A Novel Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on a Self-Assembled Monolayer-Modified Electrode for Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) in Environmental Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Equipment and Instruments
2.3. Cyclic Voltammetry for Pretreatment of Electrodes
2.4. Modification of SPG Electrodes
2.5. Optimization of Label-Free Immunoassay
2.6. Real Sample Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Electrochemical Characterization of the Electrode
3.2. Optimization of the Assay Conditions
3.3. Sensitivity of the Immunosensor for PCB Aroclor 1254 Determination
3.4. Reproducibility and Stability of the Designed Immunosensor
3.5. Real Sample Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
∆Ep | peak-to-peak separation |
11-MUA | 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid |
Ag/AgCl | silver/silver chloride |
Au | gold |
BSA | bovine serum albumin |
CV | cyclic voltammetry |
EDC | 1-Ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)-propyl) carbodiimide |
ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
HPLC | high performance liquid chromatography |
K3Fe(CN)6 | potassium ferricyanide |
K4Fe(CN)6 | potassium ferrocyanide |
KCI | potassium chloride |
LOD | limit of detection |
MeOH | methanol |
NaCl | sodium chloride |
NaCNBH4 | sodium cyanoborohydride |
NaOH | sodium hydroxide |
NHS | N-hydroxy succinimide |
PAb | polyclonal antibodies |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
PCB | polychlorinated biphenyls |
Rct | charge transfer resistance |
SAM | self-assembled monolayer |
SPGE | screen-printed gold electrodes |
TRIS | tris(hydroxylmethyl)aminomethane |
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Cleaning Protocols | Epa (V) | Epc (V) | ΔEP (mV) * |
---|---|---|---|
Plasma cleaning | 0.226 | 0.168 | 58 |
Ultrasonicating | 0.226 | 0.160 | 66 |
NH3 + H2O2 | 0.242 | 0.172 | 70 |
H2SO4 | 0.246 | 0.160 | 86 |
Scan Rate (mV/s) | Ipa (µA) c | ΔEp (mV) b | Emid vs. Ag/Ag CL (Mv) a |
---|---|---|---|
200 | 34.59 | 58 | 193 |
150 | 30.01 | 64 | 194 |
100 | 24.80 | 58 | 193 |
70 | 20.83 | 62 | 191 |
50 | 17.38 | 64 | 192 |
20 | 11.18 | 68 | 192 |
10 | 7.98 | 68 | 194 |
5 | 5.71 | 70 | 198 |
Method | Detection Mode | Linear Range | LOD | Amplification | Real Sample | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPV | - | 1–100 | 0.22 ng/L | None | Water | [30] |
EIS | Noncompetitive | 0.01–10 μg/L | 0.001 μg/L | None | Oil | [22] |
DPV | Competitive | 0.01–50 ppm | 5.2 ppm | AP (ALP) | Food | [37] |
LSV | Competitive | 0.1–220 | 0.09 ng/mL−1 | AP (ALP) | Water | [3] |
DPV | Competitive | 0.011–220 | 0.11 ng/mL−1 | None | Soil | This work |
Techniques | Sample | Added (ng/mL−1) | Found (ng/mL−1) | Recovery % | RSD % (n = 3). |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ELISA | Soil | 8.2 | 10.54 | 128.53 | 4.4% |
ELISA | Soil | 25 | 26.41 | 105.64 | 3.6% |
Electrochemical | Soil | 8.2 | 7.89 | 96.21 | 1.7% |
Electrochemical | Soil | 25 | 22.74 | 90 | 2.5 % |
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Alsefri, S.; Balbaied, T.; Albalawi, I.; Alatawi, H.; Moore, E. A Novel Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on a Self-Assembled Monolayer-Modified Electrode for Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) in Environmental Analysis. Electrochem 2022, 3, 451-462. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030031
Alsefri S, Balbaied T, Albalawi I, Alatawi H, Moore E. A Novel Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on a Self-Assembled Monolayer-Modified Electrode for Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) in Environmental Analysis. Electrochem. 2022; 3(3):451-462. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030031
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlsefri, Samia, Thanih Balbaied, Ibtihaj Albalawi, Hanan Alatawi, and Eric Moore. 2022. "A Novel Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on a Self-Assembled Monolayer-Modified Electrode for Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) in Environmental Analysis" Electrochem 3, no. 3: 451-462. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030031