of physical structures and contributes to the community’s sustainable development, aligning with global sustainability standards and fulfilling the strategic objectives of national development plans like Saudi Vision 2030 [9].

Continued focus on such integrated approaches to heritage conservation will be essential in maintaining the momentum achieved by projects like Ushaiger Village, ensuring that heritage conservation remains a cornerstone of sustainable development and cultural enrichment in the contemporary era.

6. Conclusions

The restoration of Ushaiger Village exemplifies the profound potential of heritage conservation as a tool for sustainable development, economic revitalization, and cultural preservation, seamlessly aligning with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030. By utilizing traditional materials and methodologies, the project not only maintained the architectural authenticity of the village but also minimized environmental impact, showcasing the viability of integrating conservation with global sustainability standards. Economic benefits have been substantial, transforming the village into a vibrant hub of tourism and entrepreneurship that stimulates local economies and underscores the role of heritage sites as catalysts for economic diversification. Crucially, the success of this initiative has been underpinned by robust community engagement, ensuring that the restoration processes resonate culturally and garner local support, thereby enhancing social cohesion and reinforcing cultural identity. This project serves as a model for future heritage conservation endeavors within Saudi Arabia and potentially other regions, illustrating that with thoughtful planning and community involvement, heritage conservation can be a cornerstone of sustainable development, enriching both the present and the future of communities.