Abstract
Sets, probability, and neutrosophic logic are all topics covered by neutrosophy. Moreover, the classical set, fuzzy set, and intuitionistic fuzzy set are generalized using the neutrosophic set. A neutrosophic set is a mathematical concept used to solve problems with inconsistent, ambiguous, and inaccurate data. In this article, we demonstrate some basic fixed-point theorems for any even number of compatible mappings in complete neutrosophic metric spaces. Our primary findings expand and generalize the findings previously established in the literature.
Keywords:
neutrosophic metric spaces; common fixed-point theorems; compatible mappings; existence and uniqueness MSC:
47H10; 54H25
1. Introduction
We can quickly see the importance of fixed-point (fp) theorems by considering their applications in a variety of fields. The fp theorems demand that the function has at least one fp under specified conditions. As is evident, these conclusions usually benefit mathematics as a whole and are crucial for analyzing the existence and uniqueness of solutions to various mathematical models. Since then, numerous actual applications for handling uncertainty have utilized fuzzy sets (FSs) and fuzzy logic. The traditional FSs utilize one real value to constitute the class of community of a FS defined in terms of the universe. Occasionally, itself is unknown and difficult to define using an invigorating value. So, the concept of the interval valued as FS was proposed in [1] to capture the unpredictable nature of class of community.
FS uses an interval value to constitute the class of the community of FS . For applications that consider authority structure, reliance system and information fusion, we should not only consider the truth community supported by the noticeable. An IFS can only hold insufficient details but not undefined details and inconsistent details, which commonly exist in reliance structures. In IFS, this detail is by default. For instance, when we call on the support of a specialist to create a definite declaration, they may believe that the chances the declaration is true is 0.5, the chances that the declaration is wrong is 0.6, and level that it is dubious is 0.2.
In the neutrosophic set (NS), indeterminacy is quantified explicitly, and membership of the truth, indeterminacy, and falsehood classes are all independent. This presumption is crucial in many circumstances, including information fusion, which is the process of combining data derived from many sensors. Smarandache first introduced neutrosophy in 1995. The genesis, character, and range of neutralities, as well as how they interact with various ideational spectra, are studied in this area of philosophy [1]. The concept of the classic set, FS [2], interval-valued FS [3], IFS [4], etc., are all considered.
The Banach fp theorem, which Banach [5] initially proposed in 1922 and Caccioppoli [6] further derived in 1931 based on the framework of metric space (ms) fp theory, is covered in this paper. Several researchers established various conditions to examine fps. Through the help of Banach and Caccioppoli, the fp research community produced several good results. Utilizing the concept of FS theory, which Zadeh [2] developed in 1965, fixing real-world problems becomes undoubtedly simple because it helps to explain ambiguity and inaccuracy. Using the framework of a metric linear space, Arora and Sharma [7] derived the common fps through fuzzy mappings.
Park [8], using the idea of IFS, defined the notion of IFMSs, with the support of continuous t-norms (CTN) and continuous t-conorms (CTCN) as a theory of fuzzy metric space (FMS), due to the work of George and Veeramani [9]. Sessa [10] describes a theory of fluctuation, which is called weak commutativity. Further, Jungck [11] established many theories of commutativity, which are called compatibility. Mishra et al. [12] gain common fp theorems for compatible maps based on FMS. Turkoglu et al. [13] worked out the definitions of compatible maps of class (α) and (β) in IFMS. Alaca et al. [14] established the theory of compatible mappings type (I) and (II) and satisfied common fp theorems for four mappings in IFMSs.
Kirişci et al. [15] established the NMSs. Ishtiaq et al. [16] established the concept of neutrosophic extended metric-like spaces and established few FP theorems. In neutrosophic extended metric-like spaces, the authors utilized the concept of neutrosophic sets, metric space, continuous triangular norms, and continuous conorms. Uddin et al. [17] defined the concept of neutrosophic double-controlled metric spaces as a generalization of NMSs. For more related results, see [18,19,20,21,22,23].
