Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Early Detection of Fungal Infection of Winter Wheat Grains
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Fusarium graminearum and Alternaria alternata Cultures
2.2. Inoculation of Wheat Grains
2.3. Measurement of Fluorescence of Control and Infected Grains and F. graminearum and A. alternata Cultures
2.4. Principal Component Analysis
2.5. Finding the Peaks of the Emission–Excitation Matrix
3. Results
3.1. Principal Component Analysis
3.2. Analysis of Peaks
3.2.1. Peak 1
3.2.2. Peak 2
3.2.3. Peak 3
3.2.4. Peak 4
3.2.5. Peak 5
Number and Center of the Peaks (λex/λem, nm) | Substances | Maximum of λex/λem for Substances, nm | References |
---|---|---|---|
1 (328/278) | Amino acids, proteins | 282–363/255–295 | [8,66] |
Lignin | 360/280 | [52] | |
2 (455/364) | Phenolic acids (hydroxycinnamic), ferulic acids, coumaric acids | 410–460/340–380 | [8,59,60,61,62] |
Pteridine compounds (folic acid, neopterin etc.) | 373–458/331–361 | [8,63,64] | |
Chitin | 450–458/254, 305, 370–373 | [8] | |
413/335 | [67,68,69] | ||
Coumarin | 455/280 and 340 | [8] | |
Chlorogenic acid | 430–440/320–330 | [70] | |
NADPH, NADH | 440–480/330–380 | [8,55,56] | |
Cellulose | 410–460/330–340 | [8,66] | |
Lignin | 419–458/282, 331–345 | [62,66] | |
Suberin | 450–460/355 | [62] | |
Lipofuscin | 460–670/345–490 | [71,72,73] | |
Flavonoids | 440–610/365 | [57,62,65] | |
Alkaloids | 410–600/360–380 | [57,58,74] | |
Sporopollein | 400–650/300–550 | [57,58,75] | |
Terpenoids | 400–725/250–395 | [57,58] | |
Mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, and alternariol) | 398–465/295–393 | [76,77,78,79,80,81] | |
Metabolites (quinones) | 430–480/270–400 | [82,83] | |
3 (486/400) | Sporopollenin, cutin, suberin, lignin | 400–650/300–550 | [57,58,75,84] |
Lipofuscin | 430–670/340–490 | [72,73] | |
Terpenoids | 400–725/250–395 | [57,58] | |
Metabolites (quinones) | 430–480/270–400 | [82,83] | |
4 (536/420) | Flavins (riboflavin, FAD, FMN) | 540/360–445 | [8,56,85] |
Carotenoids | 520–560/400–500 | [57,65] | |
Sporopollenin | 400–650/300–550 | [57,58,75] | |
Melanin | 543–548/469–471 | [86] | |
Phospholipids | 540,560/436 | [87] | |
Lipofuscin | 430–670/340–490 | [72,73] | |
Terpenoids | 400–725/250–395 | [57,58] | |
5 (553/486) | Some lignin and/or cuticle compounds | 590 and 540/488 | [53] |
Flavonoids | 540–550/488 | [52] | |
Lignin | 530–560/488 | [52] | |
Tannins | 500–650/488 | [52] | |
Sporopollenin | 400–650/300–550 | [57,58,75] | |
Melanin | 543–548/469–471 | [86] | |
Phospholipids | 540,560/436 | [87] | |
Lipofuscin | 430–670/340–490 | [72,73] |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Matveeva, T.A.; Sarimov, R.M.; Persidskaya, O.K.; Andreevskaya, V.M.; Semenova, N.A.; Gudkov, S.V. Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Early Detection of Fungal Infection of Winter Wheat Grains. AgriEngineering 2024, 6, 3137-3158. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030179
Matveeva TA, Sarimov RM, Persidskaya OK, Andreevskaya VM, Semenova NA, Gudkov SV. Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Early Detection of Fungal Infection of Winter Wheat Grains. AgriEngineering. 2024; 6(3):3137-3158. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030179
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatveeva, Tatiana A., Ruslan M. Sarimov, Olga K. Persidskaya, Veronika M. Andreevskaya, Natalia A. Semenova, and Sergey V. Gudkov. 2024. "Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Early Detection of Fungal Infection of Winter Wheat Grains" AgriEngineering 6, no. 3: 3137-3158. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030179