Color Stability, Physical Properties and Antifungal Effects of ZrO2 Additions to Experimental Maxillofacial Silicones: Comparisons with TiO2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation
2.3. Color Measurements
2.4. Physical Properties Measurements
2.4.1. Tensile Properties
2.4.2. Shore A Hardness
2.5. Antifungal Activity
2.5.1. Candida albicans and Growth Conditions
2.5.2. Biofilm Formation
XTT Colorimetric Assay
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
2.6. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Color Measurements
3.1.1. Baseline Color Measurements
3.1.2. ΔE*ab Color Changes after 600 h Exposure to Control and UVB Environments
3.1.3. ΔE*ab Color Changes after 1800 h Exposure to Control and UVB Environments
3.1.4. ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, and ΔE*ab Color Changes after 3000 h Exposure to Control and UVB Environments
3.1.5. Color Changes over Time
3.2. Shore A Hardness
3.3. Tensile Properties
3.3.1. Ultimate Tensile Strength
3.3.2. Modulus of Elasticity
3.3.3. Strain at Break
3.4. Antifungal Activity
3.4.1. XTT Colorimetric Assay
3.4.2. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
4. Discussion
4.1. UV-Induced Damage
4.2. Potential Benefits of ZrO2 and TiO2 Nanoparticle Additions
4.3. Color Change
4.3.1. Color Changes at Baseline
4.3.2. Color Changes in Control Environment
4.3.3. Color Changes Caused by Ultraviolet Radiation
4.4. Shore A Hardness
4.5. Tensile Properties
4.6. Antifungal Activity
4.7. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Groups | Property | Sample Size |
---|---|---|
1% 20–40 nm ZrO2 | Color | 5 |
1% 200–300 nm ZrO2 | Durometer Hardness | 5 |
1% 30–40 nm TiO2 | Tensile Strength | 12 |
1% 200 nm TiO2 | Tensile Modulus | 12 |
13% 200–300 nm SiO2 (control) | Tensile Breaking Strain | 12 |
1% 20–40 nm ZrO2 | Antifungal | 12 |
1% 200–300 nm ZrO2 | ||
1% 30–40 nm TiO2 | ||
1% 200 nm TiO2 | ||
13% 200–300 nm SiO2 (positive material control) | ||
1 ppm 30–50 nm Ag (negative material control) | ||
1 ppm 200–400 nm Ag (negative material control) | ||
Medium + C. albicans only (positive biological control) |
Nanoparticle Type | Size | Lot No. | Company |
---|---|---|---|
ZrO2 | 40 nm 20–40 m2/g | USHT03 | US Research Nanomaterials Houston, TX, USA |
200–300 nm 10–15 m2/g | 5970-061503 | Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials Houston, TX, USA | |
TiO2 (Rutile) | 30–40 nm 35–40 m2/g | 54885-040108 | Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials Houston, TX, USA |
200 nm 19 m2/g | TI07193RUT11 | Inframat Advanced Materials Manchester, CT, USA | |
Ag | 30–50 nm 16–20 m2/g | USHW09 | US Research Nanomaterials Houston, TX, USA |
200–400 nm 5 m2/g | 0124-030413 | Skyspring Nanomaterials Houston, TX, USA | |
SiO2 | 200–300 nm 225 m2/g | TS-530 | Cabot Corporation Boston, MA, USA |
Nanoparticle | ΔL* | Δa* | Δb* | ΔE*ab |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | ||||
1% ZrO2 40 nm | −1.4 (0.08) fg | −0.2 (0.66) a | −5.2 (2.10) b | 5.6 (2.06) a |
1% ZrO2 200 nm | −1.7 (0.06) f | −0.4 (0.66) a | −5.8 (2.10) ab | 6.3 (2.05) a |
1%TiO2 30–40 nm | −0.6 (0.07) h | 0.06 (0.42) a | −2.2 (1.26) b | 2.5 (1.24) a |
1%TiO2 200 nm | −1.1 (0.14) gh | −0.3 (0.38) a | −2.5 (0.63) b | 2.9 (0.59) a |
13% SiO2 200 nm | −1.0 (0.08) h | 0.4 (0.90) ab | −5.0 (3.20) b | 5.4 (3.21) a |
UVB | ||||
1% ZrO2 40 nm | −8.0 (0.10) c | 1.6 (0.65) ab | −11.9 (2.04) ab | 14.7 (1.47) bc |
1% ZrO2 200 nm | −8.5 (0.12) b | 1.7 (0.52) ab | −11.5 (2.57) ab | 15.0 (1.61) bc |
1% TiO2 30–40 nm | −4.3 (0.07) d | 1.3 (0.50) ab | −6.3 (1.02) ab | 7.9 (0.81) ab |
1% TiO2 200 nm | −3.1 (0.01) e | 1.2 (0.25) ab | −4.3 (0.84) b | 5.6 (0.59) a |
13% SiO2 200 nm | −10.8 (0.13) a | 3.2 (1.01) b | −15.1 (3.03) a | 19.5 (2.01) c |
Particle | Baseline Shore A (n = 10) | 3000 h Change Control (n = 5) | 3000 h Change UVB (n = 5) |
---|---|---|---|
1% ZrO2 40 nm | 18 (1.5) a | −0.1 (0.3) a | −0.2 (0.7) a |
1% ZrO2 200 nm | 22 (0.5) b | −0.2 (0.4) a | 0.0 (0.1) a |
1% TiO2 30–40 nm | 19 (0.8) a | −0.2 (0.3) a | −0.3 (0.5) a |
1% TiO2 200 nm | 18 (1.4) a | 0.0 (0.2) a | 0.2 (0.2) a |
13% SiO2 200 nm | 27 (0.7) c | 1.0 (0.6) b | 1.5 (0.4) b |
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Alkahtany, M.; Beatty, M.W.; Alsalleeh, F.; Petro, T.M.; Simetich, B.; Zhou, Y.; Feely, D.; Polyzois, G. Color Stability, Physical Properties and Antifungal Effects of ZrO2 Additions to Experimental Maxillofacial Silicones: Comparisons with TiO2. Prosthesis 2023, 5, 916-938. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis5030064
Alkahtany M, Beatty MW, Alsalleeh F, Petro TM, Simetich B, Zhou Y, Feely D, Polyzois G. Color Stability, Physical Properties and Antifungal Effects of ZrO2 Additions to Experimental Maxillofacial Silicones: Comparisons with TiO2. Prosthesis. 2023; 5(3):916-938. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis5030064
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlkahtany, Mazen, Mark W. Beatty, Fahd Alsalleeh, Thomas M. Petro, Bobby Simetich, You Zhou, Dennis Feely, and Grigoris Polyzois. 2023. "Color Stability, Physical Properties and Antifungal Effects of ZrO2 Additions to Experimental Maxillofacial Silicones: Comparisons with TiO2" Prosthesis 5, no. 3: 916-938. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis5030064