The main aim of this manuscript is to enhance a common fp theorem to any even number of mappings using a complete NMS. In the second part of this paper, we provide several basic definitions and results derived from the existing literature. In part 3, we establish the main theorems of this paper. In part 4, we satisfy a common fixed-point (CFP) theorem for four finite families of mappings using a complete NMS.
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we provide some definitions that are helpful for readers to understand the main section.
Definition 1
([18]). We suppose that a binary operation is said to be CTN if is fulfilling the following conditions:
- (T1)
- is associative and commutative;
- (T2)
- is continuous;
- (T3)
- (T4)
- whenever and and
Definition 2
([18]). A binary operation is a CTCN if satisfies the (T1), (T2), and (T4) and also fulfills:
- (T5)
Definition 3
([23]). We suppose that is a nonempty set, is a CTN and is a fuzzy set for Then, is said to be a fuzzy metric on if for all satisfies the following conditions:
- (f1)
- ;
- (f2)
- for all , iff ;
- (f3)
- (f4)
- for all
- (f5)
- is left continuous and
Then, is called fuzzy metric space.
Definition 4
([20]). A 5-tuple is said to be an IFMS if is an arbitrary set, is a CTN, is a CTCN, and are FS on , satisfying the following conditions for all
- (a)
- (b)
- (c)
- (d)
- (e)
- (f)
- is left continuous;
- (g)
- (h)
- (i)
- (j)
- (k)
- (l)
- is right continuous;
- (m)
Then, is said to be an IFM on.
Example 1
([9]). We suppose that is a ms. Let and and let and be FSs on , specifying the following conditions:
for all Then, is an IFMS.
Remark 1.
Note that the above example holds even with the CTN and the CTCN ; hence, is an IFMS with respect to any CTN and CTCN. In the above example, by taking
Theorem 1
Then, the mappings have a unique common fixed point in X, and have a unique common fixed point in
([22]). Let be a complete intuitionistic fuzzy metric space, and let be mappings from into itself such that the following conditions are satisfied:
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- Either is continuous.
- 4.
- is compatible of type and is semi-compatible.
- 5.
- There exists such that for every
Example 2
([18]). Let be an intuitionistic fuzzy metric space, where the t-norm is defined by , t-conorm is defined by for all and
and
Clearly, is an intuionistic fuzzy metric space.
Theorem 2
([21]). Let be a complete intuionistic fuzzy metric space with continuous t-norm and continuous t-conorm defined by and for all
Further, let and be pointwise R-weakly commuting pairs of self-mappings in a compatible pair or is continuous; then, have a unique common fixed point.
Example 3.
Let and let be defined by
and
Then, is a complete intuitionistic fuzzy metric space. The t-norm is defined by , and the t-conorm is defined by for all .
Definition 5
([15]). A 6-tuple is said to be an NMS if is an arbitrary set, is a CTN, is a CTCN, and are NS on , satisfying the following conditions:
- (NMS1)
- (NMS2)
- (NMS3)
- (NMS4)
- (NMS5)
- (NMS6)
- is left continuous;
- (NMS7)
- (NMS8)
- (NMS9)
- (NMS10)
- (NMS11)
- (NMS12)
- is right continuous;
- (NMS13)
- (NMS14)
- (NMS15)
- (NMS16)
- (NMS17)
- (NMS18)
- is right continuous;
- (NMS19)
Then, is said to be a neutrosophic metric on .
Definition 6
([15]). Let be an NMS. Then:
- (a)
- A sequence in is said to a Cauchy sequence if for each and ,
- (b)
- A NMS is only called complete if every Cauchy sequence is convergent.
3. Main Results
In this section, we establish a common fp theorem for any even number of compatible mappings in a complete NMS.
Definition 7.
Let and represent mappings into an NMS . The maps and are said to be compatible with type if
and
whenever is a sequence in such that for some
Lemma 1.
Let be an NMS and be a sequence in . If is a number s.t
and then is a Cauchy sequence in
Lemma 2.
