Encyclopedia, Volume 5, Issue 3

Organic acidurias, a subgroup of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), are characterized by the accumulation of non-amine-containing, low-molecular-weight organic acids (OAs) in urine and/or plasma due to defects in specific metabolic pathways. Early d...

Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) of light is generating growing interest within the scientific community. This entry reviews the origins and applications of OAM. It is the counterpart of linear momentum for systems in rotation. The general expression o...

The geophysical techniques ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) are commonly used data collection methodologies in numerous disciplines, including archaeology. Many researchers are now, or will be in the future,...

Prematurity, defined as a birth before 37 weeks of gestation, affects approximately 15 million infants worldwide yearly. Beyond the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and the possibility of long-term developmental challenges affecting children’s qual...

Translational criminology is the process of using scientific findings to inform criminal justice policy and practice. While seemingly straightforward, the translational process can encounter barriers, including politics, ideology, resource constraint...

Teachers’ professional digital competence (PDC) refers to digital competence specific to the teaching profession. PDC serves a dual purpose: it encompasses a range of instrumental, professional, ethical, critical, and epistemic dimensions relat...

A common misconception is that behavioral economics rejects microeconomics. This entry explains how behavioral economics, despite challenging core assumptions of rationality, remains fundamentally aligned with the structure of microeconomics. Anchore...

Cuteness is commonly associated with visual features such as large eyes, a disproportionately large head, round body shapes, and small size. While these traits are most often observed in infants and young animals, they also appear in inanimate object...

Over the past decade, educators have utilized flipped learning to augment students’ learning outside of the classroom. The COVID-19 pandemic disruptions in regular classroom teaching and learning activities intensified the use of the approach....

Introduction: Research on aggressive behaviors (ABs) in adolescent mental healthcare settings remains limited and underexplored. Such behaviors significantly affect staff, patients, and the therapeutic environment, necessitating nursing interventions...

Listeria monocytogenes is a major public health concern in milk and ready-to-eat dairy products. To meet consumer demand for fresher, minimally processed foods with high nutritional and sensory quality, several non-thermal technologies are being expl...

Digital transformation is the process by which businesses adopt use of digital technologies to fundamentally change operations and customer interactions in order to optimize delivery and service. The UK refers to the United Kingdom which is shorthand...

The basic structural concepts in the study of monatomic fluids at equilibrium are presented in this entry. The scope encompasses both the classical and the quantum domains, the latter concentrating on the diffraction and the zero-spin boson regimes....

The intensified exposure to high temperature in urban areas, resulting from the combination of heat waves and the urban heat island (UHI) effect, necessitates a deeper understanding of the climate–health relationship. This knowledge directly in...

The Metaverse Territorial Scale is a novel category of spatial analysis, extending beyond conventional physical scales. It conceptualizes the metaverse as a distinct territory, shaped not only by geographical contiguity but also by power relations th...

Mathematical modeling is a cyclical process in which mathematics is used to represent, explore, and better understand real-world situations by mathematizing a problem and validating the results. Unlike traditional word problems, modeling tasks requir...

This entry presents a comprehensive overview of the computational study of Old English that surveys the evolution from early digital corpora to recent artificial intelligence applications. Six interconnected domains are examined: textual resources (i...

Glass inhomogeneities represent variations in the structural or compositional uniformity of glass, traditionally associated with process-related defects such as striae, bubbles, stones, and inclusions that impair transparency and mechanical stability...

Metaverse tourism refers to the application of immersive digital technologies—such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and blockchain—within tourism experiences. It enables users to explore destinations, participate in cultural experie...

Medical sociology is an applied research subfield within the field of sociology that was developed in the 1800s. It uses theories and research to examine the social, cultural, and political factors associated with health, illness, and healthcare and...

Emerging research has shown that pharmacist-led comprehensive medication management (CMM) can be an effective strategy for controlling hypertension. A synthesis of the evidence on the overall effects of CMM on clinical, quality, and economic outcomes...

The number of students studying outside their home countries has increased in recent years, and the United Kingdom has long been positioned as a leading destination, consistently being ranked among the top five English-speaking countries for internat...

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a student-centered instruction approach focused on skills development in problem-solving, interaction, autonomy, and critical thinking to learn and act to co-create new knowledge and solutions. Rarely, but authors some...

Among the leading causes of bacteremia are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. E. coli and K. pneumoniae are increasingly exhibiting resistance to last-resort antibiotics, such as carbapenems. Rapid and accurate identi...

This entry is based on the premise that pressing issues of climate change, social injustice, and post-COVID practices appear to have superseded some essential values of architectural and design pedagogy, leading to improvements in content that may be...

