Relationship between Storage Quality and Functionality of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn) at Different Temperatures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Chemicals
2.2. Simulated Storage Test
2.3. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
2.4. Moisture and Water Activity Analysis
2.5. Color Analysis
2.6. Physical Quality Indices
pH, Titratable Acidity, and Total Soluble Solids of Buckwheat
2.7. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis
2.8. Antioxidants and Its Capacities of Buckwheat
2.9. HPLC-DAD Analysis of Rutin
2.10. Microorganism Growth Tests
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure
3.2. Quality
3.3. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Analysis
3.4. Functional Compounds and Antioxidant Capacities
3.5. The Influence of Total Plate Count/Yeast and Mold during Storage
3.6. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Temperature | Months | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||
Moisture content (%) | CB | 4 °C | 7.24 ± 0.02 a | 7.24 ± 0.06 a | 7.24 ± 0.03 a | 7.24 ± 0.04 a | 7.23 ± 0.01 a | 7.24 ± 0.05 a | 7.23 ± 0.03 a |
30 °C | 7.24 ± 0.02 a | 7.24 ± 0.03 a | 7.23 ± 0.02 a | 7.24 ± 0.05 a | 7.24 ± 0.06 a | 7.25 ± 0.01 a | 7.25 ± 0.04 a | ||
55 °C | 7.24 ± 0.02 a | 7.25 ± 0.04 a | 7.25 ± 0.01 a | 7.24 ± 0.05 a | 7.23 ± 0.06 a | 7.23 ± 0.06 a | 7.24 ± 0.04 a | ||
TB | 4 °C | 6.76 ± 0.06 a | 6.77 ± 0.05 a | 6.76 ± 0.04 a | 6.77 ± 0.06 a | 6.77 ± 0.05 a | 6.75 ± 0.03 a | 6.78 ± 0.03 a | |
30 °C | 6.76 ± 0.06 a | 6.76 ± 0.05 a | 6.77 ± 0.06 a | 6.77 ± 0.02 a | 6.76 ± 0.07 a | 6.76 ± 0.03 a | 6.76 ± 0.06 a | ||
55 °C | 6.76 ± 0.06 a | 6.77 ± 0.04 a | 6.76 ± 0.06 a | 6.77 ± 0.01 a | 6.77 ± 0.03 a | 6.76 ± 0.06 a | 6.77 ± 0.02 a | ||
Water activity | CB | 4 °C | 0.186 ± 0.002 a | 0.187 ± 0.001 a | 0.186 ± 0.001 a | 0.186 ± 0.001 a | 0.187 ± 0.002 a | 0.187 ± 0.002 a | 0.187 ± 0.002 a |
30 °C | 0.186 ± 0.002 a | 0.188 ± 0.001 a | 0.188 ± 0.001 a | 0.190 ± 0.001 a | 0.192 ± 0.002 a | 0.193 ± 0.002 a | 0.195 ± 0.001 a | ||
55 °C | 0.186 ± 0.002 a | 0.188 ± 0.001 a | 0.190 ± 0.001 a | 0.192 ± 0.002 a | 0.195 ± 0.001 a | 0.199 ± 0.001 a | 0.199 ± 0.001 a | ||
TB | 4 °C | 0.172 ± 0.002 a | 0.172 ± 0.002 a | 0.172 ± 0.001 a | 0.172 ± 0.001 a | 0.172 ± 0.002 a | 0.172 ± 0.002 a | 0.172 ± 0.002 a | |
30 °C | 0.172 ± 0.002 a | 0.172 ± 0.002 a | 0.173 ± 0.002 a | 0.173 ± 0.002 a | 0.172 ± 0.001 a | 0.173 ± 0.001 a | 0.176 ± 0.001 a | ||
55 °C | 0.172 ± 0.002 a | 0.175 ± 0.001 a | 0.176 ± 0.001 a | 0.179 ± 0.002 a | 0.180 ± 0.001 a | 0.182 ± 0.002 a | 0.183 ± 0.002 a | ||
Soluble solid content (°Brix) | CB | 4 °C | 1.02 ± 0.03 a | 1.02 ± 0.03 a | 0.98 ± 0.03 a | 1.02 ± 0.03 a | 1.02 ± 0.06 a | 1.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.98 ± 0.03 a |
30 °C | 1.02 ± 0.03 a | 1.00 ± 0.00 a | 1.02 ± 0.03 a | 0.98 ± 0.03 a | 1.00 ± 0.05 a | 1.02 ± 0.03 a | 0.98 ± 0.06 a | ||