Let be an NMS and be . If for a number
Lemma 3.
Let be a NMS and . If for a constant
and
then
Definition 8.
Let and be two mappings from into itself. If the maps A and commute at their coincidence points, the maps are said to be weakly compatible, i.e., if are suitable for some , then
Definition 9.
A pair of self-mappings defined on an NMS is said to satisfy the (CLRg) property if there is a sequence of in which
for some
Theorem 3.
Let be a NMS with and
Further, let the pair of self-mappings be weakly compatible, thus satisfying
and
and . If and fulfill the (CLRg) property, then and have a unique common fixed point in
Proof.
Since the pair fulfills the (CLRg) property, there is a sequence in such that for some Now, we emphasize that When utilizing Inequalities (1)–(3) with we find that
and
It implies that
and
By applying Lemma 3, we deduce that Now, consider Therefore, the pair is weakly compatible, and we obtain Now, we examine that is a common fixed point of the mappings and . Now, utilizing inequalities (1), (2), and with we deduce that
and
It implies
and
By utilizing Lemma 3, we find that , which shows that is a common fixed point of the mappings and To show the uniqueness, we suppose that will be another common fixed point of the mappings and . When using inequalities (1), (2), and (3) with we have
and
Or, equivalently,
and
Appealing to Lemma 3, we have Therefore, the mappings and have a unique common fixed point in □
Example 4.
Let with metric be defined by and, thus, define
Then, is an IFM-space where, and are the continuous t-norm and continuous t-co-norm defined by and Now, we define the self-mappings and on by
Consider a sequence or
Then, we have
Hence, the pair fulfill the (CLRs) property. It is clear that Here, is not a closed subsequence of . That is, all the conditions of Theorem 3 are fulfilled for some , and is a unique common fixed point of the mappings and . Additionally, at their unique common fixed point, every mapping that is involved is discontinuous.
Proposition 1.
Let be an NMS, and if self-mappings and are compatible, then they are weakly compatible.
Proof.
We suppose for some in Consider the constant sequence Now, and . As and are compatible, we have
For all . Thus, , and is weakly compatible. □
Proposition 2.
Let be a complete NMS with and for all , and let and be continuous mappings from into themselves. If and are compatible mappings of type, then they are compatible.
Theorem 4.
and
for all and. Then, and have a unique CFP in
Let be a complete NMS with and for all Let and be mappings from into themselves that satisfy the following conditions:
- (1)
- (2)
- (3)
- either or is continuous;
- (4)
- is compatible, and is weakly compatible;
- (5)
- such that
Proof.
Let be a random point in from the condition (1) s.t
Using induction, we find a sequence and in
for , etc., based on the condition (5) for all and with we have
and
Thus, it follows that
For CTN , , , and both the left and the right are continuous. Given we have
Similarly, we have
In general, for
Therefore,
Noting that , , and as , we have, for
Based on Lemma 1, is a Cauchy sequence in Since is complete, converges to the point Also, we have its consequences as follows:
□
Case 1.
Which implies that as
Therefore, based on Lemma 2, we have , i.e.,
Which implies that as
Therefore, based on Lemma 2, we have Hence,
Which implies that as
Therefore, based on Lemma 2, we have Then, , and Continuing this procedure, we obtain
Which implies that as
Therefore, based on Lemma 2, we have Hence, As is weakly compatible, we have Thus,
Which implies that as
Therefore, based on Lemma 2, we have Hence,
Which implies that as
Therefore, based on Lemma 2, we have Hence, . Continuing this procedure, we have
Thus, we have
is continuous. Define is continuous, and Also, as is compatible, this implies that
- (a)
- Putting and with in condition (5), we have
- (b)
- If and . With in condition (5), we have
- (c)
- If , and with in condition (5). Using the conditions in condition (2), we have
- (d)
- As there is such that If and with the in condition (5), we have
- (e)
- If and are with in condition (5), we have
- (f)
- If and are With in condition (5), we have
Case 2.
