Positive Energy Districts: The 10 Replicated Solutions in Maia, Reykjavik, Kifissia, Kladno and Lviv
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Positive Energy Districts (PEDs)
1.2. Literature Review
1.3. Purpose of the Paper
2. Materials and Methods
City Vision 2050
The Morgenstadt Framework in the SPARCS Project
- Key performance indicators (quantitative analysis);
- Action fields (qualitative analysis);
- Impact factors (qualitative analysis).
- The understanding phase included the collection and analysis of strategic documents relevant to the energy and mobility sector. Further the defined indicators and action fields were collected by the cities. Any gaps in the information were communicated and discussed with city team. This formed the basis of the city profile.
- The co-creation phase was defined by the onsite assessment, which due to the pandemic, had to be online. The biggest aim of this phase was the joint development of project ideas, which was carried out in collaboration with local experts via co-creative sessions. In the online format the interviews were via the Teams software and other tools such as online maps to identify possible locations for project implementations, Power Point presentations to draft the project ideas, and documentaries or videos to virtually visit and get to know the city in more detail. Guided by the Fraunhofer research team, each city arranged the interviews with key city stakeholders. In the process, it was extremely important to talk with a great variety of citizens and experts to cover all relevant areas. The interviewees where representants from the relevant departments at the city administration, but also universities, citizens associations, private and public companies, service providers, etc. During the sessions, the different tools used allowed for a fast idea development, and at the end the results obtained were as good as in other city labs carried out live during past projects. The process proved to be extremely successful and led to the co-creation of more than 10 project ideas in each city. A selection of them was then discussed and analyzed in detail during the innovation workshop. This exchange aimed to validate and further develop the selected ideas together with the stakeholders.
3. Results
3.1. Maia
- Improve the Competitiveness of the Public Transport System;
- Integration of New Local Eco-Neighborhoods;
- Pilot a Smart Grid and VPP at City District, considering an energy community;
- City Digital Transformation;
- Smart Waste Heat Valorization.
3.2. Reykjavik
- Mobility Hub;
- Expanding EV charging network;
- Green Blocks;
- Reykjavik turns green app/smart transport app;
- Showcase for energy efficiency;
- Reykjavik Environmental Zones;
- Pilot Smart Grid Project at Mobility Hub;
- Park and Ride stations;
- Autonomous Shuttles;
- Car-pooling program.
3.3. Kladno
- Public Retrofit and photovoltaic systems;
- Energy from waste;
- Smart Parking Management;
- Mobility Hubs and Kladno Stations;
- Charging and sharing eVehicles;
- Smart Regulation;
- Smart Metering Public facilities;
- Urban Data Platform and Smart Applications.
3.4. Kifissia
- Bike sharing system;
- Municipal E-busses;
- Super blocks;
- Energy community;
- Waste to energy plant;
- Energy refurbishment of private houses.
3.5. Lviv
- Spatial Energy Plan;
- Smart metering and data sharing;
- Automated energy monitoring in homes;
- Participatory PED ecosystem;
- Thermal rehabilitation of buildings;
- RES integration in the business sector;
- Optimizing public transport;
- City train development;
- Extension of the tram and trolley network.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Sample of City Assessment Results from City of Reykjavik
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Maia | Reykjavik | Kladno | Kifissia | Lviv | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Climate (Köppen–Geiger system) | Warm and temperate (Csb) | Marine West Coast Climate (Cfc) | Warm and temperate (Cfb) | Mediterranean climate (Cfa) | Humid continental (Dfb) |
Share of energy demand covered by RES (% of end energy demand) | 26.5 * | 100 | 5% | - | - |
Share of electricity demand generated by RES (% of electricity demand) | 45 | 100 | 4.75% | - | - |
Renewable energy sources in use | Hydro, wind, solar | Hydro, geothermal | Solar, partially hydro and wind | Solar for water heating | - |
Other sources of energy | Natural gas, oil | None | Coal, natural gas | Coal, natural gas, oil | Natural gas (heating) |
Level 1: Assessment of Indicators | Example |
---|---|
This measures the current status quo of urban systems (quantitative assessment). Out of the initial list of more than 100 Morgenstadt indicators [54], 63 were selected for SPARCS. The indicator categories included: Economy and Governance, Urban Resilience, Zero Emissions, Innovation Leadership, Budget allocation and finance, Mobility, ICT and Energy. |
|
Level 2: Assessment of Action Fields | |
These are direct yes/no type questions that the cities were asked in connection with their ICT, Governance, Mobility, Energy, Building Transformation, and Political Dynamics Performance. In total, 35 action fields were defined consisting of more than 100 questions to understand how the city is performing regarding sustainability and what is their strategy to tackle the challenges while using their opportunities. The questions were defined to address the SPARCS objectives. The model included a simple scoring system that allowed to assess each of the answers. |
|
Stakeholder Engagement | Regulation Constraints | Funding Potential | Political Support | City Strategy Alignment | Quick Win | Potential to Be a Lighthouse Project |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
It referred to possible interest or acceptance (e.g., during interviews) | If there is a need to modify or introduce a regulation to implement the project | Availability of funds (private or public) | Political interest and back-up to encourage the project | Alignment with the city agenda and goals | Level of difficulty | The extent to which the idea can be expanded |
