Socio-Economic and Environmental Implications of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation on Marginal African Drylands and Key Principles for a Sustainable Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Review Linked to the SDG Aspects
3.1. Socio-Economic Review
- Poverty (SDG 1—Poverty);
- Food security (SDG 2—Zero hunger);
- Land grabbing (SDG 16—Peace, justice and strong institutions);
- Gender equality (SDG 5—Gender equality);
- Clean and affordable energy access (SDG 7—Affordable and clean energy).
3.1.1. Poverty
3.1.2. Food Security
3.1.3. Land Grabbing
3.1.4. Gender Inequality
3.1.5. Affordable and Clean Energy
3.2. Environmental Review
- Biodiversity (SDG 15—Life on land) and Climate change (SDG 13—Climate action);
- Water scarcity and drinking water and sanitation (SDG 6—Clean water and sanitation);
- Eutrophication and life below water (SDG 14—Life below water).
3.2.1. Biodiversity and Climate Change
3.2.2. Water Scarcity
3.2.3. Drinking Water and Sanitation
3.2.4. Eutrophication
4. Key Principles for the Sustainable Development of Bioenergy Cropping Systems on Marginal African Drylands
4.1. People-Centered-Approach Based Strategies
4.2. Inclusive and Fair Consultation Process and Transparent Contracts
4.3. Equal Legal Support and Collective Registration of Community Land
4.4. Experimental-Serious Games and Raise Female Workforce Demand
4.5. Small scale Bioenergy Initiatives
4.6. Agrivoltaic System
4.7. Land-Sharing and Land-Sparing Management System
4.8. Potential Species for Marginal African Drylands
4.9. Carbon Sequestration and Bioenergy with Carbon Capture Storage
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basic Keywords | Refining Keywords | |
---|---|---|
Socio-Economic | Environmental | |
Africa | Agriculture | Agriculture |
Bioenergy | Food security | Environment |
Marginal | Hunger | Climate change |
Drylands | Food vs. fuel | Biodiversity |
Gender equality | Water scarcity | |
Energy access | Sanitation | |
Energy poverty | Eutrophication | |
Women in agriculture | Marine pollution | |
Mini-grid system | Biodigester | |
Poverty | Perennial crops | |
Economic growth | CAM plants | |
Human development |
Direct Use Value | Indirect Use Value |
---|---|
Water supply | Crop pollination |
Water and air purification | Conservation of soil |
Increased productivity of soil | |
Mitigation of droughts | |
Mitigation of flooding events | |
Management of agricultural pests |
Crop Species | Suitability Factors and Ecological Requirements | Type of Energy Product | References |
---|---|---|---|
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) | Drought-tolerant, low-input requirements, capable of growing on marginal lands | Heat and electricity (via anaerobic digestion) from the peels and stems | [174,175] |
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) | Drought-tolerant, suitable for water scarce regions | Liquid biofuel (via fermentation) from the seeds; Heat and electricity (via anaerobic digestion) from the press cake | [176,177,178,179] |
Agave (Agave tequilana F.A.C.Weber) | Minimal impact on food and water resources, able to tolerate high temperatures | Liquid biofuel (via fermentation) from the leaves | [180] |
Opuntia (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) | Drought-tolerant, suitable for water scarce conditions, counteract desertification processes | Liquid biofuel (via fermentation) or heat and electricity (via anaerobic digestion) from the leaves and stems | [181,182] |
Euphorbia (Euphorbia tirucalli L.) | Drought-tolerant, high yields in water scarce regions | Liquid biofuel (via fermentation) or heat and electricity (via anaerobic digestion) from the stems | [183] |
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Varela Pérez, P.; Greiner, B.E.; von Cossel, M. Socio-Economic and Environmental Implications of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation on Marginal African Drylands and Key Principles for a Sustainable Development. Earth 2022, 3, 652-682. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth3020038
Varela Pérez P, Greiner BE, von Cossel M. Socio-Economic and Environmental Implications of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation on Marginal African Drylands and Key Principles for a Sustainable Development. Earth. 2022; 3(2):652-682. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth3020038
Chicago/Turabian StyleVarela Pérez, Paola, Beatrice E. Greiner, and Moritz von Cossel. 2022. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Implications of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation on Marginal African Drylands and Key Principles for a Sustainable Development" Earth 3, no. 2: 652-682. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth3020038