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Hydrogen, Volume 3, Issue 2 (June 2022) – 6 articles

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15 pages, 4529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogen Storage Properties of a New Ti-V-Cr-Zr-Nb High Entropy Alloy

by Anis Bouzidi, Laetitia Laversenne, Vivian Nassif, Erik Elkaim and Claudia Zlotea

Hydrogen 2022, 3(2), 270-284; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3020016 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3037

Abstract

We are reporting the synthesis, the physicochemical, and the hydrogen sorption properties of a novel bcc high entropy alloy Ti_0.30V_0.25Cr_0.10Zr_0.10Nb_0.25. At room temperature, the alloy rapidly absorbs hydrogen reaching a capacity of 2.0 H/M (3.0 wt.%) and forming a dihydride with fcc structure, as confirmed by both synchrotron X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction. The absorption Pressure–Composition Isotherms corroborated with synchrotron X-ray diffraction prove that the reaction with hydrogen occurs within two steps, i.e., bcc alloy → bcc monohydride → fcc dihydride. The thermodynamic parameters calculated for the second step transformation evidence the formation of a stable dihydride with ΔH_abs = −75 kJ/molH₂. The phase transition during hydrogen/deuterium desorption was investigated by in situ synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction confirming a reversible reaction with hydrogen. Furthermore, the cycling properties show a decrease of the capacity over the first cycles followed by a stabilization at 2.44 wt.%, whereas the absorption kinetics improve after the first cycle reaching full capacity after only 30 s at room temperature. Full article

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15 pages, 733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing Hydrogen Boil-Off Losses during Fuelling by Pre-Cooling Cryogenic Tank

by Fardin Ghaffari-Tabrizi, Jan Haemisch and Daniela Lindner

Hydrogen 2022, 3(2), 255-269; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3020015 - 1 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 9240

Abstract

Boil-off losses occur when gaseous hydrogen has to be released from a cryogenic tank due to liquid hydrogen evaporating. These are a substantial drawback for all areas in which liquid hydrogen is discussed as a potential fuel to limit the climate impact. Especially boil-off losses during fuelling are one of the most significant source of losses along the liquid hydrogen pathway. To analyse and minimize such losses, simulations of the filling process are performed with the simulation tool “EcoSimPro”. The simulations are validated with an analytical solution. The results show that boil-off losses can be significantly reduced by pre-cooling the cryogenic tank with liquid nitrogen. This method is most effective for relatively small tanks that could be used e.g., in small air crafts or air taxis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Hydrogen)

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37 pages, 6420 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanoengineering of Catalysts for Enhanced Hydrogen Production

by Jhonatan Luiz Fiorio, Maitê Lippel Gothe, Emerson Cristofer Kohlrausch, Maria Luísa Zardo, Auro Atsushi Tanaka, Roberto Batista de Lima, Anderson Gabriel Marques da Silva, Marco Aurélio Suller Garcia, Pedro Vidinha and Giovanna Machado

Hydrogen 2022, 3(2), 218-254; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3020014 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6149

Abstract

Hydrogen (H₂) has emerged as a sustainable energy carrier capable of replacing/complementing the global carbon-based energy matrix. Although studies in this area have often focused on the fundamental understanding of catalytic processes and the demonstration of their activities towards different strategies, much effort is still needed to develop high-performance technologies and advanced materials to accomplish widespread utilization. The main goal of this review is to discuss the recent contributions in the H₂ production field by employing nanomaterials with well-defined and controllable physicochemical features. Nanoengineering approaches at the sub-nano or atomic scale are especially interesting, as they allow us to unravel how activity varies as a function of these parameters (shape, size, composition, structure, electronic, and support interaction) and obtain insights into structure–performance relationships in the field of H₂ production, allowing not only the optimization of performances but also enabling the rational design of nanocatalysts with desired activities and selectivity for H₂ production. Herein, we start with a brief description of preparing such materials, emphasizing the importance of accomplishing the physicochemical control of nanostructures. The review finally culminates in the leading technologies for H₂ production, identifying the promising applications of controlled nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Hydrogen)

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21 pages, 8692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Hydrogen Recombination Characteristics of a Passive Autocatalytic Recombiner during Spray Operation

by Jongtae Kim, Seongho Hong, Ki-Han Park, Jin-Hyeok Kim and Jeong-Yun Oh

Hydrogen 2022, 3(2), 197-217; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3020013 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2957