Which implies that as
Therefore, based on Lemma 2, we have As a result, using steps (d), (e), and (f) while continuing with step (f) provides us with the following information: (f) using steps (d), (e), and (f) now, carry on to step (f)
Which implies that as
Therefore, based on Lemma 2, we have Hence, As is weakly compatible, we have
Thus,. Similarly, in step (c), it is shown that Thus, we have proved that
Proof of uniqueness: Let be another common fixed point (CFP) of the above-mentioned mappings; then,
is continuous. Since is continuous, and As is compatible, we have
- (g)
- If and are with in condition (5), we have
- (h)
- As there is such that . If and are with in condition (5), we have
If and are with in condition (5), we have
Which implies that as
Therefore, based on Lemma 2, we have , and this shows that is a unique common fixed point of mappings. Now that Theorem 4 has been slightly generalized, we will prove a common fixed-point theorem.
Theorem 5.
for all , and . Then, and have a UCFP in
Let be a complete NMS with and for all Let and be two families of self-mappings of . We suppose that there exists a fixed such that the following conditions exist:
- (1)
- for each and for some ;
- (2)
- (3)
- either or is continuous;
- (4)
- is compatible and is weakly compatible;
- (5)
- there exist such that
Proof.
Let be a fixed element in. Using Theorem 4 with and it follows that there is some such that
Let be arbitrary and. Then, from condition (5),
and hence
Therefore, based on Lemma 2, we have for each since condition (5) implies the uniqueness of the common fp. □
Corollary 1.
and . Then, and have a UCFP in if we put and into Theorem 4.
Let , and be self-mappings on a complete NMS with and for all satisfying the following conditions:
- (1)
- (2)
- either or is continuous;
- (3)
- is weakly compatible, and is compatible;
- (4)
- s.t.
Corollary 2.
for all and . Then, and have a UCFP in
Let and be self-mappings on a complete NMS with and for all satisfying the following conditions:
- (1)
- ;
- (2)
- ;
- (3)
- Either or is continuous;
- (4)
- is compatible and is weakly compatible;
- (5)
- There exists such that
Definition 10.
Let and be self-maps on a NMS If S is continuous, then is semi-compatible if is compatible.
Theorem 6.
Then, the mappings have unique common fixed points in , and have a unique common fixed point in
Let be a complete NMS and and be mappings from into itself such that the following conditions are satisfied:
- 1.
- ;
- 2.
- ;
- 3.
- Either or is continuous;
- 4.
- is compatible of type and is semi-compatible;
- 5.
- There exists such that for every and
Proof.
Let ; then, in (1), there is such that and . Inductively, we can construct sequences and in such that
with
If and for all and are with in (5), we have
and
Therefore, based on Lemmas 1 and 3, we find that
and
Similarity, we have
Thus, we have
for , etc., and so
and
Hence, for any .
For each and each , we can choose such that
for all For we suppose that ; then, we find that
hence, is a Cauchy sequence in Since is complete, converges to some point with and has subsequences convergences at the same point, i.e.,
□
Case I.
We suppose that is continuous. Since is continuous, we have
as is compatible with type , we have
for all This gives or Also, based on the semi-compatibility of , we find that Now, we will show that
Step 1.
If and with in (5), we find that
letting
and similarly
letting
and
letting
Therefore, using Lemma 3, we find that
Step 2.
If with in (5), we have
letting , we have
letting , we have
letting , we have
Therefore, based on Lemma 3, we find that
i.e.,
Step 3.
If and with , we have
Since
and .
If we have
Since
So
and .
If we have
and
Since
So
and .
If we have
Therefore, using Lemmas 1 and 3, we find that
Thus, and
Therefore,
Step 4.
As is
If we combine and with , we find that
Taking
Taking
and
Taking
Therefore, using Lemmas 1 and 3,
we find that .
Hence,
Since is semi-compatible,
Thus,
Step 5.
If we combine and with we find that
Taking
Taking
and
Taking
Therefore, using Lemma 3,
we find that
Step 6.