Maia | Reykjavik | Kladno | Kifissia | Lviv | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spatial Development | x | x | x | x | |
Mobility | x | x | x | x | x |
Efficient buildings and materials | x | x | x | x | |
Green energy | x | x | x | x | |
Digital networks and eServices | x | x | x | ||
Citizen Education and Participation | x | x | x | x | |
Circular Economy (waste management etc.) | x | x | x | x | |
Nature-based solutions | x | x |
City | Final Project Idea | Description |
---|---|---|
Maia | Pilot a Smart Grid and VPP at City District, considering an energy community | To become more experienced in implementing smart grids and positive energy blocks subjects, Maia will implement a PED with a virtual boundary and will study the feasibility to create a Renewable Energy Community (REC) in a social neighborhood. Within the scope of PED and still during the course of SPARCS project, Maia is aiming to install and demonstrate the feasibility of different BIPV technologies: one regular BIPV technology applied in building façades and a very recent BIPV technology with solar cells framed in the building’s fenestration. Given the low-cost of PV and its potential in Maia, the municipality is also studying, together with different stakeholders, new financing mechanisms that could fund investments in PV in many municipal buildings. These experiments will produce helpful data that can be validated and used for further research on different smart city solutions to increase energy flexibility (e.g., peak shaving) and local energy generation, decrease overall energy consumption (e.g., through energy efficiency measures), and ultimately help the municipality find the best replication strategies for its territory. |
City Digital Transformation | The city foresees the need for having a transversal/holistic platform (across the existing ‘verticals’) for collecting, processing, and integrating urban data, having in mind better citizen awareness and operation and strategic decision making based on data. Maia is already interoperating data from several sources, both owned by the Municipality (air quality, meteorology, electrical energy consumption, street parking) and in the context of protocols with stakeholders (e-chargers (Mobi.e), electrical energy consumption (e-Redes), traffic conditions (Waze) and institutional sources—e.g., National Bureau of Statistics). Available data is currently being prepared for further studies on energy consumption flexibility. | |
Reykjavik | Mobility hub | Removes obstacles that exist today that prevent more people from using public transport. A way to coordinate the infrastructure for different modes of transport. Solve the problems when going to and from work. |
Green housing project | Evidence that 90% of driving trips are within 3 km. But there is a lack of space within neighborhoods for social interaction. Eco-streets can also be implemented. This can start with the unsustainable neigborhoods first that have for example, a lot of driving and less bike paths. | |
Kladno | Clean energy produced by the photovoltaic system including a business model | By 2030, new roof PVs will be installed having a capacity of 59,410 MWh/year. Hybrid photovoltaic-thermal collectors are also a possibility. The main concern is that most of the produced electricity should be within the building and there must be a battery with sufficient storage capacity. Excess electricity could be exported to the grid, resold to other consumption points in the city or used for heating by heat pumps. |
Supporting clean individual mobility | At the moment, there is a heavy use of private and company vehicles. Ecological modes of transport are not common and there is no car sharing system, even though the bike system was partially tested. The city also needs to invest in charging points as there are only five at the moment. | |
Kifissia | Bike sharing system and smart sensors | Kifissia wants to promote ecomobility as currently there is a lot of use of private cars. Also, so far Kifissia has no bike sharing system. There are bike streets approx. 14 km in length, which would need to be extended and improved. The addition of air quality monitoring sensors will make it possible to send notifications to the citizens in case the air quality drops that day so they can avoid the use of bike. |
Energy community | The municipality is working on a formation of an Energy Community with help of municipal staff and citizens. There will be an open invite for citizens to participate. The plan involves creating a photovoltaic park where members can profit from the energy produced via virtual net metering. | |
Lviv | Spatial Energy Plan | Geographical information system that supports the data collection, analysis, and visualization in a format of maps of energy potential, energy supply and consumption in Lviv. As a tool for developers of energy solutions and a beta version of a digital twin of the energy infrastructure of Lviv, it provides opportunities to create algorithms for data analysis and justification of innovative actions. |
Data-Driven Sustainable Mobility Plan | Software for modelling traffic and calculating CO2 emissions from the transport that will be used for justification of mobility solutions in Lviv. |
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Fatima, Z.; Padilla, M.; Kuzmic, M.; Huovila, A.; Schaj, G.; Effenberger, N. Positive Energy Districts: The 10 Replicated Solutions in Maia, Reykjavik, Kifissia, Kladno and Lviv. Smart Cities 2023, 6, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6010001
Fatima Z, Padilla M, Kuzmic M, Huovila A, Schaj G, Effenberger N. Positive Energy Districts: The 10 Replicated Solutions in Maia, Reykjavik, Kifissia, Kladno and Lviv. Smart Cities. 2023; 6(1):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatima, Zarrin, Marielisa Padilla, Michal Kuzmic, Aapo Huovila, Gretel Schaj, and Niklas Effenberger. 2023. "Positive Energy Districts: The 10 Replicated Solutions in Maia, Reykjavik, Kifissia, Kladno and Lviv" Smart Cities 6, no. 1: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6010001