This paper attempts to clarify some of the aspects and dynamics that appear particularly significant when embarking on a path that can lay the foundation for a broader reflection on the “sociology of hope”. This path will be outlined star...

Character toys are toys identifiable by name, personality, and visual traits. They represent specific characters derived from or associated with popular culture. This entry explores adult engagement with character toys, or toy play, through a multidi...

Philosophical genealogy constitutes a mode of inquiry that investigates either (a) the historical emergence of contemporary ideas, institutions, religions, moral norms, and even affective dispositions by tracing them to the intersection of diverse an...

This study reviews the role of epidemiology in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century, which led to recognition that poliomyelitis is an infectious disease and set the stage for subsequent developments in virology and immunology, t...

Archard’s wear law is among the first and foremost wear models derived from contact mechanics that relates key operating conditions and material hardness to sliding wear through a multifaceted wear coefficient. This entry explores the developme...

This entry addresses the ongoing challenge of defining innovation within the social sciences, particularly in organizational theory. It conceptualizes innovation as a dynamic and embedded organizational phenomenon. Innovation is central to contempora...

Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are transforming the entrepreneurial landscape by reshaping how start-ups and established firms ideate, operate, and compete. This entry explores the intersection of these technologies with entrepreneurship,...

One Health Observatories operationalize the One Health approach. The One Health Joint Plan of Action drafted by the Quadripartite (WHO, FAO, WOAH, and UNEP) insists on the need to strengthen scientific evidence-based knowledge and its translation int...

This entry provides a brief introduction to some of the main aspects of the work of C.G. Jung, followed by a description of how his work was developed by others during his lifetime and afterward. This entry provides an overview of the Jungian traditi...

Scientific misinformation refers to false, misleading, or inaccurate information that contradicts, ignores, or misrepresents established scientific evidence or consensus. It can stem from accidental misunderstanding or ignorance of facts, as well as...

Wigner functions are a distribution function on phase space that allow to represent the state of a quantum-mechanical system. They are in many ways similar to classical phase space probability distributions, but can, in contrast to these, be negative...

Faces are the most important social signal in our society. Nevertheless, there is a problem with faces: they are all made up of the same features in the same general order (the eyes are above the nose, which is above the mouth). To process faces one...

Narrative methods are increasingly recognized in science teaching for their potential to deepen conceptual understanding and foster meaningful connections to scientific content. This review explores their educational significance by examining three m...

Geographical Indication labels are an increasingly popular alternative among producers and governments seeking to protect the products and producers of their countries. This trend has grown due to the opening of markets and consumers’ increasin...

Background: Current food systems contribute significantly to poor public health and environmental degradation. With increasing rates of chronic disease and undernutrition globally and in the United States of America (U.S.), transforming food systems...

In comparative analyses, specific features of the Spanish welfare and housing systems have often been emphasized. The case of Barcelona illustrates the extent to which these features are the result of a long-standing historical trajectory and the dec...

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the environmentally friendly management and reutilization of electronic waste (e-waste) plastics in flexible pavement construction. The discussion begins with an overview of e-waste management challenges...

This entry explores the multifaceted intersections of gender and digital technologies, offering a comprehensive analysis of how structural inequalities are reproduced, contested, and transformed in digital contexts. It is structured into six interrel...

Patient blood management (PBM) is a multidisciplinary approach aimed at improving patient outcomes through targeted anemia treatment that minimizes allogeneic blood transfusions, employs blood conservation techniques, and avoids inappropriate use of...

Over the past two decades, rising concerns about teacher stress and professional sustainability have fueled the development of instruments assessing teacher resilience. This review aims to map the existing resilience assessment tools specifically des...

More than 50 years ago, children were viewed as naturally resilient and often labeled invulnerable or invincible. Resilience is now understood to be the result of dynamic interactions between individual, familial, social, and environmental systems, d...

Spiritual intelligence (SI) is defined as a unique form of hermeneutic–relational intelligence that enables individuals to integrate cognitive, emotional, and symbolic dimensions to guide their thoughts and actions with reflection, aiming for e...

China’s internal control framework follows the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) framework, emphasizing enterprise risk management and encompassing financial reporting, operations, compliance, and strategies. The authors review resea...

For the majority of human history, humans lived in sustenance hunter–gatherer tribes. Due to rapid cultural evolution in the past few thousand years, our biological evolution has not kept up, and many of the adaptations are, as a result, better...

Intensifying instruction involves adapting alterable instructional variables to create a more individualized intervention from that which has been presented. Importantly, the intensified instruction is based on a reasoned hypothesis that it will be m...