If we combined and with we find that
as
we have
Taking , we find that
Taking , we find that
and
Taking , we find that
Therefore, using Lemma 3, we have
Now , this implies that .
Hence, .
Combining (A) and (B), we find that
Hence, is the common fixed point of
Case II.
We suppose is continuous.
Since is continuous, we have and
As is a compatible of type , we have
, for all
Or
i.e.,
Step 7.
If we combined and with , we find that
Taking , we find that
Taking , we find that
and
Taking , we find that
Therefore, using Lemma 3, we find that
Hence, .
Similarly, we can apply step 4 to find that ; therefore,
Furthermore, we get
is also the common fixed point of the six self-maps in this case.
4. Fixed-Point Results for Four Self-Mappings
Definition 11
([20]). Two families of self-mappings and are said to be pairwise commuting if
- (i)
- ;
- (ii)
- ;
- (iii)
We demonstrate a CFP theorem for four finite families of mappings using complete NMS as an application of Theorem 4. Definition 11, a logical extension of the commutatively requirement to fit two finite families, is used to demonstrate our conclusion.
Theorem 7.
and . Then, and have a UCFP in
Let and be four finite families of self-mappings of a complete NMS with and for all , such that , and satisfy the following conditions:
- (1)
- (2)
- Either or is continuous;
- (3)
- The pairs of families and commute pairwise;
- (4)
- such that
Proof.
Now, we can prove that as
Likewise, we may demonstrate that. Thus, it follows naturally that the pair is compatible and the pair is weakly compatible. We must now demonstrate that continues to be the fixed point of all component mappings. For this, we think about
Similar to that, we may demonstrate that
Which show that for all and are the other fixed points of the pair and and are other fixed points of the pair Now, by appealing the UCFP of mappings and we find that
Which shows that is a UCFP of , and □
Remark 2.
The commutativity criteria of Theorem 7 are a little more stringent than those in Theorem 4; hence, it is a tiny but partial generalization of Theorem 4. If we put
and into Theorem 7, we have the following outcome:
Corollary 3.
and and Then, and have a UCFP on If we put
and into Theorem 7.
Let and be four self-mappings of a complete NMS with and for all satisfying the following conditions:
- (1)
- (2)
- either or is continuous, where
- (3)
- (4)
- s. t
Example 5.
Let , with the metric and defined as
Clearly, is a NMS where and Assuming that and be if ,
and
Then, it is easy to see that all the conditions of Corollary 3 have been satisfied.
Corollary 4.
and . Then, , , and have a UCFP in If we put
and in Theorem 7. we have the following result:
Let and be six self-mappings of a complete NMS with and for all satisfying the following conditions:
- (1)
- (2)
- Either or is continuous;
- (3)
- (4)
- such that
Remark 3.
Corollaries 3 and 4 are generalizations of Corollaries 3.1 and 3.2, respectively, because they have slightly strict commutativity criteria.
5. Conclusions
The article represented two common fixed-point theorems in which we utilized even number of mappings on a complete NMS with some contractive conditions. We satisfied a common fixed-point theorem for four finite families of mappings on a complete NMS. These results generalized the results provided in [12]. In [12] author used only membership function and proved common fixed-point results for four self-mappings. We used a generalized set namely a neutrosophic set in which we used membership, non-membership and neutral functions. Further, we proved common fixed-point results for any even number of mappings. This work can easily be extended to fit the context of neutrosophic b-metric space, neutrosophic partial metric space, neutrosophic cone metric space, and many other structures.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, U.I. and K.A.; methodology, F.A.; software, M.F.; validation, I.K.A., U.I. and K.A.; formal analysis, U.I.; investigation, M.F.; resources, F.A.; data curation, K.A.; writing—original draft preparation, K.A.; writing—review and editing, U.I.; visualization, M.F.; supervision, I.K.A.; project administration, U.I.; funding acquisition, I.K.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Data will be available on demand from the corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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