Internet of Things-Enhanced Intelligent Agricultural Surveillance and Control System ^†

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system that enables wirelessly linked devices to be tracked and managed remotely. It uses Ethernet protocols and the principles behind wireless sensor networks. Soil moisture monitoring, hydraulic pressure monitoring, soil testing, preventing trespassing through motion detection, and conserving energy are only some of the agricultural and irrigational operations that are the subject of this research. The implementation shown in this work breaks down larger systems into several smaller ones. A subsystem incorporates a vibration warning sensor, pump, and the ability to monitor soil moisture and hydraulic pressure to detect movement in and around the associated field. The second method will be utilized to deter intruders by picking up on their presence when they move within range of the necessary field barrier. Sensors for measuring current and voltage will be included for energy management regulation. It will be utilized for controlling the system. The main system will receive data through ZigBee from the first and second subsystems, monitor them, and then transfer them to the network router via ZigBee, where the necessary data will be shown on a website home page alongside the appropriate Ethernet protocols and current operating data.

1. Introduction

The IoT is an emerging technology that makes use of nanotechnology, miniaturization, and WSN. Both humans and machines, as well as the actual objects themselves, may be thought of as nodes in the Internet of Things. The IoT is an emerging technology that makes use of nanotechnology, miniaturization, and wireless sensor networks [1]. It helps people pick the best route to work or the best restaurant, among other things [2]. Smarter approaches to many applications, such as smart homes, smart agriculture, smart industries, and smart businesses, will be possible with the help of IoT. The Internet of Things relies on what we call the “six Cs”: connectivity, communication, collection, convergence, computing, and content [3].

Farmers may respond swiftly and intelligently in response to the data they collect. With the use of sensors, farmers may monitor their equipment in real-time and optimize its performance based on the current environment and the needs of the crop [4]. Through its emphasis on the information network, which includes automation, the use of intelligent devices, and their networking, the Internet of Things (IoT) offers conventional agriculture a fresh viewpoint on the production process. This method reduces soil drying out and irrigates plants as needed [5].

The proposed architecture [6] has distributed nodes communicating through wireless connections with a centralized node for the purposes of “Cloud-Based Data Analysis and Monitoring of Smart Multi-level Irrigation System Using IoT”. Researchers Ayush Kumar and coworkers employed IoT and image analysis to find missing minerals and other enhancements that boost crop yields [7].

2. Methodology

2.1. Existing Work and Proposed System

It is becoming increasingly difficult to preserve the soil’s natural properties as a result of a the level of climate change [7]. Both insufficient and excessive precipitation can reduce harvest yields. Therefore, smart technology guarantees appropriate water distribution in agriculture, which might result in a greater yield for farmers (Figure 1). The major goal of this clever system is to aid in maintaining the natural composition and pH of the soil. The remote monitoring and management of electrical properties and household appliances is made possible by the suggested home automation method [8]. The technology eliminates the need for homeowners to maintain a plethora of different devices to track their energy consumption.

2.2. System Description

This study’s proposed smart agricultural strategy will help the user remotely monitor and manage many activities in a single system, simplifying the process of multicasting across different systems [9,10,11].

Zigbee Wireless Communication: The X2 module will function as the transmitting- and receiving-end devices in the Zigbee wireless sensor network.

2.3. Sensing Units

There are three distinct systems that require coordination with the Zigbee network. There are two distinct sets of sensors now in operation. Type 1 sensing equipment will track irrigation practices by measuring soil moisture, pressure, and vibration [7,12].

2.4. Working Mechanism and Subsystem

Type 2 sensors, the second subsystem, will handle user safety and energy monitoring. There will be analog sensors for current and voltage as well as the more common proximity (PrS) sensor. Figure 2 depicts the data format used by the Zigbee Xs2 module to transmit the binary representation of the observed movement across the field to the main system. Similarly, a threshold value will be set and monitored for the current and voltage according to the user’s instructions. The third subsystem differs greatly from the first two since it will not communicate with the main system at all.

2.5. Control Units

The Adriano microprocessor and Ethernet shield will make this possible for remote operation. These include a soil moisture monitor-activated watering system and a PrS-safety-focused fence-management system. Because it assigns a different IP address to each device in a session, it has to be plugged into and connected to its own router in order to work.

2.6. Address Conversion

Because the subsystems communicate with the main system using the Zigbee protocol and the monitored data are shown via TCP Client, the received data must be converted from the Zigbee frame format to the IPv6 frame format. In a network, only one Zigbee coordinator is necessary, but there can be an unlimited number of Zigbee routers and end devices.

3. Results and Discussion

The message will read “high/low soil moisture” if the soil moisture is too high or too low, and “high/low water pressure” if the water pressure is too high or too low. When a vibration or proximity sensor detects motion, the user will receive a notification reading “movement in the vicinity” or “movement detected”.

Beneficial Insects and Their Monitoring

Crops benefit from insects in various ways, including pollination, worm casting, and pest control. Some examples are the green lacewing, praying mantis, ground beetle, small pirate bug, syrphid fly, assassin bug, predator bug, bug nymph, big-eyed insect, wasp, and bumblebee [10]. Beneficial insects play an important role in organic agriculture. In place of synthetic fertilizer, organic farmers rely on compost, worm castings, and vermicomposting [11]. The earthworm is the most important component in vermicomposting. Vermicomposting yields a superior harvest because it employs real earthworms in its composting process, which promotes rapid plant development (Figure 2). Earthworms play a direct or indirect role in biodegradation, humus formation, and other soil processes, making them a common component of soil fauna across a wide variety of soils and climates [12].

4. Conclusions

Users will find it simpler to keep tabs on and control embedded devices from afar thanks to this Internet of Things solution. Users will be able to manage the devices independently according to their preferences or the monitored status thanks to the split between the monitoring and control subsystems. Smart border control, factory automation, and even a budget-friendly home automation tools are just a few of the many fields that have found use for energy metering. Since the IPv6 frame format is referenced in the implementation, the existing and proven translation to the IPv4 format must be utilized. WSN dependability, resource management, and deployment characteristics can all inform network monitoring efforts. This makes the approach more trustworthy and helps keep websites from crashing.