Perspective on Quantitative Structure–Toxicity Relationship (QSTR) Models to Predict Hepatic Biotransformation of Xenobiotics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Exploring the Enigma of Xenobiotic Hepatic Biotransformation
1.2. Progress in QSTR Models for Anticipating Hepatic Biotransformation Pathways
- A method was devised that uses measures of in vitro hepatic biotransformation in animals to predict in vivo hepatic clearance [14]. This method has been applied to chemical risk assessment, evaluating medication candidates, and looking at idiosyncratic drug reactions. Hepatic clearance estimates may be included successfully in compartmental clearance-volume models.
- Understanding the trajectory of a medication necessitates awareness of the extent of hepatic metabolism and the capability to predict hepatic clearance [15]. Translation of preclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data has improved because of recent advancements in in vitro and in vivo models.
- To parameterize 1-CoTK models, QSARs were created and validated for forecasting in vivo whole-body biotransformation half-lives [16]. These models can be used to forecast chemical toxicity and aid in safer compound development.
- To evaluate possible herb–drug interactions, clearance tests are frequently performed in in vitro hepatic models [17]. These models can aid in the development of safer compounds by offering useful information on substances’ possible toxicities.
- Quantitative structure–pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPRs) that link biological activity to epithelial and hepatic first-pass biotransformation may also be created using QSTR models [18]. These models can be used to forecast drug pharmacokinetics and aid in the creation of more powerful pharmaceuticals.
2. Molecular Descriptors Used in QSTR Models for Hepatic Biotransformation
- Lipophilicity: Lipophilicity plays a pivotal role and is commonly considered in quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) models. It describes a molecule’s capacity to partition or dissolve into lipid-based environments, such as cell membranes or lipid bilayers. To accurately represent a compound’s hydrophobic properties, lipophilicity is frequently measured experimentally or with a variety of molecular descriptors in QSTR modeling [26]. This term describes a substance’s propensity to dissolve in lipids or fats. Lipophilicity significantly influences the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) of xenobiotics. High lipophilicity substances have longer half-lives in the body and accumulate in adipose tissue. In order to anticipate the hepatic biotransformation of xenobiotics, lipophilicity is a crucial molecular descriptor [18].
- Molecular weight: The term “molecular weight” describes how much mass a molecule has. In QSTR modeling, molecular weight is frequently employed as a descriptor to characterize the size and mass of a drug. This might affect its biological activity, pharmacokinetics, and other aspects. Xenobiotics’ physicochemical characteristics, such as solubility, permeability, and bioavailability, are significantly influenced by their molecular weights. High molecular weight substances often have reduced solubility and permeability, which might affect how they are absorbed and distributed by the body. As a result, molecular weight is a crucial molecule descriptor for determining how xenobiotics will be metabolized in the liver [27].
- Polarizability: Polarizability is frequently employed as a descriptor in QSTR modeling to describe compound electrical and structural features. This can influence how it interacts with biological targets and exhibits certain qualities. When exposed to an external electric field, a molecule’s capacity to instantly create dipoles is measured by a property called polarizability. Polarizability is a crucial factor in determining how a molecule interacts with its surroundings, including whether or not it can pass through biological membranes. The capacity to anticipate the hepatic biotransformation of xenobiotics using polarizability is crucial [28].
- Hydrogen bonding: The term “hydrogen bonding” describes how well a molecule creates hydrogen bonds with other molecules. A key factor in determining solubility and reactivity is hydrogen bonding. As a result, hydrogen bonding is a crucial molecular descriptor for determining how xenobiotics will be transformed in the liver [29].
- Topological indices: These are mathematical descriptors that rate the branching, connectedness, and symmetry of molecules as well as other aspects of their topology. The physicochemical characteristics of xenobiotics, such as their solubility, permeability, and bioavailability, are significantly influenced by topological indices. Topological indicators are crucial molecular descriptors for foretelling xenobiotic hepatic biotransformation as a result [30].
- Molecular surface area: This term describes a molecule’s surface area. A key factor in determining how a molecule interacts with its surroundings, such as whether it can pass through biological membranes, is its molecular surface area. In order to anticipate the hepatic biotransformation of xenobiotics, molecular surface area is a crucial molecular descriptor [31].
