Ultrasonication Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Ceiba Pentandra (Kapok) Oil Derived Biodiesel Using Immobilized Iron Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Setup
2.1. Materials
2.2. Procedure for Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles
2.3. Immobilization of Rhizopus-Oryzae Enzyme on Iron Nanoparticles
2.4. Oil Extraction from the Kapok Oilseeds
2.5. Physiochemical Properties of Kapok Oil
2.6. Catalytic Transesterification Assisted by Ultrasonication
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Textural Characterization
3.2. Temperature and Reaction Time Affecting the Yield of Biodiesel
3.3. Effect of Catalysts Loading on the Yield of Biodiesel
3.4. Characterizations of Kapok Biodiesel
3.5. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Modeling of the Transesterification Process
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oil extraction yield | 23% |
Acid value | 18.541 mg KOH/g oil |
Free fatty acid | 9.317% |
Saponification Value | 186.813 mg KOH/g Fat |
Specific gravity (at 20 °C) | 0.850 |
pH | 5.0 |
Kinematic viscosity (at 30 °C) | 40 cSt |
Feedstock | Bio-Catalyst | Alcohol/Oil | Reaction Condition | Yield | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Waste cottonseed oil | Immobilized Rhizopus oryzae lipase | Ethanol/oil molar ratio: 4.5:1 | Temperature: 45 °C, Reaction time: 6 h Frequency: 20 kHz | 98.7% | [38] |
Waste cooking oil | Immobilized enzyme Novozym 435 | Dimethyl carbonate/ oil molar ratio: 6:1 | Temperature: 70 °C, Reaction time: 4 h Frequency: 25 kHz | 86.61% | [18] |
Waste tallow | Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) | Methanol/ fat molar ratio:8:1 | Temperature: 50 °C, Reaction time: 20 min Frequency: 20 kHz | 85.6 ± 0.08% | [39] |
Canola oil | T. lanuginose lipase immobilized on mesoporous silica/superparamagnetic iron oxide | Methanol/oil molar ratio:4.34 | Reaction time: 6 h Frequency: 40 kHz | 83.77% | [40] |
Jatropha curcas oil | Chromobacterium viscosum lipase on immobilized silica activated | Methanol/oil molar ratio:4:1 | Reaction time: 30 min Frequency: 30 kHz | 84.5 ±0.5% | [41] |
Jatropha oil | E. aerogenes and Rhizopus oryzae3562 lipase immobilized on silica activated | Methanol/oil molar ratio:4:1 | Temperature: 55 °C, Reaction time: 48 h | 94% | [42] |
Cooking oil | PDA-lipase immobilized on Fe3O4- | Methanol/oil molar ratio:6:1 | Temperature: 37 °C, Reaction time: 30 h | 92% | [43] |
Kapok oil | Rhizopus-oryzae lipase immobilization on magnetic Fe3O4-NPs | Methanol/oil molar ratio:6:1 | Temperature: 60 °C, Reaction time: 4 h Frequency: 25 kHz | 93 ± 1.04% | This work |
Retention Time (min) | Component Name | Molecularweight | Composition (%) |
---|---|---|---|
4.028 | 13-Tetradecynoic acid, methyl ester | 238 | 1.283 |
5.648 | 13,16-Octadecadiynoic acid, methyl ester | 290 | 10.275 |
7.115 | Nonanoic acid, methyl ester | 172 | 2.209 |
14.494 | Pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 270 | 16.984 |
20.480 | 7-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester | 268 | 20.439 |
20.78 | Docosanoic acid, methyl ester | 354 | 1.607 |
22.20 | Tricosanoic acid, methyl ester | 368 | 3.992 |
23.90 | Tetracosanoic acid, methyl ester | 382 | 15.862 |
25.66 | Pentacosanoic acid, methyl ester | 396 | 1.988 |
28.26 | Hexacosanoic acid, methyl ester | 410 | 1.501 |
Consecutive Reversible Reactions of Triglyceride | Equation | ||
---|---|---|---|
| (5a) | ||
Step Reactions | Rate Equations | Equilibrium Constants | |
Adsorption reaction | , | (5b) | |
Surface reaction | , | (5c) | |
Desorption reaction | (5d) | ||
Overall reaction | (5e) |
Temperature (°C) | Regression Equation | R2 | Rate Constant k1 (h−1) |
---|---|---|---|
40 | y = 0.2124x + 0.1006 | 0.994 | 0.212 |
50 | y = 0.2459x + 0.2062 | 0.998 | 0.246 |
60 | y = 0.4622x + 0.2029 | 0.953 | 0.466 |
70 | y = 0.5423x + 0.1965 | 0.908 | 0.542 |
Terms | Description | Value |
---|---|---|
k0 | Frequency factor (h−1) | 27,446.66 |
Activation Energy (kJ mol−1) | 30.79 | |
Enthalpy (kJ mol−1) | 28.06 | |
Entropy (J mol−1 K−1) | −237.12 | |
Gibbs free energy | (kJmol−1) | |
313 K | 102.28 | |
323 K | 104.65 | |
333 K | 107.02 | |
343 K | 109.40 |
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Pasawan, M.; Chen, S.-S.; Das, B.; Chang, H.-M.; Chang, C.-T.; Nguyen, T.X.Q.; Ku, H.-M.; Chen, Y.-F. Ultrasonication Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Ceiba Pentandra (Kapok) Oil Derived Biodiesel Using Immobilized Iron Nanoparticles. Fuels 2022, 3, 113-131. https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels3010008
Pasawan M, Chen S-S, Das B, Chang H-M, Chang C-T, Nguyen TXQ, Ku H-M, Chen Y-F. Ultrasonication Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Ceiba Pentandra (Kapok) Oil Derived Biodiesel Using Immobilized Iron Nanoparticles. Fuels. 2022; 3(1):113-131. https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels3010008
Chicago/Turabian StylePasawan, Mithileth, Shiao-Shing Chen, Bhanupriya Das, Hau-Ming Chang, Chang-Tang Chang, Thi Xuan Quynh Nguyen, Hong-Ming Ku, and Yue-Fang Chen. 2022. "Ultrasonication Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Ceiba Pentandra (Kapok) Oil Derived Biodiesel Using Immobilized Iron Nanoparticles" Fuels 3, no. 1: 113-131. https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels3010008