55 °C | 1.02 ± 0.03 a | 1.03 ± 0.03 a | 1.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.98 ± 0.03 a | 1.00 ± 0.05 a | 0.98 ± 0.03 a | 1.02 ± 0.03 a | ||
TB | 4 °C | 0.92 ± 0.03 a | 0.88 ± 0.03 a | 0.92 ± 0.03 a | 0.92 ± 0.03 a | 0.88 ± 0.03 a | 0.88 ± 0.03 a | 0.92 ± 0.03 a | |
30 °C | 0.92 ± 0.03 a | 0.90 ± 0.05 a | 0.92 ± 0.06 a | 0.90 ± 0.00 a | 0.92 ± 0.03 a | 0.88 ± 0.03 a | 0.92 ± 0.03 a | ||
55 °C | 0.92 ± 0.03 a | 0.88 ± 0.03 a | 0.92 ± 0.03 a | 0.92 ± 0.03 a | 0.92 ± 0.06 a | 0.90 ± 0.05 a | 0.90 ± 0.00 a |
Months | Total Bacterial Count (log CFU/g) | Yeast and Mold (log CFU/g) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CB | TB | CB | TB | |||||||||
4 °C | 30 °C | 55 °C | 4 °C | 30 °C | 55 °C | 4 °C | 30 °C | 55 °C | 4 °C | 30 °C | 55 °C | |
0 | 4.30 ± 0.00 a | 4.30 ± 0.00 a | 4.30 ± 0.00 d | 3.21 ± 0.06 ab | 3.21 ± 0.06 a | 3.21 ± 0.06 e | 2.10 ± 0.17 a | 2.10 ± 0.17 a | 2.10 ± 0.17 | 2.20 ± 0.17 a | 2.20 ± 0.17 a | 2.10 ± 0.17 |
1 | 4.33 ± 0.01 ab | 4.50 ± 0.03 b | 3.78 ± 0.02 a | 3.19 ± 0.02 a | 3.40 ± 0.02 bc | 2.56 ± 0.07 d | 2.20 ± 0.17 ab | 2.40 ± 0.17 b | <1 | 2.30 ± 0.00 a | 2.36 ± 0.10 ab | <1 |
2 | 4.36 ± 0.02 cd | 4.52 ± 0.03 b | 3.84 ± 0.05 bc | 3.24 ± 0.03 ab | 3.38 ± 0.02 b | 2.56 ± 0.07 d | 2.30 ± 0.00 ab | 2.65 ± 0.16 bc | <1 | 2.26 ± 0.24 a | 2.42 ± 0.10 ab | <1 |
3 | 4.34 ± 0.00 bc | 4.53 ± 0.01 b | 3.83 ± 0.00 bc | 3.29 ± 0.03 bc | 3.41 ± 0.04 bc | 2.48 ± 0.00 cd | 2.20 ± 0.17 ab | 2.65 ± 0.16 bc | <1 | 2.36 ± 0.10 a | 2.40 ± 0.17 ab | <1 |
4 | 4.38 ± 0.02 d | 4.53 ± 0.01 b | 3.86 ± 0.02 c | 3.36 ± 0.09 cd | 3.40 ± 0.01 bc | 2.30 ± 0.00 bc | 2.30 ± 0.00 ab | 2.75 ± 0.05 c | <1 | 2.26 ± 0.24 a | 2.52 ± 0.07 b | <1 |
5 | 4.44 ± 0.02 e | 4.64 ± 0.04 c | 3.81 ± 0.01 ab | 3.37 ± 0.02 cd | 3.46 ± 0.02 c | 2.10 ± 0.17 a | 2.30 ± 0.00 ab | 2.75 ± 0.05 c | <1 | 2.26 ± 0.24 a | 2.42 ± 0.10 ab | <1 |
6 | 4.47 ± 0.03 e | 4.71 ± 0.01 d | 3.81 ± 0.01 ab | 3.39 ± 0.08 d | 3.53 ± 0.04 d | 2.20 ± 0.17 ab | 2.36 ± 0.10 b | 2.78 ± 0.16 c | <1 | 2.30 ± 0.00 a | 2.56 ± 0.07 b | <1 |
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Chen, Y.-L.; Yang, K.-M.; Shiao, X.-Y.; Huang, J.-J.; Ma, Y.-A.; Chiang, P.-Y. Relationship between Storage Quality and Functionality of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn) at Different Temperatures. AgriEngineering 2024, 6, 3121-3136. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030178
Chen Y-L, Yang K-M, Shiao X-Y, Huang J-J, Ma Y-A, Chiang P-Y. Relationship between Storage Quality and Functionality of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn) at Different Temperatures. AgriEngineering. 2024; 6(3):3121-3136. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030178
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yen-Liang, Kai-Min Yang, Xin-Yu Shiao, Jan-Jeng Huang, Yu-An Ma, and Po-Yuan Chiang. 2024. "Relationship between Storage Quality and Functionality of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn) at Different Temperatures" AgriEngineering 6, no. 3: 3121-3136. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030178