3. Limitations of QSTR Models for Hepatic Biotransformation
3.1. Limited Ability to Predict Metabolism of Highly Lipophilic Compounds
3.2. Inability to Account for the Structural Complexity of a Molecule
3.3. Limited Ability to Predict Metabolism of Highly Polar Compounds
3.4. Limited Ability to Predict Metabolism of Compounds with Weak Hydrogen Bonding
Molecular Descriptor | Role in Liver Metabolism | Limitations | How to Overcome Limitations |
---|---|---|---|
Lipophilicity | Determines the rate of passive diffusion of a drug across the cell membrane and its distribution in the body. | Limited ability to predict the metabolism of highly lipophilic compounds. | Use other molecular descriptors, such as polarizability and hydrogen bonding [45]. |
Molecular weight | Affects the rate of metabolism and clearance of a drug. | Inability to account for the structural complexity of a molecule. | Incorporate other molecular descriptors, such as topological indices and molecular surface area [46]. |
Polarizability | Affects the interaction of a drug with the enzyme and its rate of metabolism. | Limited ability to predict the metabolism of highly polar compounds. | Consider using alternative molecular descriptors, like lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding [47]. |
Hydrogen bonding | Affects the interaction of a drug with the enzyme and its rate of metabolism. | Limited ability to predict the metabolism of compounds with weak hydrogen bonding. | Explore other molecular descriptors, such as lipophilicity and polarizability [48]. |
Topological indices | Account for the structural complexity of a molecule and its effect on metabolism. | Limited ability to predict the metabolism of compounds with unusual structures. | Utilize additional molecular descriptors such as molecular weight and molecular surface area [24]. |
Molecular surface area | Affects the rate of metabolism and clearance of a drug. | Limited ability to predict the metabolism of highly lipophilic compounds. | Consider other molecular descriptors such as polarizability and hydrogen [47]. |
3.5. Limited Ability to Predict Metabolism of Compounds with Unusual Structures
3.6. Limited Ability to Predict Metabolism of Highly Lipophilic Compounds
4. Opportunities to Improve QSTR Models for Hepatic Biotransformation
4.1. Use of Other Molecular Descriptors in Combination with the Ones Mentioned Above
4.2. Development of More Accurate and Reliable In Silico Models of Metabolism
4.3. Consideration of Predicted Small-Molecule Metabolites in Computational Toxicology
4.4. Creation of Complementary Substrate/Non-Substrate Classification Models
4.5. Use of QSAR Approaches to Predict Sites of Metabolism
5. Summary of the Importance of QSTR Models in Predicting Hepatic Biotransformation of Xenobiotics
5.1. Predictive Power
5.2. Cost and Time Effectiveness
5.3. Mechanistic Insights
5.4. Structure–Activity Relationships
5.5. Applications for Virtual Screening and Design
6. Discussion of the Potential for Future Improvements in QSTR Models for Hepatic Biotransformation
6.1. Integration of Various Data Sources
6.2. Integration of Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways
6.3. Taking into Account Interindividual Variability
6.4. The Incorporation of Systems Biology Methods
6.5. Expansion of Training Data
6.6. Validation and Openness
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rai, M.; Paudel, N.; Sakhrie, M.; Gemmati, D.; Khan, I.A.; Tisato, V.; Kanase, A.; Schulz, A.; Singh, A.V. Perspective on Quantitative Structure–Toxicity Relationship (QSTR) Models to Predict Hepatic Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. Livers 2023, 3, 448-462. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers3030032
Rai M, Paudel N, Sakhrie M, Gemmati D, Khan IA, Tisato V, Kanase A, Schulz A, Singh AV. Perspective on Quantitative Structure–Toxicity Relationship (QSTR) Models to Predict Hepatic Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. Livers. 2023; 3(3):448-462. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers3030032
Chicago/Turabian StyleRai, Mansi, Namuna Paudel, Mesevilhou Sakhrie, Donato Gemmati, Inshad Ali Khan, Veronica Tisato, Anurag Kanase, Armin Schulz, and Ajay Vikram Singh. 2023. "Perspective on Quantitative Structure–Toxicity Relationship (QSTR) Models to Predict Hepatic Biotransformation of Xenobiotics" Livers 3, no. 3: 448-462. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers3030032