Abstract

During an accident, hydrogen distribution in a containment building of a nuclear power plant (NPP) and characteristics of hydrogen depletion by passive autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) differ depending on the thermal-hydraulic behaviors occurring in the containment. A spray system installed in the NPP containment to control the pressure in accident conditions may interact with PAR operations. This study intended to experimentally evaluate the hydrogen removal characteristics of a grid-type PAR when a spray was operating. For the experimental simulation of hydrogen recombination characteristics of the PAR affected by a spray operation, we used the SPARC experimental facility, which was equipped with a pressure vessel capable of controlling the wall temperature with a volume of 82 m³. To measure gas species concentrations, 14 probes each for hydrogen, oxygen, and water vapor were installed. Two tests were designed depending on the spray initiation time. The SSP3 test was an experiment to simulate an accident in which the PAR operated as hydrogen was released after the spray is activated, and the SSP4 test was an experiment to simulate an accident in which the spray began after the operation of the PAR was initiated by the hydrogen release. In the experiment, two contradictory results were obtained, which were an increased start-up delay time of the PAR by early initiation of the spray and a negligible impact on the PAR’s performance by the delayed initiation of the spray. Full article

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18 pages, 3775 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Microbial Biogas Production from Pork Gelatine

by Gaweł Sołowski

Hydrogen 2022, 3(2), 179-196; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3020012 - 6 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2176

Abstract

This research describes the results of the anaerobic digestion of gelatine as a potential hydrogen source with heat-shocked inoculum. The concentrations of applied gelatine were of VSS (volatile suspended solids) ranging from 10 g VSS/L to 30 g VSS/L. The initial process pH was 5.5, and, depending on the concentration, reached pH values from 7.5 to 7.8 after 55 days. Although the inoculum was heat-shocked in 30 g VSS/L of collagen, the process that occurred was hydrogenotrophic anaerobic digestion. In gelatine concentrations below 30 g VSS/L, hydrogen production was dominant only during the first 5 days of the experiments. Then, there was a change from dark fermentation to hydrogenotrophic methane production. The optimal hydrogen and methane yields resulted from the concentrations of 10 g VSS/L (7.65 mL ± 0.01 mL H₂/g VSS and 3.49 ± 0.01 L CH₄/g VSS). Additionally, 10 g VSS/L had the lowest accumulated emission of hydrogen sulphide (10.3 ± 0.01 mL of H₂S), while 30 g VSS/L (0.440 ± 0.01mL H₂S/g VSS) produced the lowest yield. After a lag time, the hydrogen production and hydrogen sulphide grew with a specific ratio, depending on the concentration. The hydrogen sulphide emission and sulphur added analysis proved that hydrogen sulphide originating from biogas created by bacteria remains longer than that from a substrate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Generation, Storage, and Utilization)

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18 pages, 7085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Repetitive Bathing and Skin Poultice with Hydrogen-Rich Water Improve Wrinkles and Blotches Together with Modulation of Skin Oiliness and Moisture

by Yoshiharu Tanaka and Nobuhiko Miwa

Hydrogen 2022, 3(2), 161-178; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3020011 - 1 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 12149

Abstract

Hydrogen-rich warm water (HW) has not been verified yet for skin anti-aging effects. Daily 10 min HW (dissolved hydrogen: 338–682 μg/mL, 41 °C) bathing and skin poultice with HW-impregnated towels for 11–98 days were demonstrated to improve wrinkle degrees (29 skin-loci) from 3.14 ± 0.52 to 1.52 ± 0.74 (p < 0.001) and blotch degrees (23 loci) from 3.48 ± 0.67 to 1.74 ± 0.92 (p < 0.001) in five healthy subjects (49–66 years old), by densito-/planimetrically evaluating with an Image-J software, and ranking into six hierarchies (0, 1–5). Meanwhile, skin oiliness was evaluated to increase for the oil-poor skins, but inversely decrease for excessively oily skins, suggesting the HW’s function as skin-oiliness modulation, with an appreciably negative correlation in prior oiliness contents versus change after HW application (r = −0.345, 23 loci). Skin moisture increased upon HW application, with a negative correlation (r = −0.090, 23 loci) in prior moisture contents versus post-HW-application moisture-changing rates, meaning that HW application compensated moisture for water-deficient skins (27.5–40% moisture), but not for wet skins (>41% moisture). Thus, the HW bath together with HW poultice exerted beneficial effects on skin appearances such as wrinkles, blotches and moisture/oiliness, some of which might ensue from enhanced antioxidant ability in blood, as was previously demonstrated for the HW bath. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Hydrogen)

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